High Content Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Stability of yerba mate extract, evaluation of its microencapsulation by ionic gelation and fluidized bed drying

Studies show that yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has high antioxidant capacity occasioned by its high contents of total phenolic compounds. Microencapsulation, specifically ionic gelation, since it does not use heating during process, is considered as an alternative for preserving and applying the extract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate general characteristics and stability of hydroalcoholic extract of yerba mate, conduct the extract microencapsulation by ionic gelation followed by microparticle fluidized bed drying. The extract was evaluated for color stability, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity for nine weeks and at three temperatures (5, 15, and 25 °C). From the extract, a double emulsion (W/O/W), generation of microparticles (ionic gelation by dripping), and fluidized bed drying were conducted. The extract had 32912.55 mg GAE/100 g of phenolic compounds and 2379.49 μmol TE/g of antioxidant activity. The main compound observed was chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) with 0.35 ± 0.01 g/100 mL. In the stability study, the temperature was observed to influence in phenolic compounds reduction, as well as in total color difference of the extract. Double emulsion has shown to be stable and appropriate for use. The values of microparticles total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were 423.18 ± 8.60 mg GAE/100 g and 21.17 ± 0.24 μmol TE/g, respectively. After drying, the moisture of microparticles was reduced from 79.2% to 19%. The extract had high total phenolic compound content and high antioxidant activity. Storage at the lowest temperature (5 °C) assured better preservation of extract total phenolic compounds. The dried microparticles showed content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity with potential for commercialization and future application in food matrices.

High-intensity ultrasound-based process strategies for obtaining edible sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) flour with low-phenolic and high-protein content

The sunflower Helianthus annuus L. represents the 4th largest oilseed cultivated area worldwide. Its balanced amino acid content and low content of antinutrient factors give sunflower protein a good nutritional value. However, it is underexploited as a supplement to human nutrition due to the high content of phenolic compounds that reduce the sensory quality of the product. Thus, this study aimed at obtaining a high protein and low phenolic compound sunflower flour for use in the food industry by designing separation processes with high intensity ultrasound technology. First, sunflower meal, a residue of cold-press oil extraction processing, was defatted using supercritical CO2 technology. Subsequently, sunflower meal was subjected to different conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds. The effects of solvent composition (water: ethanol) and pH (4 to 12) were investigated using different acoustic energies and continuous and pulsed process approaches. The employed process strategies reduced the oil content of sunflower meal by up to 90% and reduced 83% of the phenolic content. Furthermore, the protein content of sunflower flour was increased up to approximately 72% with respect to sunflower meal. The acoustic cavitation-based processes using the optimized solvent composition were efficient in breaking down the cellular structure of the plant matrix and facilitated the separation of proteins and phenolic compounds, while preserving the functional groups of the product. Therefore, a new ingredient with high protein content and potential application for human food was obtained from the residue of sunflower oil processing using green technologies.

Polysaccharides extracted with hot water from wild Prunus spinosa L. berries

Wild blackthorn berries represent an unexplored area in terms of the characterization of the natural biologically active polysaccharide complexes they contain. The antioxidant active fraction extracted from wild blackthorn fruits by hot water extraction (Hw) was subjected to ion-exchange chromatography and yielded six fractions by successive elution with salts. The purified fractions differed in the content of neutral sugars, uronic acids, proteins and phenolics. About 62% of the applied material was recovered from the column, with a higher yield of the fractions eluted with 0.25 M NaCl. Based on the sugar composition of the eluted fractions, several polysaccharide types were observed. The dominant components of Hw are the fractions eluted with 0.25 M NaCl (∼70%), which represent highly esterified homogalacturonan, containing up to 70–80% of galacturonic acids with a low content of rhamnogalacturonan associated with arabinan, galactan or arabinogalactan side chains, but no phenolics. Further, a dark brown polysaccharide material with a yield of ∼17% and with a high content of phenolic compounds, was eluted with alkali (1.0 M NaOH). It mainly represents an acidic arabinogalactan.

CHANGES IN BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN FRUITS OF Eriobotrya japonica GROWN IN THREE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN PERU

Recently, there has been a growing interest in bioactive compounds metabolized by plants, which are an important nutritional source for the human diet and are found in almost all vegetables and fruits. The objective was to evaluate the changes of bioactive compounds during the ripening of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) fruit. For this purpose, fruits were collected at three different stages of ripening from three different production sites in the Amazon region, located in northeastern Peru. Color, total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical method) and total flavonoids (colorimetric assay) were determined for all samples. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). Color and bioactive compounds depend on the stage of ripening and, to a lesser extent, on the origin of the fruit. Ripe fruits have a higher content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids (up to five times higher) that can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

The link between the phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity in different small berries: A metabolomic approach

Small berries have become an attractive topic of research due to their high content in phenolic compounds and reported antioxidant activity. However, there are currently few reports on the deep characterization of their polyphenol composition. Five kinds of berries (raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, mulberry and black chokeberry) were studied to compare the antioxidant activities and polyphenol compositions of both berry juice and pomace (by-products in processing). Results showed that pomaces were more potent antioxidants than juices, especially those that originated from red raspberry. The polyphenol contents in pomaces ranged from 137 to 222 mg/g, this was higher than juices that ranged from 2.75 to 8.88 mg/g, with mulberry accounting for the highest content. The main compounds in pomaces were phenolic compounds with different relative contents found by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 568 compounds were identified, including 238 flavonoids and 131 phenolic acids. PCA, HCA and OPLS-DA analyses were performed to find similarities on the polyphenol and metabolomic profile of the sampled berries. This analysis unveiled that all studied berries presented a significantly different polyphenol profile, on which raspberry and blackberry were the most similar. Results suggested that berry pomaces can be valuable sources of phenolic compounds of which the major components are anthocyanins and phenolic acids, with potential applications as antioxidant food additives, or raw materials for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.

Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oils of three Salvia species from South Khorasan: Salvia macrosiphon Boiss., Salvia spinosa L., and Salvia sharifii Rech. f. & Esfand.

Salvia is an important genus in the Lamiaceae family known for its diverse secondary metabolites and pharmacological effects. This study investigated the composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of essential oils from three Salvia species: Salvia spinosa, S. macrosiphon, and S. sharifii. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the oil composition. The essential oils of S. spinosa contained a high number of monoterpenes, with α-terpinolene as the key component. S. macrosiphon had a similar composition to S. spinosa, with linalool as the main constituent. S. sharifii oil was characterized by sesquiterpenes, with higher amounts of linalool. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH test, and the antimicrobial activity was tested using the broth microdilution technique. S. macrosiphon exhibited the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant activities among the three species, attributed to its high concentration of monoterpenes and phenolic compounds. S. spinosa also showed significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities due to its high content of α-terpinolene. These findings highlight the potential of Salvia species as natural sources of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, with further research needed to explore their therapeutic applications.

Concentration of phenolic compounds from olive washing wastewater by forward osmosis using table olive fermentation brine as draw solution

The olive industry has a considerable amount of process water consumption. As a result of the process, a large volume of oil mill wastewater (OMW) and table olive wastewater (TOW), both of them with high concentrations of organic matter, phenolic compounds and conductivity, are released. The appropriate management of these wastewaters is of paramount importance due to their toxic impacts on the environment. In this work, forward osmosis (FO) process is presented as an option to concentrate phenolic compounds for their further recovery. Two membranes, OsmoF2OTM (FTS, USA) and HFFO.6 (Aquaporin, Denmark) were evaluated with NaCl as draw solution (DS) and olive oil washing wastewater (OOWW) filtered at 5μm (5F) as feed solution (FS). Both membranes were able to concentrate the phenolic compounds with acceptable volume reduction (VR) values. The HFFO.6 membrane, which presented the lowest passage of phenolic compounds (TPhC) to the DS, was tested with fermentation brine from table olive processing (FTOP) as DS. As FS the same 5F-OOWW as well as an OOWW ultrafiltration permeate (UF-OOWW) were considered. Interestingly, greater percentages of TPhC concentration were observed compared to the tests with NaCl as DS (74.13–76.93% versus 62.6%, respectively). Although the tests with UF-OOWW presented greater flux, the recovery percentages of TPhC were similar, even slightly lower than those obtained with 5F-OOWW. Therefore, FO appears as a promising option to concentrate TPhC from OOWW and as well as to dilute FTOP. Thus both wastewaters from the olive industry could be treated at the same time.

DEHUMIDIFIER DRYING OF SEAGRASS SIMPLICIA AT LOW TEMPERATURE FOR ANTIOXIDANT AND PHENOLIC PRESERVATION

Syringodium isoetifollium is seagrass a marine plant which is mostly found in Indonesian sea waters. Phenol is a kind of sensitive heat compound which will damage at high temperatures. This research aimed to study the effect of temperature using a dehumidified drying machine on the quantity of phenol content and testing of this antioxidant activity and the evaluation of drying characteristics of seagrasses such as decrease of moisture content, the distribution of temperature drying relative humidity, and energy consumption. In this research, the independent variaable were tempeartures (30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C) and the independent variable were the content of phenol and antioxidant activity of the seagrasses. The phenol content of each extract was measured with a microplate reader using a Follin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was measured with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The result showed that the highest content of phenolic compounds (80.42766 ± 0.409a) and antioxidant activity (88.4185 ± 32.0709a) was found in the dehumidified dryer at a temperature of 40 °C. There were significant differences between temperatures of 30 °C and 50 °C. Dehumidifier drying at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C required 13 hours, 12 hours, and 7.5 hours to reach the final moisture content of seagrass 18-20% from the initial moisture content of 89.4% ± 0.04% (wb). The total phenol content and antioxidant activity with a temperature treatment of 40 °C dehumidifier drying machine showed the best results compared to temperatures of 30 °C, 50 °C, and oven at 40 °C. Based on the same temperature treatment, dehumidifier drying requires a faster time (12 hours) than oven drying (17 hours). The appropriate temperature and time of drying can produce the optimal total phenol and antioxidant activity.

Coastal Halophytes: Potent Source of Bioactive Molecules from Saline Environment.

This study represents a comparative analysis of secondary metabolites content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of 24 halophytes from coastal saline habitats of the Balkan Peninsula (Montenegro, Albania, and Greece). Total content of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity was determined for dry methanolic (DME) and crude water extracts (CWE) and compared with well-known medicinal plants. The total phenolic content ranged from 13.23 to 376.08 mg of GA/g of DME, and from 33.68 to 511.10 mg/mL of CWE. The content of flavonoids ranged from 12.63 to 77.36 mg of RU/g of DME, and from 12.13 to 26.35 mg/mL of CWE. Total tannins and anthocyanins varied from 0.05 to 2.44 mg/mL, and from 1.31 to 39.81 µg/L, respectively. The antioxidant activity ranged from 1147.68 to 15.02 µg/mL for DME and from 1613.05 to 21.96 µg/mL for CWE. The best antioxidant properties, and the highest content of phenolic compounds, were determined for Polygonum maritimum and Limonium vulgare with values similar to or higher compared to the medicinal plants. Halophytes with significant antimicrobial potential were Limonium vulgare, L. angustifolium, and Artemisia maritima. Some of the analyzed coastal halophytes can be considered rich natural sources of phenolic compounds, with favorable antioxidative and antimicrobial properties.

Physicochemical characterization and acceptance of honey from stingless bees

This work aimed to perform the physicochemical characterization of honey from stingless bees and correlate it with consumers’ sensory acceptance and purchase intention. Three honeys from native stingless bees, Tetragonisca angustula, Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata and Scaptotrigona postica, were considered. Physicochemical characterization, such as determining water activity, moisture content, pH, free acidity, color, total soluble solids, total phenolic compounds, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and mineral substances, was performed. Tetragonisca angustula showed the lowest water activity and moisture content and could produce honey with a higher concentration of total soluble solids (TSS). The honey types of the other two species studied had lower TSS concentrations and higher moisture and total acidity concentrations. The primary elements in all honey types analyzed were K, Na, P, Ca, and Mg. The honey that had the best evaluation in the purchase intention analysis was Tetragonisca angustula due to its composition; it is sweeter and slightly acidic, with intermediate concentrations of TSS, the highest concentration of phenolic compounds, and the significant presence of chemical elements. It was evidenced that the need to regulate the physicochemical and microbiological quality standards of honey produced in Brazil significantly to contemplate honey’s unique characteristics from native stingless bees.

Antifungal Effect of Autochthonous Aromatic Plant Extracts on Two Mycotoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus.

This study identified the compounds obtained from four native Dehesa plants, which were holm oak, elm, blackberry and white rockrose, and evaluated their ability to inhibit the growth and production of aflatoxins B1 and B2 of two strains of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus. For this purpose, phenolic compounds present in the leaves and flowers of the plants were extracted and identified, and subsequently, the effect on the growth of A. flavus, aflatoxin production and the expression of a gene related to its synthesis were studied. Cistus albidus was the plant with the highest concentration of phenolic compounds, followed by Quercus ilex. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were mainly identified, and there was great variability among plant extracts in terms of the type and quantity of compounds. Concentrated and diluted extracts were used for each individual plant. The influence on mold growth was not very significant for any of the extracts. However, those obtained from plants of the genus Quercus ilex, followed by Ulmus sp., were very useful for inhibiting the production of aflatoxin B1 and B2 produced by the two strains of A. flavus. Expression studies of the gene involved in the aflatoxin synthesis pathway did not prove to be effective. The results indicated that using these new natural antifungal compounds from the Dehesa for aflatoxin production inhibition would be desirable, promoting respect for the environment by avoiding the use of chemical fungicides. However, further studies are needed to determine whether the specific phenolic compounds responsible for the antifungal activity of Quercus ilex and Ulmus sp. produce the antifungal activity in pure form, as well as to verify the action mechanism of these compounds.

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potentials of phenolic fractions of Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC trunk-bark.

Syzygium zeylanicum L. (DC) (SZL) has been used in antidiabetes treatment for ages. However, the scientific evidence of active agents that have antidiabetic activity and response against biological activities is limited. In this study, the active components of SZL trunk-bark extract (SZL extract) were identified using principal component analysis (PCA), and their antidiabetic activities were assessed. The results indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the highest concentration of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, and antihyperglycemic activities in the postprandial zebrafish model. The major antioxidant contributors were gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, ellagic acid, quercetin, caffeine, and apigenin, and their concentrated levels reduced α-amylase inhibitory activity, whereas rutin and ethyl gallate influenced the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This study showed the bio-functional properties of active phenolic compounds present in the SZL extract, potentially serving as a functional food to control hyperglycemia.

Study of Cannabis Oils Obtained from Three Varieties of C. sativa and by Two Different Extraction Methods: Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Activities.

Currently, much effort is being placed into obtaining extracts and/or essential oils from Cannabis sativa L. for specific therapeutic purposes or pharmacological compositions. These potential applications depend mainly on the phytochemical composition of the oils, which in turn are determined by the type of C. sativa and the extraction method used to obtain the oils. In this work, we have evaluated the contents of secondary metabolites, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD), in addition to the total phenolic, flavonoids, and anthraquinone content in oils obtained using solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SCF). Different varieties of C. sativa were chosen by using the ratio of THC to CBD concentrations. Additionally, antioxidant, antifungal and anticancer activities on different cancer cell lines were evaluated in vitro. The results indicate that oils extracted by SLE, with high contents of CBD, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, exhibit a high antioxidant capacity and induce a high decrease in the cell viability of the tested breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The observed biological activities are attributed to the entourage effect, in which CBD, phenols and flavonoids play a key role. Therefore, it is concluded that the right selection of C. sativa variety and the solvent for SLE extraction method could be used to obtain the optimal oil composition to develop a natural anticancer agent.

Enhancement of the release of phenolic compounds from white and black Qingke bran by autoclaving and fermentation treatments

Qingke (highland barley) is a functional food with health-promoting properties, but its by-product, Qingke bran, remains under-exploited. This study aimed to characterize the phenolic compounds (PCs) in Qingke bran and to improve the release of bound PCs by autoclaving and fermentation treatment, based on a comparative study between white and black Qingke bran. In this study, HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was used to identify the diversity and composition of PCs in Qingke bran, and the antioxidant capacities of PCs were determined by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. The results showed that both white and black Qingke bran contained a high content of PCs (647.82 and 931.42 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoids (383.96 and 392.95 μg RE/100 g), and a wide diversity of PCs consisting of flavonoid glycosides, flavonoid aglycones, phenolic glycosides, phenolic acid aglycones, phenolic acid esters and other PCs. Ferulic acid and vitexin were the major phenolic acids and flavonoids in Qingke bran, and most PCs predominated in the bound form. The autoclaving and fermentation treatment could change the diversity and composition of PCs, enhancing the release of free PCs, especially ferulic acid. The enhancement of the release of PCs contributed to the increase in the antioxidant capacities. In summary, fermentation was proved to be an effective treatment to enhance the release of PCs and to improve the antioxidant capacity of Qingke bran. This study provides important insights into the potential health benefits of Qingke bran and suggests a promising approach for the development of functional food products.

Pomegranate peel as a source of antioxidants for the control of lipid and protein oxidation during the ripening of Iberian dry uncured sausages

This study aimed to evaluate a pomegranate peel extract (PPE), selected for its level of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activities, as a nitrite substitute in dry sausages, as well as its effect on lipid and protein oxidative changes and instrumental colour during the drying period (28 days). Of the extraction solvents screened, water: acetone 3:7 (v/v) was the most effective extraction solvent, yielding extracts with the highest content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and condensed tannins and antioxidant activities (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP). Four batches of dry sausages were produced with different incoming amounts of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and PPE: 1) 150 ppm NaNO2; 2) 0 ppm NaNO2; 3) 0 ppm NaNO2 + 1% PPE (v/w) and 4) 0 ppm NaNO2 + 2% PPE (v/w). Nitrite removal increased lipid oxidation in uncured dry sausages, while nitrite and PPE caused lower TBA-RS values in cured and PPE treated sausages. During drying, both nitrite and PPE addition significantly decreased carbonyl and thiol contents compared to the uncured dry sausages. A dose-response was found for PPE, with lower carbonyl and thiol concentrations, the higher the level of PPE added. PPE significantly modified instrumental colour coordinates L*a*b* producing significant total colour changes compared to cured dry sausages.

Photoprotector Effect of Emulsions with Yerba-Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Extract

Yerba-mate contains in its composition a high concentration of phenolic compounds. This class of secondary metabolites exhibits strong values of molar absorptivity on ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. This study evaluated the effect of yerba-mate extracts on the in vitro solar protection factor (SPF) value of sunscreen formulations. The sunscreen formulations were prepared to have non-ionic lotion as a basis and yerba-mate extract and/or avobenzone as active agents. The SPF and resveratrol protective effect of the formulations were determined by UV-vis spectrometry. A synergic effect between the yerba-mate extract and avobenzone on the SPF was found. Yerba-mate extract at 5% improved the SPF of the avobenzone 5% formulation from 28.46 ± 5.45 to 40.48 ± 0.84. Yerba-mate extract at 5% avoided resveratrol degradation by ultraviolet radiation. At this same concentration, avobenzone produced a smaller effect than yerba-mate extracts in resveratrol protection. The formulations with yerba-mate + avobenzone presented smaller changes in pH values during 12 days of storage. The spreadability profile of yerba-mate and avobenzone formulations was similar to the profile of avobenzone formulations. The results reported here show the suitability of the yerba-mate extract use in photoprotective formulations, highlighting their in vitro effect and opening possibilities for new investigations exploring this property.

Influence of Living Mulch and Nitrogen Dose on Yield and Fruit Quality Parameters of Malus domestica Borkh. cv. ‘Sampion’

This study was conducted to estimate the yield, and to identify and quantify primary and secondary metabolites in fruit of Malus domestica Borkh. cv. ‘Sampion’ under two agrotechnical factors: the floor management (herbicide fallow and living mulch) and the dose of nitrogen (50, 80, 110, and 140 kg ha−1). Compared to herbicide fallow, living mulch did not decrease yield. Research showed a rich composition of phenolic and volatile organic compounds in apples, which varied with the evaluated factors, as well as with the weather conditions during the vegetation season. The precipitation deficit and high summer temperatures did not contribute to proper fruit growth and development and led to a higher content of phenolic compounds in the fruit flesh from trees in herbicide fallow compared to living mulch. Living mulch, which could be a factor regulating the availability of nitrogen to trees, stimulated the synthesis of anthocyanins, which was also potentiated by low average temperatures at harvest time, resulting in a large area of fruit skin red blush.

Effects of adding paper-making sludge on yield and properties of extracted products from sewage sludge and enrichment of apatite inorganic phosphorus

To achieve a simultaneous improvement in the yield of extraction products and efficient transformation of phosphorus components in an efficient and economical way during the degradation solvent extraction of sewage sludge (SS), the effects of adding paper-making sludge (PS) on the yield and properties of extracted products from sewage sludge and the enrichment of apatite inorganic phosphorus were investigated in this study. The results show that during the solvent separating process of the extraction product, the extract product can be divided into two components, namely light and heavy components, based on the boiling point temperature of 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) as the dividing point. The yield of heavy components is much higher than that of light components, and it increases significantly with higher PS ratio. Nitrogen-containing compounds are the main chemical compositions of the soluble, accounting for 40.50% and 45.72% in the light components of SS and PS extracts, respectively. The addition of PS changes the main chemical compositions of the heavy components of the mixture extracts due to its relatively high content of phenolic compounds and alkanes. When the PS ratio is 50%, the proportion of apatite inorganic phosphorus (AP) in total phosphorus increases to 82.38%, which is beneficial for the resource utilization of residues.

Effect of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties and encapsulation efficiency of anthocyanin of pomegranate peel.

This study aimed to measure the efficiency, total anthocyanin content (TAC), and total phenol content (TPC) of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) extract from different extractions. Also, the characteristics of the nanoencapsulated extracts with maltodextrin (MD)/Lepidium perfoliatum (Qodume Shahri) seed gum were investigated. The highest and lowest extraction efficiency was related to solvent ethanol-water extraction (SEWE) (76.35%) and solvent ethanol extraction (SEE) (25.73%), respectively. Extracts obtained from microwave extraction (ME) and ultrasound extraction (UE) methods had the highest and lowest values of TAC (4.00-0.35) (mg C3G/g PPP) and TPC (702.13-232.58) (mg GAE/100 g sample), respectively. Peak 3213 in FT-IR indicates the O-H bond, which showed the highest content of phenolic compounds in the extract obtained from ME compared with SEE, SEWE, and UE. The nanoencapsulated extracts from SEE, SEE, and UE had the lowest particle size of peak 1, particle distribution in peak 1, and average particle size distribution compared with other extractions, respectively. The highest encapsulation efficiency of anthocyanin (EEA) and encapsulation efficiency of phenol (EEP) were related to UE (96.15%) and SEWE (86.57%), respectively. The EEP and EEA of SEE were not significantly different from ME and SEWE, respectively. On the other hand, the type and amount of extractive compounds in the extract have a great impact on the efficiency of nanoencapsulation and the average size distribution of nanoencapsulated particles. As a result, PPP extract is rich in antioxidant compounds, which can be determined by carefully examining the appropriate method of extraction and preservation of the extracted compounds.

A comparison of wet‐extracted coconut oils prepared under hot and cold conditions

AbstractVirgin coconut oil was prepared by four wet extraction methods which included hot extraction by boiling coconut milk, and three cold extraction methods by centrifugation, fermentation, and chilling followed by thawing of coconut milk. The chemical characteristics related to both saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of oils were evaluated. Quality parameters such as peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, acid value, and moisture content of the four oils remain within the acceptable range for edible purposes. Hot conditions incorporate a richer phenolic profile, a higher α‐tocopherol content, and a higher β‐carotene content in coconut oil. Epimerization and hydrolysis of the phenolic compounds occur depending on the extraction conditions. The longest shelf‐life of the coconut oil prepared under hot conditions may be due to the relatively lower contents of moisture, free acids, peroxides, and higher contents of phenolic compounds, α‐tocopherol, and β‐carotene in hot‐extracted coconut oil. Contrary to popular belief, hot and wet extraction conditions may produce higher quality coconut oil compared to cold extraction conditions.