Higher Amino Acid Content Research Articles

Using derivative products from processing wild berries to enrich pressed sugar

This paper reports a study addressing the issue of enriching pressed sugar in order to improve its biological value. As additives to sugar, the use of derivative products of processing wild berries Hippophaerhamnoides L., Viburnumopulus, Sambucusnigra, Sorbusaucuparia is suggested. The technology of processing wild berries includes their preliminary freezing, partial dehydration by osmotic dehydration, and subsequent drying. The resulting osmotic solution is proposed to be used to moisten sugar before its pressing and drying. An important practical aspect of this technological advancement is the possibility to move away from seasonality at sugar factories. Since it is advisable to process wild berries at the end of the beet processing season. To implement the proposed technology, one can use some available equipment. The chromatographic method was applied to analyze the amino acid spectrum of derivative products from processing wild berries; 17 amino acids were identified in their composition, including essential ones. The highest concentration of amino acids (55.47 mg/100 g) was found in the derivative product of Sambucusnigra processing. The least amount of amino acids passes into the product of processing Viburnumopulus (3.63 mg/100 g). The experiment showed that adding to sugar 10 % of the derivatives of the processed wild berries Hippophaerhamnoides L., Viburnumopulus, Sambucusnigra, Sorbusaucuparia has a positive effect on the organoleptic indicators of the finished product. The highest rating for all organoleptic indicators (appearance, taste and smell, purity of the solution) was given to sugar enriched with a derivative of the Hippophaerhamnoides processing product. It contained only 16 amino acids in the amount of 16.14 mg/100 g. Of the found amino acids, the highest concentration was demonstrated by serine (7.43 mg/100 g). The sugar with the addition of the solution after partial dehydration of Viburnumopulus revealed a slight characteristic smell of the additive. In the sugar with the addition of the derivative product of processing Sorbusaucuparia, a pleasant bitterness was felt, indicating the transition of sorbic acid from the fruit to osmotic solution

Amine-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging in brain tumors.

Amine-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly valuable as an amine- and pH-sensitive imaging technique in brain tumors, targeting the intrinsically high concentration of amino acids with exchangeable amine protons and reduced extracellular pH in brain tumors. Amine-weighted CEST MRI contrast is dependent on the glioma genotype, likely related to differences in degree of malignancy and metabolic behavior. Amine-weighted CEST MRI may provide complementary value to anatomic imaging in conventional and exploratory therapies in brain tumors, including chemoradiation, antiangiogenic therapies, and immunotherapies. Continual improvement and clinical testing of amine-weighted CEST MRI has the potential to greatly impact patients with brain tumors by understanding vulnerabilities in the tumor microenvironment that may be therapeutically exploited.

Salvianolic Acid Modulates Physiological Responses and Stress-Related Genes That Affect Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Glycine max and Zea mays

Drought is a serious threat worldwide to soybean and maize production. This study was conducted to discern the impact of salvianolic acid treatment on osmotic-stressed soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings from the perspective of physiochemical and molecular reactions. Examination of varied salvianolic acid concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, and 25 μM) on soybean and maize seedling growth confirmed that the 0.1 and 1 μM concentrations, respectively, showed an improvement in agronomic traits. Likewise, the investigation ascertained how salvianolic acid application could retrieve osmotic-stressed plants. Soybean and maize seedlings were irrigated with water or 25% PEG for 8 days. The results indicated that salvianolic acid application promoted the survival of the 39-day-old osmotic-stressed soybean and maize plants. The salvianolic acid-treated plants retained high photosynthetic pigments, protein, amino acid, fatty acid, sugar, and antioxidant contents, and demonstrated low hydrogen peroxide and lipid contents under osmotic stress conditions. Gene transcription pattern certified that salvianolic acid application led to an increased expression of GmGOGAT, GmUBC2, ZmpsbA, ZmNAGK, ZmVPP1, and ZmSCE1d genes, and a diminished expression of GmMIPS2, GmSOG1, GmACS, GmCKX, ZmPIS, and ZmNAC48 genes. Together, our results indicate the utility of salvianolic acid to enhance the osmotic endurance of soybean and maize plants.

Insects in Pet Food Industry-Hope or Threat?

Simple SummaryToday, more and more is being said about issues related to resource depletion. This also applies to the raw materials necessary for food production. At the same time, the awareness of dog caregivers regarding their proper nutrition is increasing, and a balanced pet food should not only be nutritiously valuable but also in some cases hypoallergenic. These two considerations are the reason why food for dogs containing insects is becoming increasingly popular. Moreover, insects are nothing new in the diet of animals at all—they are a part of the diet in their natural environment.Due to the increasing global population, the world cannot currently support the well-known techniques of food production due to their harmful effects on land use, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. The key answer is a solution based on the use of edible insects. They have always been present in the diet of animals. They are characterized by a very good nutritional value (e.g., high protein content and contents of essential amino acids and fatty acids, including lauric acid), and products with them receive positive results in palatability tests. Despite the existing literature data on the benefits of the use of insects as a protein source, their acceptance by consumers and animal caregivers remains problematic. In spite of the many advantages of using insects in pet food, it is necessary to analyze the risk of adverse food reactions, including allergic reactions that may be caused by insect consumption. Other hazards relate to the contamination of insects. For example, they can be contaminated with anthropogenic factors during breeding, packaging, cooking, or feeding. These contaminants include the presence of bacteria, mold fungi, mycotoxins, and heavy metals. However, insects can be used in the pet food industry. This is supported by the evolutionary adaptation of their wild ancestors to the eating of insects in the natural environment. The chemical composition of insects also corresponds to the nutritional requirements of dogs. It should be borne in mind that diets containing insect and their effects on animals require careful analysis. The aim of this article is to discuss the nutritional value of insects and their possible applications in the nutrition of companion animals, especially dogs.

Dynamic Transcriptome-Based Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis Reveals Key Modules and Hub Genes Associated With the Structure and Nutrient Formation of Endosperm for Wax Corn.

The endosperm of corn kernel consists of two components, a horny endosperm, and a floury endosperm. In the experiment, a kind of floury endosperm corn was identified. The result of phenotypic trait analysis and determination of amino acid content showed that the floury endosperm filled with the small, loose, and scattered irregular spherical shape starch granules and contained higher content of amino acid. The starch biochemical properties are similar between floury corns and regular flint corn. By using dynamically comparative transcriptome analysis of endosperm at 20, 25, and 30 DAP, a total of 113.42 million raw reads and 50.508 thousand genes were obtained. By using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis, 806 genes and six modules were identified. And the turquoise module with 459 genes was proved to be the key module closely related to the floury endosperm formation. Nine zein genes in turquoise module, including two zein-alpha A20 (Zm00001d019155 and Zm00001d019156), two zein-alpha A30 (Zm00001d048849 and Zm00001d048850), one 50 kDa gamma-zein (Zm00001d020591), one 22 kDa alpha-zein 14 (Zm00001d048817), one zein-alpha 19D1 (Zm00001d030855), one zein-alpha 19B1 (Zm00001d048848), and one FLOURY 2 (Zm00001d048808) were identified closely related the floury endosperm formation. Both zein-alpha 19B1 (Zm00001d048848) and zein-alpha A30 (Zm00001d048850) function as source genes with the highest expression level in floury endosperm. These results may provide the supplementary molecular mechanism of structure and nutrient formation for the floury endosperm of maize.

Comparative studies of antioxidants and amino-acids concentrations in the fruits of two cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)

Importance of fruits and vegetables in diet and health cannot be overemphasized. Cultivation practices can however influence the nutritional compositions of fruits and vegetables. Hence, field and laboratory experiments were carried out to determine and compare the antioxidants and amino-acids concentrations of a hybrid and an indigenous cultivar of watermelon in Osun State University, Teaching and Research Farm, Nigeria. Influence of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer at different rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) was evaluated on ‘Kaolack’ (hybrid) and ‘Rothmas’ (local) cultivars of watermelon. 200 kg/ha of the fertilizer was found to bring out the optimal yield of both cultivars. Hence, at 0 kg/ha and 200 kg/ha, mature fruits of the cultivars were analyzed for the antioxidants and amino-acids using standard analytical methods. Antioxidant properties of ‘Rothmas’ were found to be significantly (P≤0.05) higher than those of ‘Kaolack’ with the exception of the radical scavenging ability and lycopene content of ‘Kaolack’. Fruits that received no fertilizer across the cultivars exhibited more antioxidant potency compared to fruits under 200 kg. Results of amino acids concentration showed that, threonine, serine, glutamic-acid, alanine, valine, phenylalanine and arginine in ‘Rothmas’ were significantly higher compared to the contents in ‘Kaolack’. Except for tryptophan, alanine, lysine and phenylanine, fruits that received no fertilizer had higher contents of amino acids. Where fertilizer is needed to boost soil fertility, 100 kg/ha of NPK is recommended, this can be augmented with the organic nutrient or green manure if necessary, depending on the available nutrients in the soil before cultivation. This is very critical so as not to compromise the health-giving substances in the fruits. Local landraces of fruits and vegetables obviously have to be brought into limelight through research.

Nutritional composition and phytochemical screening in different parts of Hibiscus syriacus L.

As the national flower of Korea, the Hibiscus syriacus L. (Rose of Sharon) is symbolic in its abundance and is a prominent feature of Korean culture. H. syriacus has played an important role in Korea, not only as an ornamental plant but also as an essential ingredient in folk remedies through its various parts. This study aimed to characterize the nutritional and biochemical composition of each plant unit of H. syriacus “Wonhwa.” The units are namely: the petals, leaves, roots, and sprouts from its seeds. According to the results each unit produced, the sprouts had the highest content of amino acids and fatty acids which adhere to the requirements of nutritionally excellent food ingredients. The petals produced high quantities of glucose, sucrose, and fumaric acid, with the highest antioxidant activity among the four units. The main bioactive compounds detected in H. syriacus extracts in the four units were o‐coumaric acid, p‐coumaric acid, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, apigenin‐6‐C‐glucoside‐7‐o‐glucoside, and kaempferol‐3‐O‐galactoside‐7‐O‐rhamnoside. Overall, the highest number of bioactive compounds, 2 phenolic acids and 22 flavonoids, were identified in the petals. These results suggest the possibility of excellent pharmacological activity in the petals.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ЛЬНЯНОЙ МУКИ И СЕМЯН ЛЬНА ДЛЯ РАЗРАБОТКИ МУЧНЫХ КОНДИТЕРСКИХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

The article is devoted to the study of flax seed flour for flour confectionery products. The goal of the study is to carry out a comparative assessment of the quality of flax flour and flax seed with wheat flour for use in technologies of flour confectionery products. Flax flour is 1.7 times more rich in protein, 32 times more in fat but 2 times less in carbohydrates. However, it has almost 8 times as much dietary fibre, which characterises it as a functional product. Flax meal is also dif-ferentiated from wheat flour by its vitamin composition. This is especially true for the B vitamins. Of fat-soluble vitamins - vitamin K should be noted. Of the micronutrients a great saturation of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, selenium and phosphorus. The amino acid composition favourably distinguishes flax meal from the highest grade of wheat flour by the presence of a high concentration of the essential amino acids: arginine, valine, leucine, lysine, me-thionine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine and isoleucine. A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of two types of flour: high-grade wheat flour and linseed flour shows the potential possibility to use linseed flour for the production of flour confectionery products made of shortbread dough, which can be recommended as functional foodstuffs.

Prediabetes Is Associated with Specific Changes in Valine Metabolism

ObjectivesRecent studies have suggested that a high plasma concentration of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can serve as a biomarker for type-2-diabetes (T2D). Whether this is also the case for prediabetes remains unclear. Our goal is to examine whether specific disturbances exist in the kinetics of the BCAAs leucine, isoleucine and valine in middle aged/older adults with prediabetes. MethodsWe measured BCAA kinetics in 70 prediabetic subjects (fasting glucose: 5.7-6.5 mM), 47 diabetic subjects (fasting glucose: ≥6.5 mM, or are taking medication to control blood glucose) and 170 healthy subjects (fasting glucose: < 5.7 mM) that were 40 years or older. In the fasted state, a pulse of stable isotopes containing leucine, isoleucine and valine was administered intravenously while blood was sampled to assess their whole body production rates (WBP). BCAA tracer enrichment and concentration analyses were done by LC-MS/MS. BCAA whole body production rates were calculated from the area under the curve (AUC). Statistics by ANCOVA corrected for age, sex, and lean body mass as covariates. Significance set at P< 0.05. Results expressed as means [95% CI]. ResultsThe subjects with prediabetes had a lower valine WBP (9492 [8256, 10913] vs. 12288 [11247, 13425] μmol/h, P = 0.0021), but a higher plasma valine concentration (185.7 [176.4, 195.6] vs. 172.2 [166.5, 178.1] μM, P = 0.0178) than the healthy control subjects. No differences in WBP or concentrations of isoleucine or leucine were observed between the groups. Diabetic subjects had the highest plasma concentration for valine across the groups (213.8 [200.4, 228.0] μM, P = < 0.0001), but without a change in the WBP of leucine, isoleucine and valine. ConclusionsPrediabetes is characterized by specific changes in the concentration and whole body production of valine. Funding SourcesNone

Nutrients Content and Composition in Different Morphological Parts of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.)

The aim of this study, focused on the nutritional value of different morphological parts: leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Cornus mas L., was to determine the contents of essential nutrients, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, and the content of selected elements. The most importantly, it was concluded that the contents of studied nutrients differed significantly (p &lt;0.05) depending on the morphological part of plant. Protein content (2.27–10.58%) was generally higher than in many wild or cultivated fruits, while flowers were distinguished by the highest content (10.58%), as compared with other studied parts of this plant. Cornus mas contained a substancial amount of lipids (3.34–5.23%, except fruits). Leaves proved to be extremely rich in carotenoids, mainly β-carotene (88.5 mg.kg-1) compared with the rest of the plant. The application of GC enabled detecting 14 fatty acids in lipid fraction extracted from Cornus mas samples, belonging to all groups. SFAs were represented by palmitic acid (C16:0) 10.87–32.20 g.100 g-1 of oil. Among MUFAs oleic acid (C18:1 9c) 3.25–19.61 g.100 g-1 of oil dominated, with the highest content in fruits. Lipid fraction was extremely rich in PUFAs: 32.52–61.86 g.100 g-1 of oil. The major PUFA was linoleic acid (C18:2 9c12c): 7.93 (in leaves) – 60.18 g.100 g-1 of oil (in seeds); the second most abundant was α-linolenic acid (C18:3 9c12c15c), especially in leaves and flowers (24.59–30.22 g.100 g-1 of oil, respectively). Cornus mas samples may represent a novel dietary source of valuable α-linolenic acid from n-3 PUFAs family. In total, 18 amino acids were detected in Cornus mas samples, while 9 of them belonged to essential ones. Flowers were distinguished by the highest content of amino acids with the highest amounts of leucine (6.1 g.kg-1), lysine (6.2 g.kg-1), aspartic (10.7 g.kg-1) and glutamic (10.7 g.kg-1) acids. Calcium was the most abundant element in all samples (2647–25687 mg.kg-1 of dry weight, except fruits. Nutrients content and composition suggest that Cornus mas may become an inexpensive novel plant source of functional foods, and a new ingredient in human diet, especially with regard to underappreciated leaves and flowers.

Effects of sulphur amino acids on the size and structure of microbial communities of aerobic granular sludge bioreactors

Granular activated sludge has been described as a promising tool in treating wastewater. However, the effect of high concentrations of sulphur amino acids, cysteine and methionine, in the evolution, development and stability of AGS-SBRs (aerobic granular sludge in sequential batch reactors) and their microbial communities is not well-established. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate microbial communities' size, structure and dynamics in two AGS-SBRs fed with two different concentrations of amino acids (50 and 100 mg L−1 of both amino acids). In addition, the impact of the higher level of amino acids was also determined under an acclimatization or shock strategy. While N removal efficiency decreased with amino acids, the removal of the organic matter was generally satisfactory. Moreover, the abrupt presence of both amino acids reduced even further the removal performance of N, whereas under progressive adaptation, the removal yield was higher. Besides, excellent removal rates of cysteine and methionine elimination were found, in all stages below 80% of the influent values. Generally considered, the addition of amino acids weakly impacts the microbial communities' total abundances. On the contrary, the presence of amino acids sharply modulated the dominant bacterial structures. Furthermore, the highest amino acid concentration under the shock strategy resulted in a severe change in the structure of the microbial community. Acidovorax, Flavobacterium, Methylophilus, Stenotrophomonas and Thauera stood out as the prominent bacteria to cope with the high presence of cysteine and methionine. Hence, the AGS-SBR technology is valuable for treating influents enriched in sulphur Aa inclusively when a shock strategy was used.

Encapsulation of house fly larvae (Musca domestica) meal by ionic gelation as a strategy to develop a novel nutritive food ingredient with improved aroma and appearance

The objective of this study was to develop and encapsulate house fly larvae meal (FLM) by ionic gelation to obtain a novel nutritive food ingredient with improved aroma and appearance. Calcium-alginate beads were prepared by ionic gelation with different concentrations of FLM (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8% w/v). FLM-beads presented spheroidal shape with sizes ranged 1700–2250 μm. Ionic gelation technique demonstrated be a good strategy to entrap FLM as observed by electronic microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry studies. The inclusion of FLM in calcium-alginate beads allows to conserve a high content of protein (24% with high content of essential amino acids), lipids (13% with a 68% of unsaturated fatty acids) and high antioxidant capacity (1235–6903 μmol TE/100 g). In addition, the use of alginate as encapsulating material improves aroma of FLM-beads, reducing unpleasant volatiles (only 4 of the 14 volatiles present in FLM were found in the FLM-beads). Finally, microbiological assays indicate that FLM-beads could be considered as ready-to-eat food ingredients. Based on these results, FLM-beads could become a potential food ingredient with high nutritional quality. In addition, the encapsulation of FLM allowed to improve aroma and appearance of FLM, which would be better accepted by the population.

Experience of application of an alternative source of protein for feeding of broiler chickens

Proteins are obligated components of cells of any living organism that perform vital functions: catalytic, regulatory, transport, bioenergetic, protective against infections and other stress factors, structural, spare, etc. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the effect of the feed additive „Feed bioprotein“ in the form of powder on the main economic indicators characterizing the efficiency of broiler chickens rearing. „Feed bioprotein“ is a high-protein feed additive and is a biomass of inactivated methanassimilating bacteria Methylococcus capsulatus. The high content of protein and essential amino acids in the composition of this feed additive allows it to be introduced into the feed including for broiler chickens to replace other high-protein components such as fish and meat and bone meal, soy and sunflower meal. When conducting a production experiment on broiler chickens in the cross Ross 308, feed which was used to feed the poultry of the experimental groups, in which a feed additive was introduced, both in the minimum and maximum dosage recommended by the manufacturer for this species of animals. Broiler chickens of the control group have been received feed prepared according to a standard recipe. At the end of the 41 day rearing cycle in the experimental groups, the average daily gain in live weight exceeded the results of the control group by 2,6–5,1 %, feed conversion was by 2,3–3,4 % higher, and poultry livability was by 2 abs.% higher than in the control group. At the same time, higher rates have been observed in the group where the feed additive “Feed bioprotein” was used in the maximum dosage.

Characterization of a lactic acid bacteria using branched-chain amino acid transaminase and protease from Jinhua Ham and application in myofibrillar protein model

This study was to screen a strain with both branched-chain amino acid transaminase (BCAT) and protease activities for producing methyl-branched flavor compounds in a myofibrillar protein extract model. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was isolated from Jinhua ham and screened with BCAT activity by an electrochemical sensor and protease activity by the agar plate method. In the culture medium, strain L6 was selected with high utilization rate and characteristic metabolites content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and identified as Lactobacillus fermentum YZU-06 (L. fermentum). Compared with the previously reported L. plantarum, L. fermentum exhibited an excellent capacity of hydrolyzing myofibrillar protein with the higher contents of free amino acids, peptides and small molecular weight proteins. Moreover, L. fermentum group presented more BCAAs metabolites of 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal than that of L. plantarum group. In conclusion, L. fermentum YZU-06 is a promising starter culture to improve the flavor of fermented meat products.

Effects of Abolishing Whi2 on Nitrogen Catabolite Repression‐Sensitive GATA‐Factor Localization and Protein Production

Gln3 and Gat1 are the transcriptional activators of nitrogen catabolite repression‐ (NCR‐) sensitive gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In nitrogen replete medium, these activators are sequestered in the cytoplasm. As environmental nitrogen supplies dwindle, Gln3 and Gat1 enter the nucleus. There, they activate expression of the autophagy PI3‐kinase subunit gene ATG14 and the genes required to transport and catabolize whatever environmental nitrogen sources are still present. Two global protein kinase regulators, TorC1 and Gcn2, are major contributors to NCR‐sensitive regulation. Active TorC1, via Tor Associated Protein Tap42, binds to and inhibits two protein phosphatases, Sit4 and PP2A, required for nuclear Gln3 and Gat1 entry. When TorC1 is down‐regulated by limiting nitrogen or rapamycin treatment, the phosphatase‐Tap42 complexes are released and dephosphorylate Gln3 and Gat1, which can then enter the nucleus and mediate NCR‐sensitive transcription. Recently, a new regulator of TorC1 activity has been reported, Whi2 (Chen et al., 2018). The Whi2‐Psr1/2 complex down‐regulates TorC1 activity when primarily leucine concentrations are low. One of the reporters used to characterize Whi2 actions was an NCR‐sensitive DAL80‐GFP promoter fusion. We were puzzled by the results obtained with this reporter because Dal80‐GFP protein was detectable when cultures were grown in synthetic complete (SC) medium. We, a priori, expected GFP production to be undetectable in such nitrogen‐rich medium, because DAL80 expression is highly NCR‐sensitive. Therefore, we investigated the source of the GFP production and the NCR‐sensitive proteomes of wild type and whi2Δ cells. In the SC medium, Gln3 was efficiently sequestered in the cytoplasm and NCR‐sensitive DAL80 expression was only minimally present in either wild type or whi2Δ cells. The small amount of DAL80 expression observed could be attributed to Gat1‐mediated activation since this activator is more resistant to NCR‐sensitivity and hence is partially nuclear in nitrogen‐rich medium. Overall, however, proteins encoded by 109 of the combined 125 NCR‐sensitive genes, putatively NCR‐sensitive genes or genes containing GATA elements (the binding sites for Gln3 and Gat1) in their promoters were unaffected or completely absent when cells were cultured in the rich SC medium. The 16 proteins that did respond in the Whi2 experiments were largely those associated with amino acid transport and metabolism as might be expected from the high amino acid content of SC medium. We conclude that while Whi2 can be convincingly shown to down‐regulate TorC1 activity, it is not a significant regulator of NCR‐sensitive gene expression. These observations raise the important question of how a major downstream target of TorC1 remains immune to its down‐regulation by Whi2.

Effects of Lactobionic Acid on Pig Growth Performance and Chemical Composition of Pork.

Simple SummaryCurrently, due to different beneficial properties of lactobionic acid (calcium absorption, prebiotic, antioxidant, and preservative) it may find application in animal feed. However, data about its effect on animal husbandry product quality are limited. Common interest about the effect of feed supplements on pig growth performance and the chemical composition of pork is growing, which is important for farmers, meat processors and consumers. The feed supplemented with lactobionic acid promotes better utilization of feed in the digestive tract of pigs, resulting in a higher bioavailability of nutrients and a significant increase of pig live weight gain. Pork obtained from pigs fed with lactobionic acid supplemented feed had higher essential amino acid content. Fatty acid composition revealed slightly higher proportion of saturated fatty acids over unsaturated fatty acids. Further analysis of fatty acid composition indicated that the control group had better nutritional quality of fat.Lactobionic acid is an innovative product obtained in the fermentation process of cheese or curd whey, and it has several beneficial properties. Therefore, it may have potential application in animal feeding. Currently, lactobionic acid is not widely used yet in feeding farm animals. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of lactobionic acid (LBA) on pig growth performance and pork quality. Two groups of pigs (control and trial, 26 piglets each) were completed. The control group received compound feed, whereas the trial group’s feed was supplemented with LBA (0.17 kg per 100 kg of feed). Carcass weight and meat pH were determined. The subcutaneous fat layer S (mm) was measured. Lean meat content was determined using the SEUROP classification. Amino acids and fatty acids in pork were evaluated. The addition of LBA to pig feed significantly increased the live weight gain and slaughter yield of pigs, but the samples had a slightly thicker backfat layer. Results obtained showed higher concentration of amino acids in the trial group but slightly lower pork fat quality in the same group. Lactobionic acid has the potential for applications in pig feeding.

초다수성벼 밀양356호 발아현미의 발아일수에 따른 이화학적 특성 및 유리아미노산 함량

We investigated the germination rate, color values, physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and amino acid content of germinated brown rice varieties (milyang356, nampyeong, and dasan), and their statistical correlation were analyzed. Milyang356 rice was characterized by the highest germination percentage and total color difference value (3.89) at 24 h. In all varieties, the amylose and crude protein content increased on the 1st day of germination but decreased over time (p&lt;0.05). The paste viscosity value significantly decreased over time in all varieties. DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities decreased or increase over time depending on the variety. By contrast, the total phenol and flavonoid content increased with time in all varieties. Furthermore, the total free amino acid and GABA content increased gradually with the germination time. The essential amino acid content was highest on day 3 of germination in milyang356 (276.9 mg/100 g) and dasan varieties (344.1 mg/100 g). The total phenol content showed a negative correlation with L* value (r=−0.778) and a strong positive correlation with ΔE (r=0.927). Considering its paste viscosity, and high essential amino acid and GABA content, we conclude that germinated brown rice milyang356 is suitable as a functional medical material, such as a health supplement.

Komposisi Asam Amino Dari Ekstrak Kecambah Kacang Merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Setelah Tahap Deproteinasi

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; During the germination process, there is a degradation activity of reserve proteins in the seeds and releases short peptides and free amino acids. This study aimed to determine the amino acid composition of the red bean sprout extract after the deproteination stage. The deproteination stage is the stage of eliminating protein macromolecules that are dissolved in the extract so that short peptides and free amino acids are left in the extract. Red bean seeds were first germinated, made into flour, and extracted with distilled water, then deproteinized by the isoelectric precipitation method at pH 4.5. This protein macromolecular free extract(expected to contain free amino acids and short peptides) was then analyzed for its amino acid composition by the HPLC method. The results of the analysis of the composition of 15 types of amino acids in red bean sprout extract showed that the highest amino acid content was glutamic acid (1213,305 mg/kg), while the lowest amino acid content was tyrosine (118,245 mg/kg). The results also show phenylalanine as a type of essential amino acid with the highest levels compared to other essential amino acids. This shows that red bean sprout extract has the potential as a source of essential amino acids.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Effects of washing step and salt-addition levels on textural and quality properties in the chicken-surimi products

The massive wastewater from surimi manufacture and salt addition is controversial. In our previous study, a chicken-surimi (CS) product can be successfully developed from the spent-hen breast via 3 times of washing steps and 2.5% salt addition in the recipe. Due to the characteristics of broiler breast (higher protein contents in muscle), this study was to optimize the washing step for CS batter recovered from broiler breast and the salt-addition level in the CS-product recipe. The step of washing once with 0.1% salt solution showed no (P > 0.05) differences in the texture profile and color parameters (expect a* value) in CS batters compared to initial washing steps (a 3-step washing procedure). The CS batter obtained by this washing step had higher amino-acid contents than boiler breast and large Grade A egg and even fit adults’ daily essential amino-acid requirement. Besides, the lower (P < 0.05) water loss of cooked CS products during the storage (4°C) was shown beyond 2.0% salt addition in CS products. For efficient/ecofriendly extraction and sodium-content reduction, the washing once with a 0.1% salt solution and 2% salt addition in the recipe is recommended in the CS batter recovered from broiler breast and its products, respectively.

Mass Cultivation of Microalgae: I. Experiences with Vertical Column Airlift Photobioreactors, Diatoms and CO2 Sequestration

From 2015 to 2021, we optimized mass cultivation of diatoms in our own developed vertical column airlift photobioreactors using natural and artificial light (LEDs). The project took place at the ferrosilicon producer Finnfjord AS in North Norway as a joint venture with UiT—The Arctic University of Norway. Small (0.1–6–14 m3) reactors were used for initial experiments and to produce inoculum cultures while upscaling experiments took place in a 300 m3 reactor. We here argue that species cultivated in reactors should be large since biovolume specific self-shadowing of light can be lower for large vs. small cells. The highest production, 1.28 cm3 L−1 biovolume (0.09–0.31 g DW day−1), was obtained with continuous culture at ca. 19% light utilization efficiency and 34% CO2 uptake. We cultivated 4–6 months without microbial contamination or biofouling, and this we argue was due to a natural antifouling (anti-biofilm) agent in the algae. In terms of protein quality all essential amino acids were present, and the composition and digestibility of the fatty acids were as required for feed ingredients. Lipid content was ca. 20% of ash-free DW with high EPA levels, and omega-3 and amino acid content increased when factory fume was added. The content of heavy metals in algae cultivated with fume was well within the accepted safety limits. Organic pollutants (e.g., dioxins and PCBs) were below the limits required by the European Union food safety regulations, and bioprospecting revealed several promising findings.