High CO2 Levels Research Articles

Impact of driving characteristic parameters and vehicle type on fuel consumption and emissions performance over real driving cycles.

With the growing need for sustainable transportation solutions, understanding the relationship between driving characteristic parameters, vehicle type, and their impact on emissions and fuel consumption over real driving scenarios is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, four conventional vehicles and one hybrid vehicle with different technologies were compared in four distinct routes in Tehran city. Nineteen real driving cycles were generated using widely employed K-means and PCA algorithms. The vehicles were simulated on MATLAB/Simulink according to their specifications. Twelve driving characteristic parameters, fuel consumption, CO, NOx, HC, and CO2 of vehicles with different powertrains, engines, and body styles were calculated over real and standard driving cycles. Notable findings show that driving characteristic parameters exhibit distinct influences on fuel consumption and emissions, depending on the specific driving conditions and vehicle type. Additionally, the hybrid vehicle achieved 39% and 26% fuel savings compared to gasoline and dual fuel vehicles, respectively. However, it emitted significantly higher levels of CO and HC. In contrast, the turbocharged vehicle increased CO and HC emissions compared to the naturally aspirated vehicle, but consumed less fuel (approximately 6%) and emitted lower amounts of CO2 (approximately 19%). In real driving cycles, the sedan vehicle generally exhibited slightly lower values compared to petrol SUV due to lower weight and drag coefficient.

Survey of Association Between Indoor CO and CO2 Levels and Symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome Among Employees at Alang-Alang Lebar and Plaju Health Centers

Poor air quality and exceptionally high CO and CO2 pollutants can be contributing factors to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). This study evaluated the relationship between individual factors and CO and CO2 levels with Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms in health center employees. 74 respondents work in the room of Alang-Alang Lebar and Plaju Health Center. Then, the respondents will fill out a questionnaire related to SBS symptoms. The rooms in the selected health centers will be measured for CO and CO2 levels. The results of filling out the questionnaire will be analyzed to determine whether SBS or not, and the results of measuring CO and CO2 levels will also be categorized as normal or not. Univariate and bivariate analyses related to individual employee factors, SBS symptoms, and CO and CO2. The results of 74 respondents showed that 36 respondents (48.6%) experienced SBS. The highest SBS symptoms were red, itchy, dry, or watery eyes (75%), and symptoms of dizziness or headache (71.4%). The highest CO level measurement result was seven ppm, the lowest was six ppm, while the highest CO2 level was 561 ppm, and the lowest was 498 ppm. These measurement results are still within the normal limits of the standards set. Bivariate test results showed that individual factors, CO and CO2, are not significantly related to SBS symptoms (p > 0.05).

Characterization and Molecular Insights of a Chromium-Reducing Bacterium Bacillus tropicus.

Environmental pollution from metal toxicity is a widespread concern. Certain bacteria hold promise for bioremediation via the conversion of toxic chromium compounds into less harmful forms, promoting environmental cleanup. In this study, we report the isolation and detailed characterization of a highly chromium-tolerant bacterium, Bacillus tropicus CRB14. The isolate is capable of growing on 5000 mg/L Cr (VI) in an LB (Luria Bertani) agar plate while on 900 mg/L Cr (VI) in LB broth. It shows an 86.57% reduction ability in 96 h of culture. It can also tolerate high levels of As, Cd, Co, Fe, Zn, and Pb. The isolate also shows plant growth-promoting potential as demonstrated by a significant activity of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, IAA (indole acetic acid), and siderophore production. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the isolate lacks Cr resistance genes in their plasmids and are located on its chromosome. The presence of the chrA gene points towards Cr(VI) transport, while the absence of ycnD suggests alternative reduction pathways. The genome harbors features like genomic islands and CRISPR-Cas systems, potentially aiding adaptation and defense. Analysis suggests robust metabolic pathways, potentially involved in Cr detoxification. Notably, genes for siderophore and NRP-metallophore production were identified. Whole-genome sequencing data also provides the basis for molecular validation of various genes. Findings from this study highlight the potential application of Bacillus tropicus CRB14 for bioremediation while plant growth promotion can be utilized as an added benefit.

Influence of Dietary Cobalt on Fiber Digestibility and Serum Cobalt and Cobalamin Concentrations in Horses.

The 2007 Horse NRC reduced cobalt (Co) requirements from 0.1 ppm to 0.05 ppm in dietary dry matter, though preliminary research suggested increasing dietary-Co enhanced fiber digestion in horses. This study aimed to evaluate fiber digestion with varying dietary Co amounts, as well as to compare serum Co concentrations with dietary Co content. Four geldings (mean body weight [BW] 503 ± 37 kg) were studied in a 4 × 4 Latin square design consisting of four 5-week periods, each comprising a 2-week washout phase followed by a 3-week treatment phase. Supplementing 0.0, 5.6, 16.8, or 28.0 mg of Co daily resulted in total Co dietary concentrations of 0.06, 0.7, 2.0, and 3.0 ppm, respectively. Feces and urine were collected to evaluate fiber digestibility and Co balance. Co supplementation did not affect neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, or lignin digestibility. Co balance was negative for the control diet but positive for the other three treatments (p = 0.04). Serum cobalamin concentrations slightly decreased (6%) with increasing dietary Co intake (p = 0.003), while folate concentrations were unaffected. Serum Co concentration differed (p < 0.01) with a mean of 4.7 μg/mL for the high treatment and 0.8 μg/mL for the control. Results suggest that serum Co concentrations above regulatory limits are likely due not to higher levels of Co in fortified feeds, but rather to parenteral administration of Co solutions.

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Cerebral Physiological Changes in Response to Atmospheric Gas Concentrations

Compared with other organs in the body, the human brain is extremely sensitive to changes in O2 and CO2 levels. This study applied functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to analyze the changes in cerebral oxygen saturation (COS) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in response to various atmospheric gas concentrations and investigate their effects on brain function. Twenty-nine adults were exposed to four gas conditions, namely atmospheric concentration (C1), high O2 concentration (C2), high CO2 concentration (C3), and high O2 and CO2 concentrations (C4). Changes in COS and Hb concentrations were measured using fNIRS, whereas heart rate (HR) and percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured using a patient monitor. COS, oxy-Hb (HbO), and total-Hb (HbT) increased progressively from C1 to C4, whereas deoxy-Hb (HbR) exhibited a decreasing trend. Moreover, the COS and Hb concentrations were more strongly influenced by high CO2 levels than by high O2 levels. High O2 concentrations increased the blood O2 saturation, whereas high CO2 concentrations increased blood flow as a physiological response, enhancing O2 delivery to the brain. Additionally, HR and SpO2 increased at high CO2 concentrations. However, at high O2 concentrations providing a sufficient O2 supply, SpO2 increased while HR decreased. Therefore, adjusting the concentrations of CO2 and O2 may improve cerebral blood flow and change brain function, supporting cerebrovascular health and preventing related diseases.

Effect of Short-Term High-CO2 Treatments on the Quality of Highbush and Rabbiteye Blueberries During Cold Storage.

The global demand for blueberries has increased due to their health benefits, but postharvest losses, particularly firmness loss and decay, present significant challenges. This study evaluated the effects of high CO2 concentrations (15% and 20%) applied for 3 d at 1.0 °C on highbush (cv. 'Duke') and rabbiteye (cv. 'Ochlockonee') blueberries, with a focus on quality maintenance during cold storage. The quality parameters evaluated included titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, weight loss, and decay. The effect of gaseous treatments on firmness was analyzed using mechanical parameters and the expression of genes related to cell wall integrity (XTH23, PL8, PG, PM3, EXP4, and VcGH5). Treatment efficacy varied between species. High CO2 levels reduced decay in both cultivars, but only the highbush cultivar ('Duke') showed improvements in firmness. In 'Duke', CO2 treatments affected the expression of XTH23, PL8, and GH5, while the role of PG and PME in maintaining firmness was minimal, with no significant differences between treatments. In 'Ochlockonee', CO2 effectively reduced weight loss but did not improve firmness. In conclusion, these results highlight the need for tailored postharvest strategies for different blueberry cultivars and suggest that short-term high CO2 treatments may effectively prolong the postharvest life of highbush blueberries.

Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Processes Controlling Groundwater Chemistry of Complex Volcanic Rock of Jimma Area, Ethiopia

The sustainable management of groundwater in the Jimma area is complicated by a lack of comprehensive studies on its chemical makeup and the geochemical processes influencing its hydrochemistry. This research aims to fill that gap by examining 51 groundwater samples from various sources, including deep groundwaters, shallow groundwaters, hand-dug well groundwaters, surface waters, and springs within the area primarily consisting of complex volcanic rocks. The goal is to describe the hydrogeochemical characteristics and determine the key processes affecting groundwater composition in this volcanic area. The study identifies clear patterns in cation and anion concentrations. For deep groundwaters, the average cation concentration is ranked as Na+ &gt; Ca2+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; K+, while shallow groundwaters, hand-dug well groundwaters, surface waters, and springs show a ranking of Ca2+ &gt; Na+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; K+. The major anions are typically ordered as HCO3− &gt; NO3− &gt; Cl− &gt; SO42−. The quantitative hydrogeochemical analysis indicates that the freshwater types in the region are primarily Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3, with some highly mineralized Na-HCO₃ waters also detected. The weathering of silicate minerals mainly drives the geochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry. An increase in mineralization, suggested by saturation indices, points to a longer residence time underground, with deep groundwaters exhibiting the highest saturation levels and springs the lowest. This mineralization is especially significant for Mg-silicates and carbonates. Stability diagrams for feldspar minerals further demonstrate groundwater evolution along flow paths, revealing that shallow systems are in equilibrium with minerals like gibbsite, whereas deeper systems achieve stability with albite, Ca-montmorillonite, and microcline. Higher CO2 levels (10−1.5 to 100.5 atm), likely from mantle-magma degassing, add more HCO3− to the deeper aquifers. This study offers the first thorough characterization of the groundwater composition in the Jimma area and provides important insights into the Jimma area’s hydrogeochemical development, establishing a basis for enhanced groundwater management within this intricate volcanic aquifer system.

Correlation analysis between Carbon Monoxide and industry in Bekasi from 2019-2022

Abstract Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas. For several decades, industry contribute as the main factor of the increases of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Bekasi has the largest number of industries in West Java and has continuously an increasing trend. This will contribute to the increases of carbon monoxide concentration in the city. This study analyzes the spatial increases in carbon monoxide concentration due to industrial growth in Bekasi city and its vicinity from 2019 to 2022. The carbon monoxide time series data were obtained from Sentinel-5P satellite imagery, downloaded and processed using Google Earth Engine. The analysis reveals that the carbon monoxide concentration in Bekasi ranges from approximately 0.037 mol/m2 to 0.041 mol/m2. District-level analyses indicate that Tarumajaya consistently exhibited high CO levels, reaching 0.044 mol/m2 in 2020. Furthermore, the results show a moderate correlation of 0.688 between industrial growth and carbon monoxide concentration, indicating that as the number of industries increases, CO levels in Bekasi rise accordingly. Additionally, this study examines the influence of wind direction on the spatial distribution of carbon monoxide, highlighting that winds from specific directions can transport CO to areas farther from its source, resulting in variable concentration levels across the region.

How ADNOC Opened the UAE’s Pre-Khuff Offshore Gas Play Using Advanced Fracturing Tech

A hidden gem may lie beneath one of the world’s latest megaprojects. Next year, the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) is set to launch production from its largest-ever gas development within the UAE’s shallow-water Ghasha concession. Located some 190 km northwest of Abu Dhabi, the first phase will see gas flow from the Dalma field, followed by production from the Hail and Ghasha fields, with combined output expected to boost the UAE domestic gas supply by 1.5 Bcf/D by decade’s end. Set aside for several decades due to high levels of H2S and CO2, ADNOC is now pushing to make natural gas a bigger part of its energy strategy and has thus proudly positioned this multibillion-dollar project as the world’s largest sour-gas development. As operator, ADNOC holds a 70% stake in the concession alongside partners Eni (10%), PTTEP (10%), OMV (5%), and Lukoil (5%). ADNOC has also committed to making Hail and Ghasha the first major gas fields to operate with net-zero emissions, supported by substantial investments in carbon capture technology and the use of nuclear power. Yet there may be more to Ghasha’s supply-side potential, thanks to a team of engineers and subsurface experts who weren’t ready to give up on a stubborn rock. Discovered in 1979, the Pre-Khuff formation is a gas-rich sandstone that, though free from H2S, presents other challenges that have so far kept it from reaching commercialization. “The Pre-Khuff has performed well across the region—in Saudi Arabia and Qatar—but here in the UAE, we’ve faced 4 decades of unsuccessful attempts to unlock its potential,” said Jasim Ali Alloghani, ADNOC’s subsurface manager for the Gasha concession. He explained the complexities of the Pre-Khuff formation center around its depth, temperature, and tightness. Offshore the UAE, the Pre-Khuff formation is found 16,000 ft below the mudline where temperatures are more than 350°F and reservoir pressures exceed 10,000 psi. The sandstone is also rich in clay, with estimated clay content ranging from 10 to 40%. This leaves the rock with an upper porosity of about 12%, and a permeability range of 0.01 to 1 mD. The difficulties associated with the Pre-Khuff formation intensify from there. With a Young’s modulus of around 10 million psi, the rock is more than twice as stiff as much of the prolific Wolfcamp Shale in the Permian Basin that spans Texas and New Mexico in the US. The formation is also dominated by natural fractures and varying fracture gradients. Additionally, wellbore washouts while drilling in the deep reservoir have hindered geomechanical data acquisition. ADNOC has also found that the state of stress changes both laterally and vertically, i.e., anisotropy, due to the reservoir’s structural deformation. Additionally, ADNOC has faced challenges with designing effective completion designs due to limited technology and expertise. However, ADNOC’s fortunes with the Pre-Khuff shifted in early 2023 when the company executed the first successful multistage hydraulic fracturing treatments ever performed offshore Abu Dhabi. ADNOC reported a five- to 10-fold increase in initial flow rates from Pre-Khuff wells compared with initial attempts.

Impacts of California Wildfires on CO2 and Other Trace Gases

AbstractWildfires have broad impacts on the atmosphere, ecology, and society. This study leverages satellite data and chemistry‐transport models to analyze the impact of wildfires on trace gases in California during the August‐October periods of 2018, 2019, and 2020. During these months, Southern California experiences minimal precipitation, leading to a high Vapor Pressure Deficit, which results in decreased photosynthetic activities. This reduction, combined with increased biomass burning, causes a rise in CO2 concentrations. Increased CO and CH4 levels are also seen in TROPOMI retrievals tied to the increase in biomass burning. The CarbonTracker model captures these elevated CO2 concentrations, though with a reduced amplitude of increased CO2. Similarly, the GEOS‐Chem model successfully simulates high CO levels but underestimates the observed enhancements. These findings will improve the understanding of fire's influence on trace gases and refine future numerical models on surface emissions and transport.

Effects of ocean warming with stable and fluctuating ocean acidification on seawater transition in Chinook salmon smolts

Anadromous salmon populations are declining in the Pacific Northwest, with high mortality during the transition from fresh- to seawater as smolts, a stage particularly vulnerable to adverse environmental conditions. This study seeks to explore the impacts of warming and ocean acidification on the transition of life in freshwater to life at sea in Chinook salmon smolts. In a fully factorial experiment, we transitioned Chinook salmon from fresh- to seawater at current and future conditions of temperature (13 °C and 16 °C, respectively) and ocean acidification (400 and 1400 atm CO2), including a fluctuating CO2 treatment (between control and high CO2) that may be more representative of natural environmental conditions associated with upwelling and tidal cycling. We hypothesized that constant elevated CO2 levels would impair smoltification success immediately following seawater transfer, but that fluctuating conditions would be even more physiologically challenging. We predicted that elevated temperatures would exacerbate these effects. To test this, we measured plasma ion concentrations, gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) isoform mRNA and protein expression, as well as condition indices in freshwater and following 1, 3, 6, and 18 days in seawater at the respective treatments. We confirmed the existence of gill freshwater and seawater isoforms of NKA (α1a and α1b, respectively) in Chinook salmon for the first time, and found an upregulation of both isoforms in the fluctuating CO2 treatment but a reduction of the number of NKA α1b cells 3-days post seawater transfer at 13 °C. At 16 °C, NKA α1b was upregulated in high CO2 levels, with an elevated hematocrit indicating fish were likely stressed. Taken together, plasma ions, gill NKA and condition indices revealed a complex response to interacting warming and acidification during the first few days in seawater, however there were no longer-term adverse physiological responses. Thus, Chinook salmon appear to be relatively resilient to near-future climate change.

CFD Investigation on Air-Staged Combustion Characteristics of Deep Peak Shaving Wall-Fired Burner Boilers

ABSTRACT In alignment with China’s ambitious goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, stringent load peak regulations are being enforced for coal-fired power generation. This underlines the significance of deploying deep load peaking strategies in coal-fired units. The current research focus is on wall-fired boilers operating under ultra-low loads of 600 MWe. It delves into the flow dynamics, combustion characteristics, component concentration field, and NOx emission characteristics under varying air coefficients in the primary combustion zones (α). The findings suggest the formation of a consistently high-temperature region in the primary combustion zone, where temperatures surpass 1500 K. The middle burner exhibits superior combustion stability compared to the bottom burner. As α diminishes, several changes occur. The flow field intensity in the primary combustion zone lessens, the ignition distance contracts, and the O2 concentration in this area drops. This engenders a reducing atmosphere characterized by low O2 and high CO levels, which hampers the formation of NOx. At α = 0.95, the NO concentration peaks, with the primary generation mechanism being temperature-driven. At this juncture, the NO concentration at the furnace flue gas outlet is 287.36 mg/m3.

Southern Hemisphere Winter Storm Tracks Respond Differently to Low and High CO2 Forcings

Abstract In the Southern Hemisphere, Earth system models project an intensification of winter storm tracks by the end of the twenty-first century. Previous studies using idealized models showed that storm track intensity saturates with increasing temperatures, suggesting that the intensification of the winter storm tracks might not continue further with increasing greenhouse gases. Here, we examine the response of midlatitude winter storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere to increasing CO2 from two to eight times preindustrial concentrations in more realistic Earth system models. We find that at high CO2 levels (beyond 4×CO2), winter storm tracks no longer exhibit an intensification across the extratropics. Instead, they shift poleward, weakening the storm tracks at lower midlatitudes and strengthening at higher midlatitudes. By analyzing the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) budget, the nonlinear storm-track response to an increase in CO2 levels in the lower midlatitudes is found to stem from a scale-dependent conversion of eddy available potential energy to EKE. Specifically, in the lower midlatitudes, this energy conversion acts to oppositely change the EKE of long and short scales at low CO2 levels, but at high CO2 levels, it mostly reduces the EKE of shorter scales, resulting in a poleward shift of the storms. Furthermore, we identify a “tug of war” between the upper and lower temperature changes as the primary driver of the nonlinear-scale-dependent EKE response in the lower midlatitudes. Our results suggest that in the highest emission scenarios beyond the twenty-first century, the storm tracks’ response may differ in magnitude and latitudinal distribution from projected changes by 2100. Significance Statement The Southern Hemisphere winter storm track is projected to intensify by the end of the century, with the most significant intensification occurring in the higher midlatitudes. However, we show that the intensification is not a linear function of the radiative forcing associated with increasing CO2 levels. In fact, our study shows a poleward shift at very high CO2 levels, with the storm track moving southward. This suggests that the Southern Hemisphere winter storm track may require time-sensitive adaptation strategies, as the impacts of global warming on the storm track may not be a linear function of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.

Protocols for bulk off-line fluid inclusion extraction for the analysis of δ13C-CH4 and δ13C-CO2 using a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) analyser

Fluid inclusions are a window into deep geological fluids, providing unique access to their nature and composition. The isotopic composition of CO2 and CH4 hosted in fluid inclusions is a powerful proxy to assess the origin and transformation of deep geological fluids, giving insights into carbon sources, fluxes, and degassing in a wide variety of geodynamic settings. Over the last 5 decades, techniques have been developed to extract fluid inclusions from their host minerals and measure their bulk composition. These techniques are often challenged by analytical artifacts including high blank levels of CO2 and CH4, fluid re-speciation, gas adsorption, and diffusion. Since these processes may alter the pristine composition of gases liberated from fluid inclusions, rigorous protocols are needed in order to evaluate the isotopic integrity of the extracted volatile species. In this study, we introduce new protocols for bulk off-line fluid inclusion extraction for the analysis of δ13C-CH4 and δ13C-CO2 using a Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) analyser (Picarro G2201-i). Two mechanical fluid extraction techniques are compared: ball milling in ZrO2 jars and sample crushing in a stainless steel sealed tube under a hydraulic press. Blanks and isotopically labelled tests with the ball milling technique suggest that rotation speed, grinding stock filling degree and filling type alter the CH4 and CO2 concentrations and isotopic compositions measured by the CRDS analyser. In contrast, the crushing technique does not generate measurable quantities of blank CH4 and CO2. The protocols presented in this study allow to extract, detect, and analyse δ13C of CH4 and CO2 for concentrations above 10 and 1,000 ppm respectively. Interlaboratory experiments allowed to replicate previously measured δ13C-CH4 values in natural fluid inclusions within 1‰ with both extraction techniques. This study highlights the potential of combining simple bulk off-line fluid inclusion extraction techniques with a CRDS analyser for δ13C analysis of CO2 and CH4 without gas separation being required.

Evaluation of the Adriatic Sea pollution using mesozooplankton as an environmental indicator

The Adriatic Sea is an enclosed basin threatened by marine pollution due to its hydrographic features and anthropogenic pressure. Although zooplankton has been worldwide regarded as an immediate warning signal of contamination, limited information is available on the contamination of these organisms at the Adriatic level. Hence, this study provides comprehensive data on the presence and levels of multiple pollutants in zooplankton collected from 46 locations. With regards to legacy contaminants, both PCB and DDT levels have declined since the 1980s. Specifically, most samples were characterized by low DDT contamination (average of 3 ± 2.7 ng g− 1 dry weight) and only few of these accumulated levels of concern for what concerns PCB, pointing out possible hotspots of contamination in the central-eastern Adriatic Sea. As regards metal(loid)s, the Metal Pollution Index identified areas of concern in the north Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Venice) with high levels of Co, Cu, Hg, Cr and Pb; in the Central Adriatic Sea (Tremiti islands) with high levels of Co, Ni, Hg, Cr and Pb; in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Taranto and offshore Corfu), with high levels of most metal(loid)s, especially Cr, Ni and Zn. Certain metal(loid)s (e.g. Cd, Pb and Hg) have declined over time and most of them are lower than well-known contaminated worldwide marine ecosystems. Only Cu appears to be particularly high in the Mediterranean zooplankton. Overall, this work suggests a general improvement of the status of contamination of the Adriatic Sea.

Genotoxicity in the goldfish of TiO2 nanoparticles combined with high CO2 levels

TiO2 nanoparticles are photocatalytic, generate reactive oxygen, and can be harmful to aquatic biota. We have studied the toxic effects of nTiO2 combined with high CO2 levels in water. We exposed goldfish to environmentally relevant concentrations of nTiO2 and CO2 levels. Comet assay results showed that DNA breaks increased at high CO2 concentration, but no effect of nTiO2 concentrations was seen. Micronucleus assays showed no significant micronucleus formation. Histopathological alterations were seen in the gills but not in the liver.

A Numerical and Experimental Performance Assessments of an Improved Natural Draft Biomass Cook Stove

ABSTRACT This article analyses the performance of an efficiently designed biomass cook stove using standard performance parameters. The investigation was first conducted using mathematical modeling developed in the ANSYS Fluent software. The results of primary air and the temperature profiles inside the combustion chamber were found through simulation. It revealed that the flue gas left the combustion chamber with an average velocity of 1.7 m/s. The average pot bottom and fuel bed temperatures were 650 K and 1100 K, respectively. A copper coil was wrapped around the combustion chamber wall to recover its waste heat. The recovered waste heat was utilized to warm the water flowing through the copper coil. The heated water could be used for other domestic applications. The fabricated design of the improved stove was experimented with water boiling test. The maximum thermal efficiency achieved was 42% with a firepower of 8.25 kW, after incorporating the waste heat recovery system, corresponding to 7.5 L test. The overall efficiency, which is the product of the modified combustion efficiency and the maximum thermal efficiency, was found to be 41.50%. The performance was found to be significantly better than that of a commercial biomass cook stove. The developed model was also evaluated for indoor CO, CO2 and PM emissions. The highest levels of CO2 and CO were 940 ppm and 23 ppm. The average amount of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 found out to be 18 µg/m3, 20 µg/m3 and 35 µg/m3 respectively.

Unearthing the importance of energy transition, political globalization, and natural resources on environmental degradation for Turkey: The role of economic growth and urbanization

The switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy is at the center of the globally hunt for answers to climate change. However, each country's infrastructure and financial status are unique. The notion of energy transition is becoming more and more significant in this context, as it places emphasis on the efficiency of nations' energy systems and their readiness for the alterations in issue. Based on this, the study's goal is to look at how Turkey's political globalization and energy transition have affected the environment. In this context, the new quantile-quantile multivariate regression approach was used to examine the impacts on carbon emissions in a data set encompassing the period 1970–2020 of the innovative energy transition index, political globalization, economic development, and natural resource rents. This method makes it possible to analyze and verify the efficacy of the energy transition as well as the transition for varying emission levels. The energy transition lowers carbon emissions in all quantiles, according to the findings of the empirical assessments, although in high quantiles (high CO2 levels), the shift's pollution-reducing impact is more pronounced. Furthermore, the intermediate quantiles of carbon emissions are less affected by political globalization in terms of lowering emissions.

Origin, distribution, fate, and risks of potentially toxic elements in the aquatic environment of Bengaluru metropolis, India

This study probes the water quality, including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentrations, and the associated environmental and human health implications, in forty one surface water bodies in Bengaluru metropolis, southern India. The pH in 54 %, TDS in 63 %, Ni in 12 %, and U, Mo, Pb, Cr, Co, and Cu in 5 % of the forty one water bodies exceed the WHO’s permissible limits for drinking purpose. Total dissolved solids display a significant positive correlation with Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, and Ni, suggesting the association of these elements with particulate matter. Sources of metal pollution include industries in the city's west (high levels of Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cu), traffic in the city Centre (Mo), and geogenic (U) sources in the city's north, east, and south. The degree of contamination is high in 25 %, moderate in 10 %, and low in 65 % of the forty one water bodies, with the highest degree of contamination in Narasappanehalli Lake in the industrial zone, Deepanjali Nagara Lake, and Govindraj Nagar drainage systems. Uranium, Pb, and Mo display a low to medium degree of contamination, whereas Cr, Co, Ni, and Cu display a medium to high degree of contamination. The non-carcinogenic risk through ingestion of contaminated water is medium to high for adults and children and the carcinogenic risk is high in all water bodies. Channels transport contaminated water from Bengaluru water bodies to the Pinakani and Cauvery Rivers and then to the northern Indian Ocean. The states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu rely on water from these rivers for domestic and agricultural use exposing large populations to contaminated waters. Additionally, contaminated waters can negatively impact flora and fauna of Peninsular India as well as the marine biota of the northern Indian Ocean.

Influence of Organic Compounds on Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, and Pb Accumulation by Nodules in Agro-Dark-Humus Podbels (Planosols) in the South of Primorskii Region

The involving of organic compounds in accumulation of Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, and Pb by Fe–Mn nodules in agro-dark-humus podbels (Planosols (Aric)) under different types of long-term agrotechnical impact has been studied in the south of Primorskii region. The profile patterns of the level of SOC content in soils and in nodules indicate the active deposition of organic compounds in nodules in the lower parts of soil profiles in the of fallow and phytomeliorative variants of the experiment. Fulvic acids were noted to predominate in the composition of humus in the nodules in these variants. The long-term application of organic fertilizers contributed to the decrease of SOC incorporation into nodules and to the increase of the part of humic acids in nodules. Nodules were characterized by a high accumulation levels of Co and Pb in all variants of the experiment. Accumulation of Ni, Cr, and Cu was recorded in nodules from particular horizons of studied soils. The intensity of elements accumulation in nodules of different variants of the experiment varied. Accumulation of Ni was controlled by the content of Mn-containing compounds. The most active sorption phases of nodules from soils with a longer period of organic matter transformation (fallow variant and long-term addition of manure variant) were Fe-containing and organic compounds.