Highest Total Polyphenol Content Research Articles

열처리한 국산 감초추출물의 항산화활성

국산 감초를 처리온도, 시간 및 첨가수분함량을 변수로 하여 열처리한 다음 에틸아세테이트와 에탄올로 추출하여 성분 및 생리활성 변화를 분석하고 반응표면분석으로 최적화 조건을 조사하였다. 에틸아세테이트 추출물의 추출수율은 130℃, 3시간, 가수량 50%일 때 10.90%로 무처리구의 0.80%보다 높았으며, 에탄올 추출물은 120oC, 2시간, 가수량 20%로 처리한 시료가 25.00%로 무처리구의 15.80%보다 높았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 열처리구가 무처리구보다 높았으며, 에탄올 추출물의 120℃, 2시간, 가수량 20% 처리구가 845.67 ㎎/100 g으로 무처리구의 277.00 ㎎/100 g보다 높았다. 항산화활성(ICSUB50/SUB)은 열처리구가 무처리구보다 높게 나타났으며, 에틸아세테이트 추출물 120℃, 2시간, 가수량 20% 처리구에서 0.53 g/L로 무처리구의 12.34 g/L보다 매우 높게 나타났다. 총항산화력(AEAC)은 모든 처리구에서 무처리구 보다 높게 나타났는데 에틸아세테이트 추출물 120℃, 2시간, 가수량 40% 처리구에서 1,584 ㎎ AA eq로 무처리구의 1,263 ㎎ AA eq보다 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과 감초의 항산화활성, 총 폴리페놀 함량 등을 증가시키기 위한 최적의 열처리 조건은 120℃, 2시간, 가수량 20～40%로 판단되었다.

Total phenolic content of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) rhizomes, leaves, and roots affected by genotype

The content of total polyphenols (TP) in rhizomes, leaves, and tuberous roots of five genotypes of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) from New Zealand, Germany, Ecuador, and Bolivia cultivated on trial field plots of the University of Agriculture in Prague‐Suchdol under field conditions from the 2003 harvest was determined spectrophotometrically by Folin‐Ciocalteau phenol reagent. Obtained results were compared by means of dendrograms according to cluster analyses based on TP and morphological traits. In four genotypes the content of inulin and fructose was also determined. From the obtained results, on the basis of similarity of obtained dendrograms, a very close agreement between TP content in rhizomes and leaves and origin and morphological traits of yacon genotypes was found. Five yacon genotypes were classified into three groups. The genotype from New Zealand with white coloured flesh (NZLw) and genotypes from Ecuador (ECU) and Bolivia (BOL) were distinguished with high TP content in purple coloured rhizomes and leaves; whereas the New Zealand genotype with yellow/orange coloured flesh (NZLy) and the genotype from Germany (DEU) with white coloured rhizomes with purple striations showed lower TP content in rhizomes and leaves. Also, inulin content in genotypes from Ecuador (ECU) and Bolivia (BOL) was higher in comparison to the genotypes from Germany (DEU) and New Zealand (NZLy). Thus, we found that TP and inulin content was dependent on botanical origin, morphological traits and polymorphisms of individual genotypes.

Content of polyphenolic constituents and antioxidant activity of some Stachys taxa

Seven Croatian Stachys taxa ( S. alpina, S. officinalis, S. palustris, S. recta subsp. recta, S. recta subsp. subcrenata, S. salviifolia and S. sylvatica) have been investigated in order to determine their content of biologically active compounds (polyphenols, tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids) as well as their antioxidant activity. All taxa tested had a high content of total polyphenols, medium content of total phenolic acids, and a rather low content of tannins and flavonoids. The total phenolic acids content correlated significantly with total polyphenols content and the content of polyphenols unadsorbed on hide powder. A low correlation between plant phenolic acids and tannins was observed. Methanolic, ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts were investigated using DPPH, lipid peroxidase and xanthine oxidase assays. The extracts showed no inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase, but they had the ability to scavenge DPPH. The most effective in the DPPH assay were methanolic extracts of S. recta sub. recta and S. palustris whose radical scavenging activity was higher then that of the reference rutin. A low correlation between radical scavenging capacities of extracts with total flavonoids content was observed. The results indicate that investigated Stachys taxa exhibit potent antiradical activity and therefore could be a potential material for extracting free radical scavengers.

Antidiabetic potential of Citrus sinensis and Punica granatum peel extracts in alloxan treated male mice

An investigation on the effects of four different concentrations of peel extract from Citrus sinensis (CS) or Punica granatum (PG) in male mice revealed the maximum glucose lowering and antiperoxidative activities at 25 mg/kg of CS and 200 mg/kg of PG. In a separate experiment their potential was evaluated with respect to the regulation of alloxan induced diabetes mellitus. While a single dose of alloxan (120 mg/kg) increased the serum levels of glucose and alpha-amylase activity, rate of water consumption and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in hepatic, cardiac and renal tissues with a parallel decrease in serum insulin level, administration of 25 mg/kg of CS or 200 mg/kg of PG was found to normalize all the adverse changes induced by alloxan, revealing the antidiabetic and anti peroxidative potential of test fruit peel extracts. Subsequent phytochemical analysis indicated that the high content of total polyphenols in the test peels might be related to the antidiabetic and antiperoxidative effects of the test peels.

Superoxide dismutase overexpression and cellular oxidative damage in diabetes: A commentary on “Overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in mice protects the retina from diabetes-induced oxidative stress”

Tea is a beverage that is known to contain polyphenols. Furthermore, the medicinal uses of mangroves have been recognized in tropical and subtropical coastal regions. Several mangroves contain polyphenols in their leaves and bark, and previous studies have demonstrated that plant extracts are effective against many diseases. Moreover, the use of plant leaves as tea materials has been recognized in some regions. However, scientific information on their polyphenol content and antioxidant activities are limited. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) based on the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity assay and total polyphenol content (TPC) of methanolic and hot water extracts from the leaves of six mangrove species were examined, and the results were compared to those of green, oolong, black, and mate teas. Remarkably high TPC and TEAC were found in three mangrove species belonging to Rhizophoraceae. The highest values among the results were almost the same as or higher than those of the reference tea materials, with few exceptions. Furthermore, as a significant correlation was observed between TPC and TEAC of the respective extracts, the antioxidant properties seemed to originate mainly from polyphenolic compounds. Regarding extractive efficiency, it was found that the polyphenols in the leaves of mangrove species could be extracted by using hot water. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that the leaves of mangrove species belonging to Rhizophoraceae could be used as an important source of water-soluble polyphenols as natural antioxidants.

Effect of organic inputs from agroforestry species and urea on crop yield and soil properties at Wondo Genet, Ethiopia

The effect of combined inputs of green manure (GM) and urea on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and soil characteristics was studied in an on-farm trial at Wondo Genet, southern Ethiopia. The GM species used were the legumes Albizia gummifera G.F. Gmel and Milletia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker and the non-legumes Cordia africana Lam and Croton macrostachyus Del. The GM and urea were applied separately or combined in different proportions to give equal rates of 100 kg N ha−1, while varying amounts of P and K were supplied by the GM. The experiment was carried out for two consecutive cropping seasons, but treatments were applied only during the first season. Yield increased by 10–84% in the combined treatments compared to the control, with the increase being significant in those treatments containing GM from Cordia and Croton, which had higher P and K but lower N and total polyphenol contents than those from Albizia and Milletia. Increasing the proportion of GM from the non-legumes tended to increase yield, but the opposite was true when the proportion of GM from the legumes was increased. This suggests that N interacted negatively with polyphenols, and/or the P and K supply from GM was more important than that of N. However, treatment effects on soil properties were not pronounced. It was concluded that a ȁ8modestȁ9 input of ≤3.0 Mg ha−1 GM from Cordia/Croton might effect a reasonable yield but that the additional use of inorganic fertilisers is necessary for the GM to have a substantially increased effect. In addition, when organic materials having both high N and high total polyphenol contents (e.g. Albizia and Milletia) are used, they should constitute the smaller proportion of the GM/fertiliser mixture.

Antioxidant activity and constituents of propolis collected in various areas of China

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. The composition of propolis depends on time, vegetation, and the area of collection. This study examined the antioxidant activity of propolis from various areas of China: Heilongjiang, Neimongol, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan and Hainan. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared and evaluated for their antioxidant activities by β-carotene bleaching, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging, and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assays. Furthermore, the major constituents in EEP were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with a photodiode array (PDA) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, and each component was quantitatively analyzed. All propolis samples except that from Yunnan had relatively strong antioxidant activity accompanied by high total polyphenol contents. Propolis with strong antioxidant activity contained large amounts of antioxidative compounds, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester. On the other hand, propolis from Yunnan and Hainan had compounds not present in propolis from other areas.

Evaluation of potential and real quality of virgin olive oil from the designation of origin “Aceite Campo de Montiel” (Ciudad Real, Spain)

The potential and real qualities of virgin olive oils from the DO “Aceite Campo de Montiel” were evaluated. The regulated physicochemical and sensory parameters, the stability parameters and the fatty acid, sterol and triterpenic dialcohol compositions were analysed. The results of the regulated parameters in the potential quality study classified all the analysed oils into the “extra virgin” category. The varieties Picual and Cornicabra showed remarkably high stability, due to their high tocopherol and total polyphenol contents. Oleic and linoleic acids were the most useful fatty acids used to discriminate the predominant varieties, Picual and Cornicabra, from the others. The variety Cornicabra stood out due to its high campesterol content, Arbequina due to its low β-sitosterol content and high 24-methylenecholesterol, Δ5-avenasterol, Δ7-stigmastenol and total sterol contents, and Picual for its high sitostanol content. All the analysed samples in the real quality study were classified in the “extra virgin” category according to the regulated physicochemical parameters, but only 69% of them qualified if the sensory parameters were also taken into account. The predominance of the varieties Picual and Cornicabra in the study area was mainly responsible for the high oil stability and reflects the fatty acid and sterol compositions of the oils from the oil mills in the potential quality study.

Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) as a novel pasture species for dairy sheep in the Mediterranean conditions of Sardinia and Israel

The nutritional value of sown safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) annual pastures for Mediterranean dairy sheep was investigated in the Northern Negev Desert of Israel (250 mm of rainfall) with Awassi hoggets and in Sardinia (Italy, 590 mm of rainfall) with Sarda milking ewes. Safflower (termed “Saf”) was compared with barley (“Bar”) in Israel, and with chicory ( Cichorium intybus L., termed “Chi”) and burr medic ( Medicago polymorpha L., termed “Bm”) in Sardinia. In Israel, hoggets grazed more DM (1.8 kg d −1 versus 1.5 kg d −1, P < 0.05), and gained more weight (103 g d −1 versus 44 g d −1, P < 0.05) when grazing safflower than barley. In Italy, the nutritional quality of safflower pasture declined earlier than that of the other pastures. Ewes in the safflower, chicory and burr medic paddocks produced similar milk yields (1.21 ± 0.04 l d −1). Milk fat was lower for Saf than for Bm (5.92 and 6.92%, respectively, P < 0.05). Ewes in the Saf group also produced milk poorer in protein than their counterparts in the Bm group (5.15 and 5.64%, respectively, P < 0.05), possibly because of the higher content of total polyphenols and tannins of safflower. The ewes grazing Chi gained more weight than the counterparts grazing Saf or Bm ( P < 0.05). Our data suggest that, owing to good resistance to drought, safflower has the potential of lengthening the duration of lush green pasture under arid (Israel) but not milder semi-arid (Sardinia) Mediterranean conditions.

Antioxidant Activity and Constituents of Propolis Collected in Various Areas of Korea

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. The composition of propolis depends on time, vegetation, and the area of collection. This study examined the antioxidant activity of propolis from various areas of Korea: Chilgok, Cheongju, Geochang, Muju, Pocheon, and Sangju. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared and evaluated for their antioxidant activity by beta-carotene bleaching, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assays. Furthermore, the major constituents in EEP were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with a photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection, and each component was quantitatively analyzed. EEP from Cheongju and Muju had relatively strong antioxidant activity accompanied by high total polyphenol contents. Propolis from Cheongju contained large amounts of antioxidative compounds, such as caffeic acid, kaempferol, and phenethyl caffeate. On the other hand, propolis from Pocheon had compounds not seen in propolis from other areas.

Antioxidant activity of fresh and processed edible seaweeds

AbstractThe antioxidant activity of aqueous/organic extracts of processed and raw edible seaweeds was determined using three methods, namely (a) free radical (DPPH·) scavenging, (b) ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and (c) inhibition of copper‐catalysed in vitro human low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Scavenging activity correlated well (r = 0.73) with the corresponding total polyphenolic content measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure and expressed as phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE). Of the seaweeds tested, Fucus showed the highest antioxidant activity in two of the test methods used (1 g (dry matter) had a DPPH· activity and a FRAP value equivalent to those 0.18 and 0.07 mmol of Trolox respectively) and the highest total polyphenolic content (41.4 gPGEkg−1 dry matter). The antioxidant activity and the content of phenolic compounds decreased with processing and storage in the seaweeds tested. In addition, Fucus showed good efficiency in the in vitro inhibition of LDL oxidation.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry

Polyphenol investigation of Argania spinosa (Sapotaceae) endemic tree from Morocco

The leaves of Argania spinosa from Morocco were investigated for flavonoids and condensed tannins. Four flavonol glycosides were identified by 1H NMR as myricitrin, quercitrin, hyperoside and myricetin 3-O-galactoside. UV spectrophotometric and histochemical methods were carried out to quantify and locate flavonoids and condensed tannins from leaves, stems and thorns of A. spinosa. Both high content and cell localisation of total polyphenols could explain the Argan tree adaptation to aridity.

Influence of decomposition of roots of tropical forage species on the availability of soil nitrogen

Immobilization of mineral N induced by decomposition of roots of four tropical forage species ( Stylosanthes guianensis, Centrosema sp., Andropogon gayanus and Brachiaria decumbens) in an Oxisol was studied under laboratory conditions. Root materials had a high lignin content (12–20%) but total polyphenol content was small (<0.8%). Roots, at 2.5 and 5.0 g kg −1, and 10 mg N kg −1 of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate (20.3 at.%) were thoroughly mixed with the soil which was maintained at field capacity for 117 d. Decomposition of the roots (as monitored by CO 2 evolution) was initially rapid and the legume materials ( S. guianensis, Centrosema sp.) with their lower C-to-N ratio and lignin content, decomposed more quickly than the grass roots ( A. gayanus, B. decumbens). After 8 d of incubation the rate of CO 2 evolution decreased and was similar for all root materials. CO 2 evolution from the decomposing roots in all cases fitted closely ( R 2>0.99) a double exponential equation defining two compartments of root carbon of differing susceptibility to decomposition. The equation predicted that between 43% ( Centrosema) and 62% ( Brachiaria) of root carbon would not be decomposed even at infinite time under incubation conditions. Mineral N in the soil was immobilized rapidly at the start of the incubation, and the immobilization was greatest with the higher rate of application of root material. Although the C-to-N ratio of legume roots was narrower their higher degradability stimulated greater immobilization of soil mineral N than the grass roots. The results are discussed with reference to N immobilization and carbon sequestration in planted pastures of tropical South America.

Influence of wine polysaccharides and polyphenols on the crystallization of potassium hydrogen tartrate

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHT) is a natural compound of wine which crystallizes spontaneously. Whereas crystal occurrence can be considered as a sign of goodness in old and famous vintage wines, it is usually thought of as a serious failure for most consumers, even though it does not alter wine quality. An efficient and cheap process of wine stabilization versus KHT crystallization has to be found yet. An alternate process to physical stabilization of wines may lie in the addition of an inhibitor of KHT crystallization. Bearing this in mind, we have investigated the effect of several polysaccharides and total polyphenols fractions on KHT crystallization through the measurement of crystal appearance time (induction time) with and without any macromolecule.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Red wines. white wines and KHT supersaturated hydroalcoholic solution exhibit different behaviours versus KHT crystallization, red wines crystallizing less easily than white wines and far less easily th an hydroalcoholic solution. Those differences can be explained by our results. The innate inhibition of red wines is the sum of the inhibiting effects of rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I and RG-II), yeasts mannoproteins present in wine and of total polyphenols. Arabinogalactans show no effect on KHT crystallization whereas rhamnogalacturonans display a peculiar concentration dependent behaviour : crystal appearance is accelerated at low concentration and slowed at high concentration. More strongly observed for RG-1I2 fractions, this feature is confirmed by a theory of crystallization in the presence of an additive. The theory predicts that RG-I has almost no effect on the nucleation phenomenon whereas RG-1I2 enhances this phenomenon. Both RG-l and RG-1I2 inhibit crystal growth by adsorption on crystal growth sites, as contirmed by single crystal growth experiments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Red wine tendency to be more difficult to stabilize versus KHT crystallization by cooling than white wine is due to the concentration in RG-II and in total polyphenols : low RG-II content in white wine accelerates crystal appearance whereas high RG-Il content in red wine slows crystal appearance. Thus it intensifies the inhibition due to the high total polyphenol content in red wine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Mannoproteins extracted from yeast cell walls inhibit KHT crystallization far more than yeast mannoproteins present in wine. However, their efficiency is reduced as temperature is lowered.&lt;/p&gt;

Machines for olive paste preparation producing quality virgin olive oil

AbstractPolyphenolic substances enhance the resistance to oxidation of virgin olive oils, but an excess of polyphenols determines a marked bitter, somewhat tannic taste of the oil, similar to the taste of unripe olives. Tests have been carried out on drupes of different cultivars in industrial productions to evaluate the effect of the machines used to prepare olive pastes on the contents of polyphenols in the oils. Notably greater amounts of polyphenols were found in the oils extracted from hammer‐crushed pastes than in the oils extracted from milled pastes. The kneading process which follows, especially if it is long, often reduces the amounts of total polyphenols. Therefore, in order to obtain the best organoleptic and chemical quality in extra virgin olive oils, two systems are suggested for the processing procedures. For olives of certain cultivars (Coratina) and for not‐blackened or slightly blackened drupes yielding oils with a very high content of total polyphenols, it is most expedient to use the stone‐mill together with a kneader system. But it is more suitable to utilize the hammercrusher together with a kneader system in processing olives (such as the Ogiiarola Salentina or Leccino cultivars) yielding normally “sweet” oils with a low content of total polyphenols.

Inhibition of endogenous nitrosation of proline in rats by lyophilized beer constituents.

Various amounts of lyophilized beer were administered to rats dosed with proline and sodium nitrite. N-Nitrosoproline (NPRO) excreted in the 24-h urine was monitored as an index of endogenous nitrosation. In vitro formation of NPRO was determined after 15-min incubation of the same precursor solutions. Both in vivo and in vitro nitrosation of proline was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by lyophilized beers of different brands; the effects in vitro were most pronounced at pH below 4. The highest inhibitory effect was with beers with a high total polyphenolic content. Our results demonstrate that ingredients present in this widely consumed beverage inhibit endogenous nitrosation.

Phenolic content, anti-oxidative, anti-&amp;alpha;-amylase and anti-&amp;alpha;-glucosidase activities of &lt;i&gt;Solanum diphyllum&lt;/i&gt; L.

Total phenolic content, anti-oxidative, anti-α-amylase and anti-α-glucosidase activities in the powder extracts of fruits, leaves, roots and stems of Solanum diphyllum were determined. Leaf extract had the highest total polyphenol content (68.1 mg GAE/g), followed by stems (48.6 mg GAE/g), fruits (38 mg GAE/g) and roots (26 mg GAE/g). By employing different assays such as DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, Fe2+ chelating and total anti-oxidant capacity, it was found that leaf and stem extracts had promising anti-oxidative activity. Stem extract had highest level of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition at concentrations of 1.0 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. Key words: Anti-oxidant; Anti-α-amylase; Anti-α-glucosidase; Polyphenol; Solanum diphyllum DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5138 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 139-143, 2009 (December)