High Calcium Concentrations Research Articles

Effects of urease and cementing solution concentrations on micro-scale enzymatic mineralisation characteristics

Enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation holds significant promise in geotechnical engineering. The concentrations of urease enzyme and cementing solution play vital roles in precipitation behaviours under distinct injection strategies. In situ microscale experiments, conducted in S-shaped microchips, were aimed at exploring precipitation distribution characteristics and micro-clogging effects due to biological precipitation. In the one-phase continuous injection methods, elevated urease concentrations correlated with increased amorphous calcium carbonate formation and more heterogeneous distributions. Conversely, lower cementing solution concentrations produced larger, fewer crystals and more uniform distributions. Higher urease improved efficiency but increased cost, while lower cementing solution concentrations displayed efficient performance. Permeability reduction exhibited a power-law relationship with the precipitation area fraction. In the two-phase staged injection method, elevated urease concentrations fostered more regularly shaped crystals. Higher calcium ion concentrations could inhibit ureolysis rate, reducing precipitates. Higher urease concentrations proved beneficial in improving efficiencies. Permeability exhibited a marginal decrease initially, followed by a significant decline as the precipitation area fraction increased. The results offer microscale insights into concentration effects, aiding the understanding of upscaling mechanisms and numerical simulations.

Experimental Study on Preparation of Inorganic Fibers from Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers Ash.

The ash generated by Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boilers is featured by its looseness and porosity, low content of glassy substances, and high contents of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S), thus resulting in a low comprehensive utilization rate. Currently, the predominant treatment approach for CFB ash and slag is stacking, which may give rise to issues like environmental pollution. In this paper, CFB ash (with a CaO content of 7.64% and an SO3 content of 1.77%) was used as the main raw material. The high-temperature melting characteristics, viscosity-temperature characteristics, and initial crystallization temperature of samples with different acidity coefficients were investigated. The final drawing temperature range of the samples was determined, and mechanical property tests were conducted on the prepared inorganic fibers. The results show that the addition of dolomite powder has a significant reducing effect on the complete liquid phase temperature. The final drawing temperatures of the samples with different acidity coefficients range as follows: 1270-1318 °C; 1272-1351 °C; 1250-1372 °C; 1280-1380 °C; 1300-1382 °C; and 1310-1384 °C. The drawing temperature of this system is slightly lower than that of basalt fibers. Based on the test results of the mechanical properties of inorganic fibers, the Young's modulus of the inorganic fibers prepared through the experiment lies between 55 GPa and 74 GPa, which basically meets the performance requirements of inorganic fibers. Consequently, the method of preparing inorganic fibers by using CFB ash and dolomite powder is entirely feasible.

Characteristic calcification behavior of five surgical aortic valve bioprostheses models: An in vitro study.

The durability of surgical aortic valve bioprostheses (SAV) is limited by the calcification of the leaflets, which results in degeneration. In clinical routine, there seems to be substantial variability in the degeneration of specific SAV models. Our study aims to establish an in vitro calcification model for prosthetic valves,characterizing the calcification behavior of different SAVs. Five commercially available SAV models (Epic™ Supra, Freestyle®, Intuity®, Perimount®, and Trifecta™) were perfused with double-distilled water and physiological buffer with a defined calcium concentration (CaCl2 = 1.5 mM) at 37°C over 32.9 million cycles in a Hi-Cycle tester which corresponds to approximately 1 patient-year (calcified group). Untreated prosthetic valves served as the negative control group (noncalcified group). Calcium titration, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histological examination, and tissue thickness measurements were performed to evaluate noncalcified and calcified SAVs (n = 10). Treatment in the Hi-Cycle tester with calcification buffer maintained significantly higher calcium absorption of SAVs compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Additionally, hydroxyapatite crystals were found in the calcified SAV in SEM. Porcine valves rarely demonstrated punctual calcification pattern, while bovine pericardial valves presented distinct planar calcification pattern in histological examination. Further, calcification content differed significantly depending on the SAV model, with the highest calcium content in Trifecta (213 µg/cm2) and the lowest in Epic Supra (8 µg/cm2) (p < 0.001). Data from our study revealed significant differences in leaflet calcification for the various aortic valve bioprostheses models. Further studies are necessary to investigate whether these findings can mimic the clinical data of the implanted prostheses.

Calcium phosphate nanoclusters modify periodontium remodeling and minimize orthodontic relapse.

Orthodontic relapse is one of the most prevalent concerns of orthodontic therapy. Relapse results in patients' teeth reverting towards their pretreatment positions, which increases the susceptibility to functional problems, dental disease, and substantially increases the financial burden for retreatment. This phenomenon is thought to be induced by rapid remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) in the early stages and poor bone quality in the later stages. Current therapies, including fixed or removable retainers and fiberotomies, have limitations with patient compliance and invasiveness. Approaches using biocompatible biomaterials, such as calcium phosphate polymer-induced liquid precursors (PILP), is an ideal translational approach for minimizing orthodontic relapse. Here, post-orthodontic relapse is reduced after a single injection of high concentration PILP (HC-PILP) nanoclusters by altering PDL remodeling in the early stage of relapse and improving trabecular bone quality in the later phase. HC-PILP nanoclusters are achieved by using high molecular weight poly aspartic acid (PASP, 14 kDa) and poly acrylic acid (PAA, 450 kDa), which resulted in a stable solution of high calcium and phosphate concentrations without premature precipitation. In vitro results show that HC-PILP nanoclusters prevented collagen type-I mineralization, which is essential for the tooth-periodontal ligament (PDL)-bone interphase. In vivo experiments show that the PILP nanoclusters minimize relapse and improve the trabecular bone quality in the late stages of relapse. Interestingly, PILP nanoclusters also altered the remodeling of the PDL collagen during the early stages of relapse. Further in vitro experiments showed that PILP nanoclusters alter the fibrillogenesis of collagen type-I by impacting the protein secondary structure. These findings propose a novel approach for treating orthodontic relapse and provide additional insight into the PILP nanocluster's structure and properties on collagenous structure repair.

A review on the phytochemistry and biological activities of Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex. W.Aiton

Curculigo latifolia Dryand. ex W. T. Aiton, from the genus Curculigo, is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat numerous illnesses such as fever, stomach aches, jaundice, wounds, and inflammation. C. latifolia is a perennial herb that is widely found in tropical and subtropical regions, such as Southeast Asia, Southern China, Bangladesh, Australia, and the Andaman Islands. This review collates the reported studies on the different aspects of C. latifolia from its plant description, nutritional value, phytochemistry, chemical composition, and pharmacological properties. This review aims to identify gaps in the literature and provide useful references for future work on this plant. Previous studies have shown that C. latifolia contains high mineral contents of calcium, iron, and magnesium, which are essential components of human health. Moreover, the plant is rich in phytochemicals, which play a prominent role in various pharmacological activities. The most common compounds identified included curculigoside, crassifoside I, nyasicoside, and curculigine. C. latifolia demonstrated high antioxidant activity through its ability to scavenge superoxide anions, 1,1–diphenyl–2–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino–bis(3–ethylbenzthiazoline–6–sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, reducing ferric ions to ferrous complexes, iron chelation, and β –carotene bleaching. It was also shown that the roots, stems, and leaves of C. latifolia were effective in exerting antimicrobial activity against several microbial strains, including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtillis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Erwinia sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Candida albicans, Salmonella choleraesuis and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the root, fruit, leaf, petiole, and rhizome extracts were found to improve glucose uptake and insulin secretion in diabetic rats, suggesting their antidiabetic potential. C. latifolia presents a wide range of medicinal properties that could make it a promising functional food or source of food supplements to prevent nutrition–related or chronic diseases.

Correlating wear with the lubricant properties of heavy-duty diesel engine oils

Wear volumes were correlated with the lubricant properties of 11 used, heavy duty engine oil samples. The most important oil property in predicting wear volume is Total Acid Number, TAN. Here, the TAN value may be indicating ZDDP in its oxidised form and unable to participate in corrosive-abrasive wear. Low wear also correlates with mean soot particle size/circularity, which further suggests the abrasive aspect of this mechanism. Finally, low wear correlates with high calcium concentration in the fresh oil. This suggests a new wear reduction mechanism in which calcium from the detergent replenishes the iron within the ZDDP antiwear film.

Clustering Methods for the Characterization of Synchrotron Radiation X‐Ray Fluorescence Images of Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque

This study employs computational algorithms to automatically identify and classify features in X‐Ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy images. Principal component analysis (PCA) and unsupervised machine learning algorithms, such as Gaussian mixture (GM) clustering, are implemented to label features on a collection of XRF maps of human atherosclerotic plaque samples. The investigation involves the hard X‐Ray nanoprobe (NanoMAX) at MAX IV synchrotron radiation facility, utilizing scanning transmission X‐Ray microscopy (STXM) and XRF techniques. The analysis covers regions of interest scanned by the beam with a step size of 200 nm, yielding XRF maps of elements like calcium, iron, and zinc. These maps reveal intricate structures unsuitable for manual labeling. However, they can be accurately classified in an automated fashion using GM. Prior to clustering, PCA is used to deal with repeated patterns and background areas. The resulting clusters are associated with different types of features, which can be identified as specific tissues confirmed by histology. Regions of high concentrations of phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and iron are found in the samples. These regions are also observed in the STXM results as spots of low transmission that typically are associated with calcium deposits only.

The contribution of commonly consumed edible insects to nutrition security in the Eastern D.R. Congo

Edible insects are perceived as an incredible opportunity to mitigate the major challenge of sustainably producing healthy foods for a growing world population in the face of climate change uncertainties over the coming decade. In this study, we assessed the nutrient composition and sensory properties of Acheta domesticus, Apis mellifera, Gnathocera trivittata, Gryllotalpa africana, Imbrasia epimethea, Imbrasia oyemensis, Locusta migratoria, Macrotermes subhylanus, Nomadacris septemfasciata, Rhyncophorus phoenicis, Ruspolia differens and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus consumed in Eastern D. R. Congo. The investigated edible insects are highly appreciated and nutritious, with proteins (20.67–43.93 g/100 g) and fats (14.53–36.02 g/100 g) being the major macro-nutrients, proving their potential to improve diets through food enrichment. The high potassium (24–386.67 mg/100 g), sodium (152–257.82 mg/100 g), magnesium (32–64 mg/100 g), iron (5.3–16.13 mg/100 g), calcium (25–156.67 mg/100 g) and zinc (11–19.67 mg/100 g) content make the assessed edible insects a useful mineral-containing ingredient for preventing undernutrition in countries which are plagued by micronutrient deficiencies. A scatter plot of matrices and Pearson’s correlations between sensory attributes and nutritional composition showed a negative correlation (r = − 0.45) between protein and appearance. While no strong correlation was observed between nutritional attributes and sensory acceptance, a positive correlation was observed between potassium and aroma (r = 0.50), after-taste (r = 0.50) and acceptability (r = 0.52). Principal component analysis results indicated that the two axes accounted for up to 97.4% of the observed variability in the nutrient composition and sensory attributes of commonly consumed edible insects in the Eastern D. R. Congo. Given the significant delicacy and nutritional potential of edible insects highlighted in this paper, households can rely on the latter to meet their nutritional needs rather than conventional livestock, thus contributing to environmental and financial security through local business opportunities.

Managing Oxidative Stress Using Vitamin C to Improve Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone for Bone Regeneration In Vitro.

Increased oxidative stress in bone cells is known to negatively alter favorable bone regeneration. This study aimed to develop a porous polycaprolactone (PCL) membrane incorporated with 25 wt % Vitamin C (PCL-Vit C) and compared it to the PCL membrane to control oxidative stress and enhance biomineralization in vitro. Both membranes were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR spectroscopy, and surface hydrophilicity. Vitamin C release was quantified colorimetrically. Assessments of the viability and attachment of human fetal osteoblast (hFOB 1.19) cells were carried out using XTT assay, SEM, and confocal microscopy, respectively. ROS generation and wound healing percentage were measured using flow cytometry and ImageJ software, respectively. Mineralization study using Alizarin Red in the presence or absence of osteogenic media was carried out to measure the calcium content. Alkaline phosphatase assay and gene expression of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen Type I (Col1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN)) were analyzed by real-time PCR. SEM images revealed smooth, fine, bead-free fibers in both membranes. The FTIR spectrum of pure vitamin C was replaced with peaks at 3436.05 and 2322.83 cm-1 in the PCL-Vit C membrane. Vitamin C release was detected at 15 min and 1 h. The PCL-Vit C membrane was hydrophilic, generated lower ROS, and showed significantly higher viability than the PCL membrane. Although both PCL and PCL-Vit C membranes showed similar cellular and cytoskeletal morphology, more cell clusters were evident in the PCL-Vit C membrane. Lower ROS level in the PCL-Vit C membrane displayed improved cell functionality as evidenced by enhanced cellular differentiation with more intense alizarin staining and higher calcium content, supported by upregulation of osteogenic markers ALP, Col1, and OPN even in the absence of osteogenic supplements. The presence of Vitamin C in the PCL-Vit C membrane may have mitigated oxidative stress in hFOB 1.19 cells, resulting in enhanced biomineralization facilitating bone regeneration.

Effects of biochar and magnesium oxide on cadmium immobilized by microbially induced carbonate: Mobilization or immobilization in alkaline agricultural soils?

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technique for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, the effectiveness of MICP in immobilizing Cd in alkaline calcareous soils, especially when applied in agricultural soils, remains unclear. Biochar and magnesium oxide are two environmentally friendly passivating materials, and there are few reports on the combined application of MICP with passivating materials for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Additionally, the number of treatments with MICP cement and the concentration of calcium chloride during the MICP process can both affect the effectiveness of heavy metal immobilization by MICP. Therefore, we conducted MICP and MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatments on agricultural soils collected from Baiyin, Gansu Province (pH = 8.62), and analyzed the effects of the number of treatments with cement and the concentration of calcium chloride on the immobilization of Cd by MICP and combined treatments. The results showed that early-stage MICP could immobilize exchangeable cadmium and increase the residual cadmium content, especially with high-concentration calcium chloride MICP treatment. However, in the later stage, soil nitrification and exchange processes led to the dissolution of carbonate-bound cadmium and cadmium activation. The fixing effect of MICP influence whether the MICP-MgO-biochar is superior to the MgO-biochar. Four treatments with cement were more effective than single treatment in MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatment, and the MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatment with four treatments was the most effective, with passivation rates of 40.7% and 46.6% for exchangeable cadmium and bioavailable cadmium, respectively. However, attention should be paid to the increase in soil salinity. The main mechanism of MICP-magnesium oxide-biochar treatment in immobilizing cadmium was the formation of Cd(OH)2, followed by the formation of cadmium carbonate.

The Effect of Soil Heterogeneity on the Content of Macronutrients and Micronutrients in the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legumes currently grown. It is an important source of proteins and nutrients, such as calcium, potassium and iron. As a result, precise crop management is necessary for maximizing its production. The presented study deals with the effect of soil heterogeneity caused by variable contents of macro- and micronutrients on the uptake of nutrients by chickpea. The values measured (contents of macro- and micronutrients in plant samples) indicate that soil heterogeneity is an important factor for the contents of nutrients and soil reactions, which strongly affect the growth of chickpea. We investigated the soil heterogeneity in a chickpea field. Two zones (A and B) with different stand development were found in the model plot. Zone A showed a healthy (green) growth, while Zone B exhibited a yellow-coloured growth, indicating deficits in nutrient uptake. The contents of selected nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) in the soil and in the plant biomass (i.e., stems, leaves, pods and seeds) were analyzed. In the zone with the yellow-coloured biomass, the results showed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced contents of N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in the leaves; higher values of soil reaction (pH); and higher contents of calcium and calcium carbonate in the soil. The uptake of nutrients by the plants and their translocation were affected by the above-mentioned soil parameters and by their mutual interactions. Therefore, it is possible to state that soil heterogeneity (caused by variable contents of nutrients in soil) should be taken into account in the precise crop management of chickpeas.

The impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium on risk of age-related macular degeneration: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundThe relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and calcium and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are unclear. ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the causal role of 25(OH)D concentrations, calcium concentrations, and dietary supplements use of vitamin D and calcium on risk of AMD and its subtypes. MethodsIndependent genetic variants associated with 25(OH)D and calcium concentrations were used as instrumental variables in published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of European ancestry. The bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed using summary-level data from the UK Biobank and FinnGen datasets. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure the robustness of the MR results. The meta-analyses were conducted using both fixed-effect and random-effect models to provide comprehensive and reliable estimates. ResultsA standard deviation increase in calcium concentrations was linked to a 14%, 17%, and 13% reduction in the likelihood of developing AMD (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77, 0.97), wet AMD (95% CI: 0.73, 0.95), and dry AMD (95% CI: 0.75, 1.00), respectively. No significant causal relationships were detected between genetically predicted 25(OH)D concentrations and AMD and its subtypes (all P > 0.05). The combined analyses showed that higher calcium concentrations were associated with a reduced risk of overall AMD, with an odds ratio of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.98). ConclusionsThis study provides evidence supporting the causal relationship between calcium concentrations and risk of AMD and its subtypes, which may have important implications for the prevention, monitoring, and treatment of AMD.

The potential calcium content of anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) on mandibular bone growth through osteoprotegerin expression analysis

Abstract Background: Anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) is a commonly used food ingredient due to its high calcium content, which supports craniofacial growth. Calcium stimulates the formation of osteoblasts, which produce osteoprotegerin (OPG). OPG binds to RANKL, blocking RANKL–RANK bonding and limiting osteoclast development. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze OPG expression in mandibular bones to assess the potential calcium content of anchovies. Methods: Three groups of 27 male Wistar rats were created: control, anchovy, and milk. After 40 days, the rats were decapitated, and their mandibular bones were surgically extracted, decalcified, and prepared for microscopic examination. The results showed a significant difference in OPG expression of rat mandibles between control, anchovy, and milk groups (P &lt; 0.05), as determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tukey’s HSD test revealed a significant difference in the average quantity of rat mandibular OPG expression between the control group and each of the anchovy and milk groups, with probability values of 0.00 and 0.003 (P &lt; 0.05), respectively. However, the average level of OPG expression in anchovy and milk groups did not differ significantly, as indicated by the probability value of 0.064 (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: The mandibular development increases after feeding anchovies compared to the control group. Anchovy is not statistically superior to milk in terms of increasing mandibular development. However, as a high-calcium food, anchovy is well-suited to support children’s craniofacial development and growth.

Assessing viability and leachability in fly ash geopolymers incorporated with rubber sludge

This study explores the innovative use of rubber sludge (RS) from glove manufacturing as a partial replacement for fly ash (FA) in geopolymer production. The research investigates the physical properties, functional group analysis, microstructural analysis, phase analysis and compressive strength. The partial replacement of different types of RS, such as activated sludge (AS), pre-leaching sludge (PLS) and coagulant sludge (CS), will affect differently on the geopolymer integrity and performance. CS enriched with high calcium content, facilitated the formation of a denser geopolymer matrix with C(N)-A-S-H gel in conjunction with C-S-H, C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels, enhancing the compressive strength of FA/CS geopolymers up to 70.4 MPa, surpassing FA/AS and FA/PLS geopolymers. The fly ash/rubber sludge geopolymers exhibited compressive strengths ranging from 20.5 to 70.4 MPa, not only meeting ASTM standards for construction but also effectively immobilizing hazardous metals, particularly Zn (>98.4 %), the Zn leaching in geopolymers was reduced by more than 87.4 % compared to the rubber sludge itself, thereby mitigating environmental toxicity. This utilization addresses significant industrial waste management issues, providing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for construction. The findings contribute to advancing sustainable building materials and advocate for equitable utilization of industrial waste resources.

Impact and accumulation of calcium on soft-shell mud crab Scylla paramamosain in recirculating aquaculture system

Soft-shell crabs are highly valued for their commercial significance and culinary appeal. To enhance production of soft-shell crabs, careful attention should be paid to the water calcium concentration in their culture. This study investigated the influences of different levels of calcium concentrations on the molting and growth of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) within a meticulously controlled recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). We established three distinct water calcium concentration gradients (200, 300, and 450 mg/L) to comprehensively assess feeding habits, molting patterns, growth, and tissue calcium levels of mud crab. Initially, we observed a gradual reduction in water calcium concentrations with increments of crab molting events in RAS. Throughout one molting cycle, the feeding incidence of the crabs remained consistently high from 4 days to 37 days post-molt, irrespective of different calcium concentrations. Nonetheless, high water calcium levels (300 and 450 mg/L) significantly shortened molt intervals and accelerated exoskeletal calcification. Specifically, the molt intervals were 52.30 ± 2.72 d, 41.65 ± 5.24 d, and 37.70 ± 3.02 d, while the carapace hardening durations were 21.51 ± 4.33 h, 17.23 ± 3.38 h, and 13.46 ± 2.76 h at water calcium concentrations of 200, 300, and 450 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, elevated calcium concentrations also significantly enhanced weight gain of the mud crab during molting. Noteworthy, regardless of fluctuations in water calcium concentration, the condition factor of the molting crabs was approximately 63%, which could be an indicator of crab selection in soft-shell crab cultivation. Furthermore, the dynamic changes in calcium concentrations were disparate among different tissues in the post-molt stage. Gill and exoskeleton tissues exhibited an upward trend in calcium concentrations, while hemolymph and hepatopancreas tissues displayed distinct patterns of decrease followed by increase. Gill and exoskeleton tissues were identified as primary sites for calcium absorption and utilization, evidenced by a positive correlation between high calcium concentrations and increased calcium content in these tissues at 6 h and 3 d post-molt. Overall, our findings provide practical evidence for optimizing aquaculture management strategies through adjustments in water calcium concentration, thus to enhance production efficiency and profitability in soft-shell mud crab aquaculture.

Effects of Binding between Ca in Hard Water and Phosphorus in Amylopectin on the Qualities of Boiled Rice and Rice Noodle Prepared by Soaking and Boiling in Hard Water.

Recently, global warming has led to an increase in chalky rice grains. This has consequently resulted in the deterioration in quality of rice products. Although we previously reported that hard water, rich in Ca, is useful for the quality improvement of high-temperature-damaged rice grains, the mechanism was not elucidated sufficiently. Therefore, we used various kinds of rice cultivars, from waxy to high-amylose ones, for soaking and boiling in hard water and compared physical and chemical properties of the products. It was shown that the degree of quality improvement, such as final viscosities in pasting property, and textural properties of boiled rice, was more remarkable for high-amylose rice than low-amylose rice. As we found that the phosphorus contents showed positive correlations with amylose and long chains of amylopectin, we estimate that the effects are mainly due to binding of calcium and phosphorus. Because that high-amylose or long-chain-rich amylopectin rice cultivars showed high calcium contents in rice products, these rice cultivars would be very useful to supply calcium through dietary intake via hard water cooking.

Analysis of Morphological and Elemental Composition in Rice, Beans, and Groundnut Husk

The morphological characteristics and elemental composition of these agricultural products provides insights into their nutritional value, chemical properties, and potential industrial applications, contributing to advancements in food science, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. The comprehensive analysis of the morphological and elemental composition of three widely consumed agricultural products: rice, beans, and groundnut husk as a partial substitute for sand due to its high content of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron, and other elements when properly controlled. Transforming them into practical materials in order to reduce their detrimental impact on the environment. An equal weight of 50 g of Rice husk, 25 g of bean husk, and 25 g of groundnut shell were measured out of 100 g of untreated samples and oven dried at 1000C for 4 hours. The samples were the crushed to fine particle and sieve, which was burned at a temperature of 5500C in an electric furnace for 4 hours. The result obtained microscopic techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy Disperse X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were used to observe the surface and element presence in RBGH. The result among other things shows that untreated RBGH atomic concentration of Si is 65.79%, K is 16.01.53%, P is 5.14% Ca is 3.36% and Mg is 3.35% respectively, and the SEM shows that it has a porous cellular structure and consists of irregular-shape particles. The findings shed light on the potential industrial applications of these agricultural byproducts

Karakteristik Kimia Kulit Lumpia Basah dengan Fortifikasi Tepung Tulang Ikan Patin (Pangasius pangasius)

Waste from patin fish (Pangasius pangasius) consumption is skin and fish bone. Its waste generally used as a raw material for food and industrial products because of fat, gelatin, collagen, and calcium compounds. Based on its calcium compound, another food application is the fortification of patin fish bone on wet spring roll wrapper. It is important to increase the consumption rate of calcium nutrition. Therefore, this research aimed to improve the proximate composition (especially calcium) of wet spring roll wrapper with 6% catfish bone flour fortification. The method used in this research was experimental with two treatments, i.e. the addition of 6% patin fish bone flour (A1) and 0% patin fish bone flour (A0) as a control. The parameters observed were moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and calcium content. The test procedure for each parameter observed is based on SNI 01-2354:2006. Sample testing was carried out in duplicate. The proximate composition of wet spring roll wrapper fortified with 6% patin fish bone flour consists of moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and calcium content respectively 60.21%, 2.61%, 0,71%, 3.96%, 32.51%, and 19.90 mg/100 g. Wet spring roll wrapper that was fortified with 6% patin fish bone flour (A1) had higher calcium content (19.90 mg/100 g) compared to wet spring roll wrapper with no fortification (control/A0) of the patin fish bone flour (8.22 mg/100 g). The moisture content of this calcium-rich wet spring roll wrapper is included in the Indonesian National Quality Standard (SNI) number 2987-2015 for wet noodles. This wet spring roll wrapper is one of diversified product using fishbone fortification to increase its calcium content. Keywords: fish bone, calsium, consumption, protein, waste

PENGARUH FRAKSI VOLUME DAN PEMBEBANAN TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK KOMPOSIT BERPENGUAT SERBUK CANGKANG KERANG LOKAN

The increasing consumption of local clam shells which contain high nutritional value in society has resulted in an increase in waste sea shells in areas around the coast of Bengkulu Province. The high calcium content in lokan clam shells attracts researchers to study the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced lokan clam shell powder. This research aims to investigate the effect of variations in the volume fraction of lokan clam shell powder and the mold loading on the physical and mechanical properties of composites reinforced lokan clam shell powder. The process of manufacturing shell powder is carried out by heating at a temperature of 900oC for 6 hours. Variations in the volume fraction of lokan clam shell powder consist of 30, 50, 70%. Meanwhile, the mold loading was varied by 0, 500 N, and 1 kN. The manufacturing process uses hand lay-up techniques. Physical and mechanical tests on composites include water absorption tests, density, tensile tests and impact tests. The results of the research show that the powder volume fraction and mold loading influence the physical and mechanical properties of composites reinforced lokan clam shell powder. The best physical properties of composite were obtained at a powder volume fraction of 70% and a mold loading of 1 kN, namely with a density of 1.43 g/cm3. The best mechanical properties of composite were obtained at a volume fraction of 30% and a mold loading of 1 kN, namely with a tensile strength of 33.2 MPa and an impact toughness of 366.8 kJ/m2.

NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS AND CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY (Hermetia illucens) LARVAE MEAL NATIVE TO THE PERUVIAN AMAZON

The search for new protein sources for food formulation is increasing. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae have high levels of protein, good fat content and are rich in essential amino acids, making them an alternative source of dietary protein. In this work, the nutritional properties and metabolomic characterization of black soldier fly larvae meal native to the Peruvian Amazon reared on three organic waste substrates were carried out. The three meals had a high protein content (38.90-44.68%), lipids (26.96-31.01%), as well as a high potassium, calcium and low sodium content. The larvae meal fed with orange bagasse presented the best content of iron and manganese. The fatty acid profile showed a high content of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids for the three flours. The most abundant essential amino acids in the three meals were leucine, lysine and valine. A total of 48 compounds were identified in the larvae meal fed with orange bagasse, 24 compounds in the larvae meal fed with oats and 44 compounds in the larvae meal fed with ripe banana pulp. These results indicate that black soldier fly larvae meals native to the Peruvian Amazon are a good source of proteins, minerals, essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids with high nutritional value.