High Chloride Concentrations Research Articles

The MoS2/rGO embed in macro-porous PAN gel as a novel DGT binding phase for the rapid and accurate detection of trace Hg(II)

The development of binding gels with a fast uptake rate, high capacity, and good selectivity could be beneficial for trace Hg(II) detection based on the DGT technology. In this study, a novel PAN@MoS2/rGO-DGT was assembled by using the nanocomposite embedded in polyacrylonitrile membrane (PAN@MoS2/rGO) as the binding phase. The interior regular finger-like macropore of the gel provided a convenient channel for the rapid mass diffusion of Hg(II), and the abundant sulfur offered the paramount driving force for trapping Hg(II). These endowed the PAN@MoS2/rGO with an impressive reaction rate, capacity, and selectivity toward Hg(II) and featured the PAN@MoS2/rGO-DGT with excellent diffusion rate (D) and adaptability in the complex matrixes across a wide range of pH, ion strength, common cations. However, the uptake of Hg(II) was influenced by the high content of chloride, thus a calibrated model was established based on the chloride concentration to correct the accumulated mass and D. After that, the high accuracy of this method was confirmed through the good consistency between Hg(II) concentration assessed by DGT and in bulk solution when the DGT was deployed to the river water, seawater, and domestic wastewater at the static and dynamic Hg(II) concentration. Field trials in the prawn farming seawater and lake water also showed a negligible deviation of Hg(II) content from the DGT and the conventional method, acquiring the actual Hg(II) level as 1.07-3.69 ng/L. The findings highlighted the application potential of macropore PAN gel hybrid with nanocomposite as a promising binding phase for trace Hg(II) or other pollutant detection.

Understanding lipid oxidation in dried meat and cured dried meat: Insights from peroxide index analysis

The lipid oxidation process is one of the main food spoilage reactions, resulting in the appearance of unpleasant flavors and odors, known as rancidity. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid oxidation activity through the peroxide index, together with some chemical and biochemical constituents, of meat products with a high sodium content that underwent salting process and were sold to consumers. Samples of dried meat/charqui (CA: n = 22 and CB: n = 22) and jerked beef (JBA: n = 27 and JBB: n = 27) were analyzed. The peroxide index, rancidity test, formaldehyde test, sodium chloride, sodium, nitrite, proximate composition, and calories were analyzed. The main results demonstrated a high peroxide index and nitrite concentrations in jerked beef samples (JBA and JBB). The high concentrations of moisture and nitrite probably increased lipid oxidation in jerked beef samples, and lipid oxidation activity was inhibited by high concentrations of sodium chloride in dried meat samples.

Corrosion study of cola soft drink cans

The study of corrosion in aluminium packaging is fundamental to ensuring the quality and safety of the product. The varnish layer present on metal packaging aims to minimize any interaction between the food or drink and the metal, as well as minimizing the corrosion process. The acidic nature of soft drinks, as well as the ions present in solution, such as phosphates, benzoates or chlorides, play a strong role in the oxidative process of aluminum. This study evaluated the corrosion of the body of aluminum cola cans. The beverage was first characterized and the results obtained were: pH =2.5; 7.5 oBrix; chloride concentration of 0.17g/L, acidity 0.17 %m/m; density 1.04 g/mL and concentration of reducing sugars was 11.3 %m/m. The corrosion of aluminum in model solutions with different concentrations of citric acid and NaCl was studied via linear polarization for samples with and without varnish. The statistical analysis carried out, via factorial design 23 with a triplicate at the center point, showed that the corrosion rate (CR) of the sample with varnish was significantly influenced by temperatures above 45 oC in the range of chlorides studied. On the other hand, the CR of the sample without varnish was strongly influenced by the combination of high temperatures and high chloride concentrations. Removing the varnish resulted in a higher activation energy (AE = 67.48 kJ/mol) when removed with acetone and then polished with sandpaper compared to the sample with varnish (AE = 88.92 kJ/mol). From a kinetic point of view, this showed the protective effect of this layer and its effectiveness against corrosion. The ΔHo and ΔGo activation parameters of the process were positive, showing that corrosion is an endothermic process with increased disorder when the varnish is removed, respectively. It is therefore important to buy the product with the packaging in good condition to guarantee the integrity of the protective layer and its quality, since oxidation of the aluminum can lead to products that compromise the quality of the food or drink.

Surface modification of fibres with silane for enhancing the durability of FRP composites as reinforcement for seawater sea sand concrete (SWSSC): A review

This review discusses the necessity of surface modification to effectively use fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) as reinforcements for seawater and sea sand concrete (SWSSC). FRPs can be a viable reinforcement material for SWSSC as an alternative to the traditional carbon steel reinforcement that will suffer unacceptably high rates of corrosion due to the very high chloride content of the SWSSC environment. FRPs exhibit mechanical properties similar to steels but suffer insignificant degradation/corrosion due to chloride. However, the fibres in certain FRPs (such as basalt FRPs and glass FRPs) suffer degradation due to attack by the alkaline environment of concrete, causing degradation in fibre-matrix interfacial strength and loss of FRPs’s overall mechanical strength and durability. Therefore, fibres used in such FRPs require suitable surface modification to ameliorate their degradation, enabling their practical use as reinforcements of SWSSC. While carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) demonstrate superior resistance to alkali-induced degradation, their widespread use in large-scale civil engineering is hindered by high costs. In this review, more economic alternatives, i.e., basalt fibre-reinforced polymers (BFRPs) and glass fibre-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) are critically reviewed. To enhance the durability of FRPs and mitigate alkali-induced degradation of the basalt/glass fibres, suitable surface modifications are necessary to safeguard the mechanical properties of FRPs. Underpinned by a comprehensive discussion on the necessity of surface modification of fibres for the use of FRPs in SWSSC environment, this review focuses on the potential of advanced approaches for surface modifications of the fibres, i.e., coatings of silanes, and silanes impregnated with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO) and its functionalised derivatives or metal oxides (such as SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2 and CeO2). This review critically discusses the opportunities for suitable surface modification of basalt and glass fibres for enabling the durable use of FRPs as reinforcements for sweater sea sand concrete.

Ethylene Glycol (EG)-Derived Chlorine-Resistant Cu0/TiO2-x for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Nitrate to N2 without Sacrificial Agents at Near-Neutral pH Conditions: The Synergistic Effects of Cu0 and EG Radicals.

The selective photoreduction of nitrate to nontoxic nitrogen gas has emerged as an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly route for nitrate removal. However, the coexisting high-concentration chloride ions in wastewater can exert a significant influence on nitrate reduction due to the competitive adsorption and corrosion of Cl- on photocatalysts. Herein, we prepared ethylene glycol-Cu/TiO2-x (EG-Cu/TiO2-x) through a solvothermal reaction of Cu-doped TiO2 in an EG solution. The photodegradation of nitrate using EG-Cu/TiO2-x without adding sacrificial agents can efficiently occur in near-neutral pH solutions containing 50 mM Cl- with 95.26% of NO3- removal and 76.52% of N2 selectivity. Moreover, the photocatalyst performance remained at a high level after 8 cycles. In this work, NO3- was first converted to NH4+ by Cu0 and Ti3+, followed by the NH4+-to-N2 conversion by photogenerated chlorine free radicals. Compared to HO•, Cl•, and Cl2•-, ClO• is proved to play the predominant role in transforming NH4+ to N2. The EG radicals produced by UV light impede Cl- adsorption on Cu, protecting Cu0 from being corroded. What's more, photoelectrons can reduce Ti4+ to Ti3+ and protect Cu0 from being oxidized, enabling the stability of reactive sites. This work provides novel insights and understanding on designing photocatalysts for NO3- removal in solutions containing chloride ions, highlighting the significance of eliminating Cl- by EG radicals and adjusting the conversion process of NO3- for the efficient removal of NO3-.

Anions exacerbate microbial corrosion of X80 pipeline steel induced by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sea mud environment

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) present in sea mud pose a challenge to the safe operation of subsea pipelines. Chlorides and sulfates in sea mud promote the microbial corrosion of subsea pipelines by SRB. This study investigates the effects of sulfate and chloride on the microbial corrosion of X80 pipeline steel in the sea mud environment. The results indicate that sulfate serves as an electron acceptor, promoting the growth of SRB, while chloride regulates the osmotic pressure of SRB cells, affecting their bioactivity. SRB exhibit more aggressive corrosion behavior in sea mud with high concentrations of both chloride and sulfate.

Volume therapy: which preparation for which situation?

The most commonly used fluids for volume therapy are crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids comprise 0.9% sodium chloride and balanced crystalloids (BC). Colloids can be divided into artificial colloids and human albumin (anatural colloid). Large studies show advantages for BC over 0.9% NaCl with respect to renal endpoints, probably due to the unphysiologically high chloride content of 0.9% NaCl. However, other studies, such as the BaSICS and PLUS trials, showed no significant differences in mortality in aheterogeneous population. Despite this, meta-analyses suggest advantages for BC. Therefore, BC should be preferred, especially in patients at increased risk of acute kidney injury, with acidemia and/or hyperchloremia. Except for specific indications (e.g., in patients with cirrhosis, sepsis resuscitation after initial volume therapy with BC), albumin should not be used. There is clear evidence of harm from hydroxyethyl starch in intensive care patients.

Chemically recyclable polyvinyl chloride-like plastics

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the world’s third-most widely manufactured thermoplastic, but has the lowest recycling rate. The development of PVC-like plastics that can be depolymerized back to monomer contributes to a circular plastic economy, but has not been accessed. Here, we develop a series of chemically recyclable plastics from the reversible copolymerization of cyclic anhydride with chloral. The copolymerization is highly efficient through the anionic or cationic mechanism under mild conditions, yielding polyesters with tunable structure and properties from multiple commercial monomers. Notably, these polyesters manifest mechanical properties comparable to PVC and polystyrene. Meanwhile, such polyesters are flame-retardant like PVC due to high chloride content. Of significance, these polyesters can be depolymerized back to starting monomers at high temperatures owing to the reversibility of the copolymerization, leading to a circular economy. Overall, the readily available monomers, simple synthesis, advantageous performance, and practical recyclability make the polymers promising for applications.

Analysis of the effectiveness of organic compounds from the amine group in precipitating ions from soda production wastewater

Treating wastewater from the soda industry is a complicated and lengthy process, requiring a great deal of labor and financial resources. No method has yet been developed to eliminate the environmental damage caused by the soda industry entirely. The work focused on the removal of chloride, sulfate, calcium, and magnesium from soda production wastewater by precipitation using organic solvents such as isopropylamine (IPA), diisopropylamine (DIIPA), propylamine (PA) and ethylamine (EA) in various proportions. Statistical modeling through Bayesian beta regression was used to select the amine most effectively removing the tested ions in precipitate form. The effect of precipitating agent dosage on the pH and conductivity of the solution was also investigated. Samples of wastewater obtained from the soda industry were characterized by high values of pH (up to 11.9), specific electrolytic conductivity (up to 128 mS cm-1), and high concentrations of sodium (up to 13 g L-1), chloride (up to 60 g L-1) and calcium (up to 24 g L-1) ions. Solvent-based precipitation showed that organic solvents are effective in precipitating salts from wastewater from the soda industry. Sulfate and chloride removal efficiencies of 85.1 and 34%, respectively, were observed. Statistical analysis showed that isopropylamine was the most effective amine for removal.

Simultaneous precipitation removal of fluoride ion and chloride ion from smelting waste acid using renewable remover

Purification and reuse is a potential method of smelting waste acid disposal. High concentrations of fluoride and chloride in waste acid are harmful impurity and must be removed. Previous studies have shown that fluoride removal with rare earth and chloride removal with bismuth have similar cyclic process of "precipitation removal-agent regeneration" and similar reaction conditions. In this paper, a method of simultaneous precipitation removal of F− and Cl− from waste acid using La(OH)3 and Bi2O3 as a mixed remover was proposed, and the mixed remover is regenerated by sodium hydroxide solution for the recycling of the remover. Thermodynamic analysis of La3+-Bi3+-F−-Cl−-H2O system verified the feasibility of simultaneous removal. The experimental results showed that under the optimum reaction conditions, the removal efficiencies of F− and Cl− were 93.67 % and 96.47 %, respectively, and the concentrations of F− and Cl− in the solution after removal were 66.70 mg/L and 71.10 mg/L, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration efficiencies of La(OH)3 and Bi2O3 were 96.80 % and 96.95 %, respectively. The proposed process has the advantages of no waste output, short process, and low energy consumption and provides an environmentally friendly method of removing fluoride and chloride from waste acid.

In Vitro evaluation of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from juçara fruit native to the Atlantic Forest

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the microorganisms most commonly used as probiotics. Since probiotic benefits are strain-dependent, there is a continuous need for research into new cultures with probiotic properties. Fruits such as juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius), a palm species from the Atlantic Forest threatened with extinction, are rich niches for microorganisms, including LAB. This study investigated the probiotic properties of Lactococcus lactis J7 and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides JF17 strains isolated from juçara fruits native to the Atlantic Forest. Probiotic characteristics, such as tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal fluids or juices, hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, coaggregation properties, inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, and technological properties were evaluated. The survival rate of L. lactis J7 and L. pseudomesenteroides JF17 decreased after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions; however, L. lactis J7 was more resistant, maintaining viability at the end of the enteric phase of 6.07 ± 0.16 log CFU mL-1. The J7 strain also exhibited the highest values in hydrophobicity (12.55 ± 0.52%), autoaggregation (25.63 ± 0.75%), and coaggregation capacity with E. coli ATCC 25922 (21.52 ± 0.98%) and S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 (22.68 ± 1.01%). Both J7 and JF17 strains demonstrated antimicrobial activity, confirmed by the multilayer agar plate system. Additionally, the growth of the strains was temperature-dependent, and they were able to thrive in high concentrations of sodium chloride (6%). Thus, L. lactis J7 is a promising probiotic candidate for the development of functional products. Nevertheless, further studies using animal models are necessary to explore the properties of these probiotic bacteria. Novel strains isolated from fruits should be studied to broaden the application of probiotic microorganisms in the development of foods and medicines.

The corrosion expansion force and cracking separation between corroded section steel arch frame and shotcrete in tunnel primary support

High chloride content in the subsea tunnel environment leads to inevitable corrosion of I-shaped steel in primary support. Corrosion generates expansive force between I-shaped steel and concrete, eventually cracking the concrete protective layer, and weakening the bond strength, severely impacting the tunnel support system’s durability. The main purpose of this article is to obtain the corrosion expansion force generated at the interface between corroded I-shaped steel and concrete, as well as the mechanical response characteristics of concrete under the action of corrosion expansion force. Firstly, nine I-shaped steel concrete components were fabricated for electro-accelerated corrosion test, obtaining the variation curve of corrosion expansion force with corrosion rate and protective layer thickness. The experimental results indicated that the development of corrosion expansion force can be divided into three stages: initial free corrosion stage (corrosion rate ρ = 0.5 % – 0.7 %), stage with a noticeable increase in corrosion expansion force (corrosion rate ρ = 0.7 % – 12 %), and expansion-induced cracking (corrosion rate ρ > 12 %). Meanwhile, a three-stage corrosion expansion force model for concrete and corroded I-shaped steel was proposed, which was correlated to the experimental curve well. Finally, the mechanical characteristics of the surrounding concrete during the development process of different corrosion expansion forces were explored through ANSYS software. The numerical results indicated that these cracks due to corrosion expansion force primarily occurring in the contact region between the concrete and the I-shaped steel flange, specifically in three areas: the central part of the flange and its two corners; The tensile stress in the concrete surrounding the web plate is less than that at the flange, leading to the initial longitudinal cracking observed on the outer surface of the flange.

Study on hydration and heavy metal leaching of washed MSWI FA as a green cementitious material

Despite municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) being classified as hazardous waste, there is a consensus on its significant potential for resource utilization. The high content of soluble chlorides in MSWI FA not only limits its co-disposal in cement kilns but also hinders its application in the field of construction materials. The research aimed to investigate the viability of MSWI FA as a binding material in the construction engineering field. Through examining the impact of liquid/solid ratio and pH levels on the chemical composition of MSWI FA during the washing procedure, the study delved into the mechanisms affecting hydration and the characteristics of heavy metal contamination before and after washing pretreatment. The results indicate the feasibility of developing MSWI FA into construction engineering materials. The liquid/solid ratio is a significant factor affecting the removal of chlorides, with an optimal ratio of 30. pH plays a crucial role in the mineral composition during the water-washing process of MSWI FA. An acidic environment can remove a higher proportion of chlorides, while an alkaline environment can form more calcium salts. The compressive strength of pure MSWI FA at 28 days is 3.92 MPa, which can be increased by 0.99 MPa after washing. The washed MSWI FA not only exhibits heightened reactivity but also demonstrates reduced leaching concentrations of heavy metals, and its leaching toxicity was much lower than the safe landfill threshold. Therefore, MSWI FA, after washing, is a very promising alternative material for construction engineering.

CaCl2-Citrate Regional Anticoagulation with Continuous Veno-Venous Haemodialysis Leads to Unwanted Chloride Loading Compared to Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration with Systemic Anticoagulation

Introduction: Chloride transfers during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have not been adequately described and may differ based on CRRT technique. We aimed to measure chloride mass transfer (JS,Cl) during CRRT and identify associated determinants. Methods: We performed a two-centre, prospective, observational study in France and Australia in ICU patients with CRRT initiated for <24 h. Patients received continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) or continuous veno-venous haemodialysis (CVVHD, with citrate-CaCl2 regional anticoagulation). Over a 24 h period, plasma and effluent chloride concentrations were measured every 4 h to compute chloride mass transfer (JS,Cl, in mmol.min-1) using a modality-specific model, with negative value indicating chloride transfer towards the patient. Secondary outcomes were the identification of CRRT settings associated with JS,Cl (using multivariate mixed effects regression). Results are presented with median (interquartile range). Results: Between February 2021 and August 2022, we enrolled 37 patients (64 [56–71] years, 67% male), for a total of 20 CVVHD and 20 CVVH sessions. Over 24 h, plasma chloride concentrations were significantly higher, and JS,Cl significantly lower during CVVHD, compared to CVVH (−0.10 [−0.33 to 0.15] vs. 0.01 [−0.10 to 0.13] mmol.min-1, p < 0.05). With both modalities, net ultrafiltration (QUFNET) and plasma chloride concentrations were the principal determinants of JS,Cl, with higher QUFNET being associated with an increase in JS,Cl during CVVHD. Also, CVVHD sessions demonstrated a concentration gradient between the plasma and the effluent chamber of −6 [−9 to −4] mmol.L-1. Finally, CaCl2 reinjection during CVVHD accounted for 35% [32–60%] of total JS,Cl in sessions with a negative JS,Cl. Conclusion: Compared to CVVH, CVVHD with regional citrate anticoagulation was associated with greater chloride mass transfer to the patient and higher plasma chloride concentrations. This was due to high dialysate chloride concentrations and CaCl2 reinjection. This effect could only be controlled by high net ultrafiltration flow rates.

Discharge Electrode Degradation in Dry Electrostatic Precipitator Cleaning of Exhaust Gases from Industrial Solid Waste Incinerators

The electrodes of industrial electrostatic precipitators degrade as a result of two phenomena: corrosion and erosion. The first is chemical degradation by highly reactive compounds formed during combustion, in particular, during the incineration of municipal or industrial wastes or high-sulfur coal. The degradation intensity of electrostatic precipitator electrodes depends on the chemical composition of the exhaust gasses. High concentrations of chlorides, fluorides, or sulfur in the exhaust gasses cause strong corrosion of the electrostatic precipitator elements. The second mechanism is the erosion caused by solid particles conveyed by the exhaust gas stream due to their collision with the electrodes. In this study, the analysis of the degradation of electrodes of an electrostatic precipitator downstream of an industrial waste incinerator was carried out. The industrial wastes of unknown sources were subjected to thermal degradation in a rotary kiln. The aim of this study was to provide fundamental knowledge about the mechanisms of electrode degradation located on the surface of discharge electrodes of electrostatic precipitators during the combustion of industrial wastes.

Depolarization of mouse DRG neurons by GABA does not translate into acute pain or hyperalgesia in healthy human volunteers.

The majority of somatosensory DRG neurons express GABAA receptors (GABAAR) and depolarise in response to its activation based on the high intracellular chloride concentration maintained by the Na-K-Cl cotransporter type 1 (NKCC1). The translation of this response to peripheral nerve terminals in people is so far unclear. We show here that GABA (EC50 = 16.67μM) acting via GABAAR produces an influx of extracellular calcium in approximately 20% (336/1720) of isolated mouse DRG neurons. In contrast, upon injection into forearm skin of healthy volunteers GABA (1mM, 100μl) did not induce any overt sensations nor a specific flare response and did not sensitize C-nociceptors to slow depolarizing electrical sinusoidal stimuli. Block of the inward chloride transporter NKCC1 by furosemide (1mg/100μl) did not reduce electrically evoked pain ratings nor did repetitive GABA stimulation in combination with an inhibited NKCC1 driven chloride replenishment by furosemide. Finally, we generated a sustained period of C-fiber firing by iontophoretically delivering codeine or histamine to induce tonic itch. Neither the intensity nor the duration of histamine or codeine itch was affected by prior injection of furosemide. We conclude that although GABA can evoke calcium transients in a proportion of isolated mouse DRG neurons, it does not induce or modify pain or itch ratings in healthy human skin even when chloride gradients are altered by inhibition of the sodium coupled NKCC1 transporter.

Molybdenum Recovery from the Copper Hydrometallurgical Extraction Route with High Content of Chloride Ions Using the Ion Exchange Technique

This manuscript describes molybdenum recovery from copper Pregnant Leaching Solutions (PLSs) in the copper oxide mining industry with high contents of chloride ions. This product was recovered from the copper leaching pond solutions of the Chilean National Copper Mining Corporation (CODELCO) using the ion exchange process. This process recovered molybdenum from initial Mo concentrations of 50 mg/L using two different anion−exchange resins. The first experiments, with 1 g/L Cl−, achieved recovery yields of 90% and molybdenum concentrates as CaMoO4. However, the process was permanently halted because of the early saturation of the ion exchange resins given by high chloride concentrations (10 g/L Cl−) of the original copper PLS and the significant reagent consumption given by the low adsorption capacity. Static studies were developed to determine the adsorption isotherms, followed by continuous molybdenum recovery tests. The Langmuir adsorption parameters were determined as a function of the chloride concentration, giving absorption capacities from 180 to 250 mg Mo/gram of resin and recoveries from 63% to 90%. The breakthrough values for the DOWEX and Lewatit resins for chloride contents of 10 g/L were 180 and 245 BV, respectively, while for 1 g/L, these values were 620 and 890 BV. This allowed obtaining elution solutions of 890 mg Mo/L for the DOWEX resin and 1000 mg Mo/L for the Lewatit resin.

A case report of elevated bromide levels from pyridostigmine bromide for treatment of myasthenia gravis.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Elevated serum bromide levels can cause dermatological, gastrointestinal, and neurological abnormalities. As bromide and chloride are both halogens, bromide may interfere with chloride assays, causing a falsely high serum chloride concentration and a low or negative anion gap. There is a paucity of data describing bromide toxicity from high doses of pyridostigmine bromide (PB). This case report describes a patient with an elevated bromide level with neurological symptoms from a therapeutic dose of PB. A 37-year-old male with myasthenia gravis secondary to type B2 thymoma status following thymectomy presented in myasthenic crisis. He required mechanical ventilation and was managed with steroids, intravenous immune globulin, plasmapheresis, and PB. On day 9, the patient experienced acute agitation. He had an anion gap of 2 mEq/L and a chloride concentration of 109 mEq/L. The plasma creatinine concentration was 0.63 to 1.15mg/dL and urine output was 0.76 to 1.79mL/kg/h throughout his admission. All other laboratory values were normal. The daily dose of PB was 660mg on day 9, but the patient received 76mg of intravenous PB over the first few days of his admission with the largest dose in 24 hours equal to 48mg. On day 10, the patient's bromide level was 37 μg/mL. His agitation was initially managed with quetiapine, followed by PB dose reduction. To our knowledge, there are 2 cases in the literature of bromide toxicity secondary to PB. These patients experienced neurological symptoms with bromide levels of 88 to 90 μg/mL. Bromide concentrations of more than 12 μg/mL are associated with a higher risk of neuronal dysfunction demonstrated as disturbances on an electroencephalogram, and levels greater than 50 μg/mL are considered toxic. While our patient's bromide level was not as high as those previously reported, no other causes for his agitation were identified. Elevated bromide levels from therapeutic PB can occur, and monitoring of these levels should be considered.

Understanding soil factors in corrosion and conservation of buried bronze statuettes: insights for preservation strategies

The findings reveal that soil constituents significantly affect the corrosion process. Moisture content and pH promote the formation of corrosion products, while high chloride concentrations accelerate corrosion. Conversely, high organic matter content inhibits corrosion by limiting oxygen diffusion to the metal surface. The effectiveness of conservation treatments, particularly wax or oil-based coatings, varied with soil conditions, showing reduced efficacy in soils with high chloride concentrations. This study underscores the importance of understanding soil constituents for developing effective corrosion and conservation strategies for buried bronze statuettes. The results offer valuable insights for customizing preservation approaches based on soil types. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that mineralogical compositions in soil significantly influence corrosion processes, providing critical insights for effective preservation strategies. pH measurements indicated varying soil acidity and alkalinity levels, crucial in determining corrosion rates and mechanisms, offering essential data for targeted preservation strategies. Additionally, the identification of brochantite and antlerite through Micro-Raman spectroscopy suggests a link to sulfur pollutants from the decomposition of organic matter by sulfate-reducing bacteria, highlighting the potential environmental impact of microbial activity in the soil ecosystem.

Analysis, Assessment, and Mitigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Steels in the Oil and Gas Sector: A Review

This comprehensive review examines the phenomena of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (Cl-SCC) in materials commonly used in the oil and gas industry, with a focus on austenitic stainless steels. The study reveals that SCC initiation can occur at temperatures as low as 20 °C, while Cl-SCC propagation rates significantly increase above 60 °C, reaching up to 0.1 mm/day in environments with high chloride concentrations. Experimental methods such as Slow Strain Rate Tests (SSRTs), Small Punch Tests (SPTs), and Constant-Load Tests (CLTs) were employed to quantify the impacts of temperature, chloride concentration, and pH on SCC susceptibility. The results highlight the critical role of these factors in determining the susceptibility of materials to SCC. The review emphasizes the importance of implementing various mitigation strategies to prevent SCC, including the use of corrosion-resistant alloys, protective coatings, cathodic protection, and corrosion inhibitors. Additionally, regular monitoring using advanced sensor technologies capable of detecting early signs of SCC is crucial for preventing the onset of SCC. The study concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing infrastructure resilience through meticulous material selection, comprehensive environmental monitoring, and proactive maintenance strategies, aimed at safeguarding operational integrity and ensuring environmental compliance. The review underscores the significance of considering the interplay between mechanical stresses and corrosive environments in the selection and application of materials in the oil and gas industry. Low pH levels and high temperatures facilitate the rapid progression of SCC, with experimental results indicating that stainless steel forms passive films with more defects under these conditions, reducing corrosion resistance. This interplay highlights the need for a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between materials, environments, and mechanical stresses to ensure the long-term integrity of critical infrastructure.