Higher Ascorbic Acid Content Research Articles

Biochemical composition of fruit in <i>Actinidia deliciosa</i> (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson in the humid subtropics of Russia

The article characterizes a kiwifruit cultivated in the subtropical zone of the Black Sea coast in Krasnodar Krai. Scientists are currently interested in kiwifruits that contain a considerable amount of vitamins, specifically vitamin C. The present study aims to examine the biochemical composition of a kiwifruit having a high nutritional value, as well as vitamins and useful elements necessary for the human body. These studies on the plantings of Actinidia deliciosa have been conducted at the Adler Experiment Station of the Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov AllRussian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (Krasnodar Krai) since 2017. The growing area is 5×4 m, amounting to ha. The crop is grown in alluvial grassland low-humus soil. The biochemical composition of fruit was analyzed at the Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The results of biochemical studies (2017–2018) evaluating the fruit of Actinidia delicata are presented. The study included five kiwifruit varieties: ‘Hayward’ (late ripening period), ‘Allison’, ‘Abbott’ (early ripening period), ‘Bruno’, and ‘Monty’ (average ripening period). The maximum sugar amount of 9.67–10.92 % was observed in the fruit of ‘Monty’, ‘Bruno’, ‘Abbott’, and ‘Allison’ varieties, while the minimum amount was found in ‘Hayward’ (7.79 %). In the experiment, the titratable acidity amounted to 0.75–0.82 %. The sugar-acid ratio was found to be within the range of 9.50–14.99 RU. The best varieties in terms of the content of extractive substances in fruits were ‘Abbott’ and ‘Bruno’. A high ascorbic acid content of 148–171 mg/100 g was observed in ‘Hayward’, ‘Abbott’, and ‘Bruno’ varieties, while a low content of 119.50–125.50 mg/100 g was noted in ‘Monty’ and ‘Allison’ as compared to other varieties. The quantitative content of dry matter was found to be within 15.04–16.00 %, which indicates good transportability, storability, and shelf life of kiwifruit as long as the necessary rules are followed.

An efficient sensor based on anodic activation of graphene oxide for sensitive and selective determination of dopamine in blood serum

A native graphene oxide (NGO) prepared by Hummers modified method was used as the template materials for the fabrication of electrochemically oxidative graphene oxide (OGO) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The fabrication of OGO-GCE persuaded via anodic reversible potentiodynamic of NGO base surface materials that increases the concentration of oxygen functionalities. The development of a new aldehyde/alcoholic functional group on OGO-GCE characterized by XPS analysis is a marked signal for oxygen richness surface which provoked on the cost of sp2 hybridized function. The EIS data underline that OGO-GCE promote the electron transfer kinetics much more than NGO-GCE by 9 times as estimated by the rate constant calculation. The XPS and EIS data highlight the influence of anodic treatment on increasing the interlayer spacing distance between the resultant OGO. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) results were evident for a promising efficiency of OGO-GCE on the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). In addition, the selectivity of the proposed sensor for DA quantification in the presence of high concentrations of AA and UA was achieved successfully with a detection limit (DL3s) approach to 12 nM. The analytical performance of OGO-GCE on serum blood revealed its potential application for trace DA quantification.

Effect of Drying Post-Harvest on the Nutritional Compounds of Edible Flowers

The post-harvest techniques are the most critical point to ensure the quality of edible flowers (EFs) and to keep the bioactive metabolites available for human nutrition. The different species of EFs also represent a problem in improving their consumption with safety. The present study focused on the description of the effects of the commonly used drying treatments in the phytonutritional composition of four species of EFs, Callianthe megapotamica, Callianthe striata, Nemesia strumosa and Salvia elegans. The bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity were determined after freeze-drying (FD) and hot-air-drying (HA) treatments in comparison to fresh flowers. All EFs showed different mineral/trace compositions with potassium as the main element and 70–86% water loss. Both post-harvest treatments increased all the metabolites and antioxidant activity in each species. C. striata with FD treatment had the highest content of primary and secondary metabolites. N. strumosa has the highest ascorbic acid content with the HA treatment. All species had significant antioxidant activity, increasing with FD for C. striata while HA is more recommended for the other species. The post-harvest techniques are able to preserve and increase the bioactive metabolites and must be chosen according to each EF species.

Simultaneous determination of dopamine and uric acid based on electrocatalytic oxidation of Cu2O-Au and polyaniline nanocomposites

Effective detection of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) has significant diagnostic values, while the analytical methods with high convenience, distinguishability and sensitivity still need to be developed. A highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on a polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite embedding Au and Cu2O hybrid (PANI/Cu2O-Aux) with adjustable proportions of Cu2O and Au was developed for simultaneous detection of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in the presence of high concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and other interferents. The Cu2O-Aux architecture improved the electrocatalytic activity by inducing a modifiable synergistic effect between Au and Cu2O. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) responses of DA and UA on modified electrodes of PANI/Cu2O-Aux showed remarkable enhancement compared to the single-component Au or Cu2O-decorated PANI. The optimal ratio of Cu2O: Au was 1:1, which gave the highest redox signals for DA and UA. The DPV response ranges of simultaneous detection were 0.01–200 μM for DA and 0.1–1000 μM for UA, with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.0076 μM and 0.035 μM, respectively. The sensor also exhibited excellent anti-interference and stability, and was successfully applied to measure DA and UA in human urine samples with high accuracy. This research demonstrates the tunability of catalytic properties in PANI/Cu2O-Aux nanocomposites by the integration of binary nanocatalysts, providing insights into both structural and practical aspects.

Investigation of the Antimicrobial, Physico-Chemical, Sensory Qualities of Ascorbic Acid and Effect on the Shelf-Life of Hot Smoked Mackerel (Scomber scombrus)

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of ascorbic acid in improving the quality and shelf life of processed (smoked) mackerel fillets was investigated. The fish were divided into four ascorbic acid (AA) treatment groups and smoked for 18 hours at a temperature between 120°C and 150°C. After 28 days, the fish were tested for proximate, biochemical, microbiological, and sensory status. Based on the tests conducted, fish treated with 15 mg L−1 AA showed better nutrient composition, biochemical, and sensory qualities, while Enterobacteriaceae spp counts declined with higher AA concentrations. The study revealed that AA improved mackerel fish and extended their shelf life.

Fruit Bagging: An Approach for Control of Fruit Fly Infestation and Quality Improvement in Guava

This study executed at experimental site of Horticultural Research Institute, Faisalabad (central Punjab) during March- July 2020-2021 to scrutinize the impact of fruit bagging to control fruit fly infestation and overall quality of guava fruit. Three bagging materials viz. butter paper, brown paper (Chinese), non-woven selected for the research purpose and unwrapped fruits were taken as control treatment (To). The research was planned according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated thrice. All the treatments exhibited significant impact on different traits evaluated. Enhanced fruit firmness, fruit size, ascorbic acid contents and fruit weight noted in wrapped fruits in comparison to un-wrapped fruit. Fruits attained maximum size (3108.25mm2) and weight (133.25a g) under brown paper bag followed by non-woven bag (3091mm2) and (131g) respectively. Total soluble solid (TSS) contents of the fruit were observed maximum (10.18 Brix) in non-woven bag whereas highest titratable acidity (0.77%) was recorded under control treatment. Highest ascorbic acid contents (214.25mg /100g) were recorded in non-woven bag. Disease incidence (2.25%) and fruit fly infestation (2.13%) were found minimum in non-woven bag. Among all the treatments, non-woven material was observed to be the best to control fruit fly infestation as well as overall improvement in Guava fruit quality.

Evaluation of the Carbohydrate Composition of Crabapple Fruit Tissues Native to Northern Asia.

A comprehensive comparative analysis of the carbohydrate composition (soluble sugars and pectins) of fruit tissues of Malus baccata, Malus mandshurica, Malus chamardabanica, and Malus sachalinensis, characteristic of the vast territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, was carried out. It was shown that a large part of the soluble carbohydrates of the studied species were represented by transport sugars-sorbitol and sucrose. These compounds also provided the main variability in the carbohydrate composition of fruits in the studied material. The polymers pectins and protopectins isolated from the studied fruits were highly methoxylated (up to 60-70%), and their content averaged about 6% of dry weight. The greatest length of pectin polymers was found in the fruit tissues of M. chamardabanica and M. sachalinensis. Data on elemental analysis of fractions of pectins and protopectins of all studied species showed the absence of potentially toxic concentrations of heavy metals. Of note is the rather high content of calcium in both polymer fractions of the four studied species, while its content in protopectin is significantly higher. In addition, in all cases, the presence of low-molecular-weight oligosaccharide molecules with a low-dispersed linear structure was revealed in the tissues of the fruits. It is worth noting that the high content of ascorbic acid was observed in the fruits of all studied species. In addition to being of fundamental interest, information about the carbohydrate composition of the wild Malus species can be useful for apple breeding when choosing sources of genes underlying useful traits.

Analysis of the changes in quality and characteristics of hot air drying of Xinjiang jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Junzao) following a delayed harvest

Dry processing is ineffective in preserving fresh jujubes (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.), contributing largely to the delayed jujube harvest in Xinjiang. However, no studies have evaluated the impact of delayed harvest periods on processing quality. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of different delayed harvest periods on the characteristics of the quality of jujubes in Xinjiang after hot air drying. Six batches (S1–S6) were sampled over a 7-d period. Various indicators of jujubes changed significantly during the extended harvest period (P < 0.05). The water content of the fruit decreased progressively. While the percentages of soluble solids, total sugars, and reducing sugars increased continuously, the total weight of these parameters in a single jujube fruit decreased continuously. The proportion of ascorbic acid, total weight, and drying time decreased steadily. The fruit had the highest ascorbic acid content at the S4 stage after hot air drying (87.14 mg 100 g−1). Fewer color differences were recorded in hot air-dried fruits as compared with fresh jujubes; the cracking rate decreased after hot air drying, but the fruit could be rehydrated more effectively. A comprehensive evaluation revealed that jujubes harvested in the S4 stage were better suited for dry processing.

Potassium-phosphorus fertilization to reduce salt stress in West Indian cherry

West Indian cherry stands out in the Brazilian fruit scenario due to the nutritional quality of its fruits, making it a promising crop in the generation of employment and income. However, the occurrence of water sources with high concentrations of salts is a limiting factor for the expansion of crop area. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the production and post-harvest quality of West Indian cherry cv. BRS 366 Jaburu under prolonged saline stress and potassium-phosphorus fertilization combinations in the second year of cultivation. The experiment was carried out in 250 L lysimeters in a greenhouse in the municipality of Campina Grande-PB, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.6, 1.4, 2.2, 3.0, and 3.8 dS m−1) and four combinations of potassium-phosphorus fertilization (100/100, 85/85, 60/60, and 45/45% of K2O/P2O5 recommendation for the second year of cultivation) with three replicates. Irrigation water salinity of up to 3.8 dS m−1 does not compromise the post-harvest quality of West Indian cherry. The increase in water salinity reduces mean fruit weight and water consumption of plants, while waters with electrical conductivities of 3.0 and 2.0 dS m−1 promote the maximum values of total soluble solids and ascorbic acid in the fruits, respectively. The supply of 45/45% K2O/P2O5 of the fertilization recommendation provides the higher content of ascorbic acid in West Indian cherry fruits and, when associated with ECw of 1.4 dS m−1, promotes the higher production of the crop.

Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of Daucus carota L., Beta vulgaris L., Phyllanthus emblica L. and Lycopersicon esculentum against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells.

Frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables in the daily diet may alleviate the risk of developing chronic diseases. Daucus carota L. (carrot), Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot) Phyllanthus emblica L. (amla), and Lycopersicon esculentum M (tomatoes) are traditionally consumed functional foods that contain a high concentration of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and numerous phytochemicals. This study assessed how three distinct preparation methods affect the phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant level, and cytotoxicity of the combined fruit extract. The fruit samples were taken in the ratio of carrot (6): beetroot (2): tomato (1.5): amla (0.5) and processed into a lyophilized slurry (LS) extract, lyophilized juice (LJ) extract, and hot-air oven-dried (HAO) extract samples. The sample extracts were assessed for their phytoconstituent concentrations and antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The total phenolic content in LS, LJ, and HAO extracts was 171.20 ± 0.02, 120.73 ± 0.02, and 72.05 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively and the total flavonoid content was 23.635 ± 0.003, 20.754 ± 0.005, and 18.635 ± 0.005 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Similarly, total ascorbic acid content, carotenoids, and antioxidant potential were higher in the LS and LJ extracts than in HAO. Overall, the LS extract had a substantially higher concentration of phytochemicals and antioxidants, as well as higher cytotoxic potential, compared to the LJ and HAO extracts. The LS extract was tested in the MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell line to demonstrate its effective antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity. Hence, lyophilization (freezing) based techniques are more effective than heat-based techniques in preserving the phytoconstituents and their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential.

Ultrasound treatment alleviates external pericarp browning and improves fruit quality of pomegranate during storage.

Ultrasound treatment has a beneficial role in horticultural production from harvest to consumption. The quality traits and microbiological load in pomegranate fruit were explored during 30 days' storage at 20 °C after 10 min and 30 min ultrasound treatments. Ultrasound treatment significantly reduced the microbiological load during storage, providing a relatively clean and suitable storage environment. This was especially true for the 30 min treatment, which also maintained relatively lower weight loss and kept the browning rate below 5% during storage. Meanwhile, the fruit treated with ultrasound had higher ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content, which provided better antibacterial properties and higher nutraceutical properties until the end of storage. The 30 min ultrasound treatment significantly delayed the decrease in catalase (CAT) enzyme activity and the increase in peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity. Combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and correlation analysis, color indicators and antioxidant activity induced by ultrasound treatment were responsible for the relatively higher fruit quality of pomegranate. Ultrasound treatment can improve the sensory quality and nutritional characteristics of pomegranate fruits during storage, and reduce the microbiological load. Ultrasound for 30 min was better than 10 min for prolonging the storage life of pomegranate. Our results will provide valuable information for ultrasound application in other horticultural products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

An electrochemical reductive approach for selective determination of dopamine based on its reverse voltammetric preoxidation and intramolecular cyclization

In this paper, the cyclic voltammetric behavior of dopamine (DA) was investigated systematically at different potential windows on electrochemical reduce graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode, and we found that the electrochemical redox mechanism of DA is a multi-step ECE process and the redox peak appearing at low potentials (∼–0.30 V) was dependent on the oxidation of DA at high potentials (∼0.20 V). The electrolyte enriched with the DA preoxidation product was then analyzed by LC-MS/MS and its structure was identified as dopaminochrome (DC). So, we proposed a new insight for the non-oxidative electrochemical analysis of DA by reverse voltammetry preoxidation and intramolecular cyclization. Compared with the traditional forward scaning mode, the approach could minimize the interference of ascorbic acid (AA) and enable the dual quantitative analysis of DA in the presence of high concentration of AA with the linear range of 2.0 to 80 μM and 60 to 200 μM, respectively, and a detection limit of 1.0 μM. Furthermore, the voltammetric properties of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP), 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA), 4-O-methyldopamine (HMP) were also investigated. The similar voltammetric properties to DA of NE, EP, l-DOPA and HMP suggested that the proposed reverse voltammetric preoxidation method is generalizable and equally applicable to monoamine neurotransmitters with a catechol structure.

Comparison of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities in Differentially Pigmented Cerasus humilis Fruits.

Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis) is a wild fruit tree and medicinal plant endemic to China. Its fruits are rich in various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and carotenoids, which contribute greatly to their high antioxidant capacity. In this study, the contents of bioactive substances (chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, total flavonoids, and total phenols), antioxidant capacities, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS+) scavenging ability, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) in differentially pigmented C. humilis fruits of four varieties were determined and compared. The results revealed that anthocyanin, total flavonoids and total phenols were the three main components responsible for the antioxidant activity of C. humilis fruits. 'Jinou No.1' fruits with dark red peel and red flesh had the highest contents of anthocyanin, total flavonoids, and total phenols, as well as the highest antioxidant capacities; 'Nongda No.5' fruits with yellow-green peel and yellow flesh had the highest contents of carotenoids and chlorophyll, while 'Nongda No.6' fruit had the highest ascorbic acid content. To further reveal the molecular mechanism underlying differences in the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids among differentially pigmented C. humilis fruits, the expression patterns of structural genes involved in the biosynthesis of the two compounds were investigated. Correlation analysis results revealed that the content of carotenoids in C. humilis fruits was very significantly positively correlated with the expression of the ChCHYB, ChZEP, ChVDE, ChNSY, ChCCD1, ChCCD4, ChNCED1, and ChNCED5 genes (p < 0.01) and significantly negatively correlated with the expression of ChZDS (p < 0.05). The anthocyanin content was very significantly positively correlated with ChCHS, ChFLS, and ChUFGT expression (p < 0.01). The total flavonoid content was very significantly positively correlated with the expression of ChCHS, ChUFGT, and ChC4H (p < 0.01) and significantly positively correlated with ChFLS expression (p < 0.05). This study can provide a basis for understanding the differences in the accumulation of bioactive substances, and is helpful for clarifying the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of various carotenoids and flavonoids among differentially pigmented C. humilis fruits.

Characterization of bioactive and fruit quality compounds of promising mango genotypes grown in Himalayan plain region.

Twenty mango genotypes grown in the plains of the Himalayas were characterized by their physical, physiological, biochemical, mineral and organoleptic attributes: fruit firmness, weight, peel thickness, shape, dry seed weight, respiration rate, weight loss, and shelf life. Biochemical attributes such as soluble solids, total carotenoids, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and total sugars were also determined. In addition, mineral content and fruit-softening enzymes were measured, and an organoleptic evaluation was performed. Polygalactouronase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME) and lipoxygenase (LOX) were measured from the pulp adjacent to the peel. Similarly, biochemical attributes and mineral content were evaluated using fruit pulp, while organoleptic evaluation included fruit pulp characters and the fruit's external appearance. The results of the study showed that the 'Malda' genotype exhibited the highest total phenolic content (560.60 µg/100 g), total antioxidant (5.79 µmol TE/g), and titratable acidity (0.37%) among the tested genotypes. 'Amrapali' had the highest soluble solid content (25.20 °B), 'Jawahar' had the highest ascorbic acid content (44.20 mg/100 g pulp), 'Mallika' had the highest total flavonoid content (700.00 µg/g) and 'Amrapali' had the highest total carotenoid content (9.10 mg/100 g). Moreover, the genotypes 'Malda', 'Safed Malda'and 'Suvarnarekha' had a shelf life of 4-5 days longer than other tested genotypes. The genotypes with high biochemical attributes have practical utility for researchers for quality improvement programmes and processing industries as functional ingredients in industrial products. This study provides valuable information on the nutritional and functional properties of different mango genotypes, which can aid in developing improved varieties with enhanced health benefits and greater practical utility for processing industries.

The results of the evaluation of the biochemical composition of raspberries in the conditions of the Orenburg Region

This article presents the results of studies of the biochemical composition of raspberry varieties (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivated in the Orenburg region. The research was carried out on the collection plots of raspberries of the Orenburg branch of the Federal State Budgetary Research Center of Horticulture 2005-2021. The high content of soluble solids in summer raspberries, compared with the control variety Rannii Syurpriz (12.17-15.21 %), had the varieties Samarskaya Plotnaya, Juravlik, Solnishko and on average exceeded by 3.6-5.8 %, and in raspberries of the repair type of fruiting, the highest value of this indicator was noted in varieties Oranjevoe Chudo (10.7-13.0 %) and Arisha (11.4-12.8 %). The coefficient of variation is 11-16 %. On average, the sugar content in the fruits of raspberry varieties varied from 5.9 to 8.5 %, with the largest amount in the fruits of the varieties Rannii Syurpriz (K) (8.5 %), Juravlik (8.2 %) and Solnishko (8.1 %). These varieties had the most balanced taste due to the low acid content. The maximum content of titrated acid in fruits was 2.0 % in Samarskaya Plotnaya varieties and 2.1 % in Rubinovoe Ojerele varieties. Over many years of research, it has been revealed that the content of ascorbic acid in summer raspberries averaged 24.9 (Volnica) – 51.1 (Skromnica) mg/100 g, and in raspberries of the primocane raspberry of fruiting 40.0 (Jar-Ptica) – 45.5 (Gerakl) mg/100 g. A higher content of ascorbic acid in the fruits of summer raspberries, compared with the control variety Rannii Syurpriz (36.19-45.14 mg/100 g), were characterized by the varieties Skromnica (44.68-58.3 mg/100 g), Samarskaya Plotnaya (39.04-60.48 mg/100 g), Blestyaschaya (35.16-61.32 mg/100 g), Juravlik (33.37-56.90 mg/100 g). The highest content of ascorbic acid in the fruits of raspberries of the repair type of fruiting was found in the varieties Gerakl (41.3-49.6 mg/100 g) and Arisha (40.5-47.3 mg/100 g) in comparison with the control variety Jar-Ptica (35.3-44.7 mg/100 g). Th us, varieties have been selected from the genetic collection of raspberries according to a complex of biochemical characteristics for use in the breeding process: Jar-Ptica, Juravlik, Arisha.

In vitro studies on the inhibition of microbial pathogens by PPDHMP synthesized by Bacillus sp.; an endophyte of Citrus limon (Kaji nemu)

Assam lemon (Citrus limon) is an indigenous plant of Assam known for its high concentration of ascorbic acid and reduction in cholesterol. Current study was aimed at studying the presence of endophytic bacteria in Assam lemon and exploring its potential in the production of secondary metabolites capable of inhibiting pathogens in vitro. Endophytic bacterium VITLTMJ4 produced bioactive compounds which effectively inhibited Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a zone size of 17.33, 15.66, 24.33 and 11.33 mm respectively in chloroform extract. The extract was purified using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) column and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). A peak with a retention time at 8.082 min confirmed the presence of lead molecule which was further identified to be Pyrrolo[1,2-α] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)-(PPDHMP) by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with a peak at 19th minute and functional groups such as CC, N-H and CO obtained in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the compound. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the evolutionary distance of the effective strain to be closely related to Bacillus sp. and scanning electron micrographs showed the resemblance of VITLTMJ4 to rod shaped morphology. Non-toxic nature of the bioactive compounds was confirmed by seed germination assay where the seeds of Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo and Cajanus cajan showed growth pattern better than the solvent control. Current research is the first of its kind to our knowledge where endophytic bacteria has been obtained from Assam lemon.

Pruning and Fruit Thinning of Psidium guajava cv. Paluma under a Seasonal Tropical Climate

Maintaining the plant architecture of Psidium guajava L. (guava tree) is essential for enhancing capture and distribution in the plant, directly affecting the fruit quality. The lifespan of the harvest period can be extended by proper pruning. Both timeliness and proper pruning play crucial roles in achieving high-quality fruit production and in maintaining a consistent fruit size while stimulating ascorbic acid levels, sugar content, total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity. From this perspective, this study aimed to characterize the influence of different intensities of fruit pruning and thinning on guava trees grown under a seasonal tropical climate in two growing seasons in Currais, Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement corresponding to short, medium, and long pruning intensities and 0%, 10%, and 20% thinning intensities during the two growth seasons, respectively. An analysis was performed to discriminate the treatment groups according to the physicochemical variables of the guava tree cv. Paluma and canonical discriminant analysis. There was significant variation in the SS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and pH contents. Cluster analysis of all treatments allowed division into five different groups for the two pruning times. Canonical discriminant analysis showed that the first two canonical variables explained 91% of the total variance. The fruits of the second harvest exhibited a lower level of acidity, higher levels of soluble solids, and higher levels of ascorbic acid contents. In addition, these fruits also obtained better nutrient contents. Short pruning with up to 20% thinning, medium pruning with up to 10%, and long pruning without thinning favored better levels of macronutrients and micronutrients and, consequently, better fruit quality. Medium or long pruning with up to 20% thinning resulted in higher average fruit weights and nutrient contents (especially of Fe and Cu), lower acidity, and higher ascorbic acid contents. Thus, in general, the importance of production pruning in guava plants is evidenced and thinning of 20% is recommended to improve the fruit quality.

A high-quality genome of Actinidia eriantha provides new insight into ascorbic acid regulation

Actinidia eriantha is one of the species of kiwifruit with a particularly high ascorbic acid (AsA) content. However, the molecular mechanism driving AsA richness in fruit remains unclear. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism of AsA richness in A. eriantha, this study constructed a regulatory network related to AsA metabolism by combining genomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics. We assembled a high-quality genome of A. eriantha ‘Ganlv 1’ with only five remaining gaps. The assembly is comprised of 29 pseudochromosomes with a total size of 615.95 Mb, and contig N50 of 20.35 Mb. Among them, 24 of the pseudochromosomes were obtained directly from telomere-to-telomere. The LTR assembly index score and consensus quality value were 21.34 and 39.90%, respectively. Subsequently, 61 metabolites and 2 092 genes were found to be differentially accumulated/expressed during fruit development by metabolome and transcriptome assays, respectively. AsA metabolism and the cyclic regeneration pathway were found to have high expression levels throughout fruit growth and development, suggesting its crucial role in the regulation of AsA. Furthermore, the AsA contents are highly associated with ascorbate peroxidase genes. The genome obtained in this study provides genomic resources for the genetic and breeding research of A. eriantha, and the constructed regulatory network can provide a public data platform for future research on kiwifruit.

Enhancing the Electrochemical Properties and Processing Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes for Bio pharmacological Applications: A Research Perspective

Compared with other biopharmaceutical technologies, carbon nanotubes not only have unique structure, but also have strong electrochemical properties, which occupy an important position in the fields of chemistry, physics, biopharmaceutics and materials science, and have played an active role in promoting the development of biopharmaceutics and chemical industry in China. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are mainly used in the field of biopharmacology for the determination of small biological molecules and drug molecules, the determination of dopamine and thrombin, the determination of high concentrations of ascorbic acid, and the detection of drug formulations. Although carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have many advantages in the field of biopharmaceutics, there are certain limitations that limit the scope of application of carbon tubes, which are mainly the following: one is the high cost of the carbon nanotube material itself and the high technical difficulty of its preparation; the other is that the smooth surface of the material is not conducive to the loading of other particles; finally, although the carbon nanotubes are modified with different groups after treatment, the structure of the material itself is damaged. Finally, although carbon nanotubes are modified with different groups after treatment, their own material structure is destroyed, which reduces their conduction performance. Although the above defects can affect the performance of carbon nanotubes, they can be solved by optimizing the structure of carbon nanotubes, enhancing the plastic mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and corrosion resistance, in order to give full play to the role of carbon nanotubes in the field of biopharmaceuticals. In this regard, the author briefly analyzes the electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes in biopharmacology and the application of treatment methods based on relevant literature and work experience, hoping to provide reference value for related scholars and researchers.

In vitro Assessment of Total Bioactive Contents and Antioxidant Capacity of Grape Juices Extracts of Table and Wine Varieties from Algeria and Their Correlations

Abstract Vitis vinífera L. is an important source of phenolic compounds, which can prevent disease if included as a part of a diet. In this study, table grape (Cardinal, Muscat, Italia, Gros noir and Red globe) and wine grape juices extracts (Cinsault, Merlot and Syrah) were regarded as studied subject and a reliable method was established to predict their polyphenol, flavonoid, flavonol, condensed tannin, hydrolysable tannin, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and carotenoids contents. Their antioxidant capacity was determined by using DPPH and reducing power assays. Then chemometrics methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to select the most significant and responsible characteristics for discrimination of grape varieties. Black grape extracts had significantly the highest concentration of ascorbic acid (from 10.09 ± 0.14 to 15.38 ± 0.42 mg/100g), carotenoids (from 0.11 ± 0.01 to 0.58 ± 0.04 mg/100g), total phenols (from 1330.91 ± 9.24 to 1406.7 ± 10.7 mg/100g) and flavonoids (from 165.53 ± 4.7 to 393.22 ± 30.36 mg/100g). Black grape extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity [IC50 varied from 26.44 ± 1.56 to 32.62 ± 0.66 mg/mL] followed by red ones [IC50 ranged from 69.56 ± 7.61 to 80.62 ± 6.58 mg/mL]. Statistics analysis indicated that the levels of bioactive components and antioxidant activity were positively correlated. The PCA applied to the bioactive contents allowed a high degree of grape variety differentiation according to their antioxidant activity. These results showed that grape extracts, can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as natural antioxidants agents. Keywords: Vitis vinífera L, Grape variety, Extract, Phenolic compounds, Antioxidant activity, Multivariate analysis