Higher CHADS2 Scores Research Articles

The CHADS2 Components Are Associated with Stroke-Related In-hospital Mortality in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

The CHADS2 score predicts stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. Although strokes caused by atrial fibrillation carry the highest mortality when compared with other etiologies, it is not known whether the CHADS2 score predicts stroke-related mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. We hypothesized that higher CHADS2 scores would be associated with higher stroke-related in-hospital mortality. Data were obtained from administrative claims data from all emergency department encounters and hospitalizations at California's nonfederal acute care hospitals between 2008 and 2011. Patients with atrial fibrillation and an admission for acute stroke were identified using appropriate International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), Clinical Modification codes. Age and ICD-9 codes for hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and prior stroke were used to calculate the CHADS2 score of patients with atrial fibrillation. The primary outcome was in-hospital stroke mortality and the primary predictor was CHADS2 score. A multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for sex and race was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between CHADS2 and mortality. Between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2011, 25,599 patients with atrial fibrillation were hospitalized with a stroke. The odds of in-hospital mortality was significantly higher with a CHADS2 score of 2 more versus less than 2 (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08-1.23); however, there was no dose-response association between the CHADS2 score and in-hospital mortality. Among the individual CHADS2 score items, factors associated with increased in-hospital mortality were congestive heart failure (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.53-1.70), age 75 years or older (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.19-1.35), and diabetes (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.14-1.35). Unlike prior studies, our studies show that the prestroke CHADS2 score is of limited use in predicting in-hospital mortality in ischemic stroke hospitalizations in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Predictors of new onset atrial fibrillation during 10-year follow-up after first-ever ischemic stroke

Background: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) may be underdiagnosed in ischemic stroke patients but may be pivotal for initiation of oral anticoagulation therapy. We assessed clinical and ECG predictors of new-onset AF during 10-year follow-up (FU) in ischemic stroke patients. Methods: The study sample comprised of 227 first-ever ischemic stroke patients without AF (median age 73, interquartile range 25%–75% 63–80years, 92 female) and 1:1 age- and gender-matched controls without stroke and AF enrolled in the Lund Stroke Register from March 2001 to February 2002. New-onset AF during FU was assessed by screening through regional ECG database and by record linkage with Swedish National Patient Register. The standard 12-lead sinus rhythm ECGs at stroke admission were retrieved from electronic database and digitally processed. Clinical baseline characteristics were studied using medical records. Results: During FU, AF was found in 39 stroke patients and 30 controls, p=0.296. In stroke patients in multivariate Cox regression analysis AF was associated with hypertension (HR 3.45 CI 95% 1.40–3.49, p=0.007) and QRS duration (HR 1.02 CI 95% 1.00–1.03, p=0.049). High cardiovascular risk was predictive for AF development: for CHADS2≥4 HR 2.46 CI 95% 1.45–4.18, p=0.001 and for CHA2DS2-VASc≥5 HR 2.29 CI 95% 1.43–3.68, p=0.001. New onset AF was not associated with baseline ischemic stroke: HR 1.46 95% CI 0.90–2.35, p=0.121. Conclusion: High CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores, but not baseline ischemic stroke, predict new onset AF in FU. QRS duration might be considered a potential risk marker for prediction of AF after ischemic stroke.

Balancing the Risk of Bleeding and Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the AVIATOR Registry)

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are at elevated risk for bleeding and thromboembolic ischemic events. Currently, guidelines on antithrombotic treatment for these patients are based on weak consensus. We describe patterns and determinants of antithrombotic prescriptions in this population. The Antithrombotic Strategy Variability in Atrial Fibrillation and Obstructive Coronary Disease Revascularized with PCI Registry was an international observational study of 859 consecutive patients with AF who underwent PCI from 2009 to 2011. Patients were stratified by treatment at discharge with either dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT; aspirin plus clopidogrel) or triple therapy (TT; warfarin plus DAPT). Bleeding and thromboembolism risks were assessed by the HAS-BLED and CHADS2 scores, respectively, and predictors of TT prescription at discharge were identified. Major adverse cardiovascular events and clinically relevant bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium score ≥2) at 1-year follow-up were compared across antithrombotic regimens. Compared with patients on DAPT (n = 488; 57%), those given TT (n = 371; 43%) were older, with higher CHADS2 scores, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, and more often had permanent AF, single-vessel coronary artery disease, and bare-metal stents. In multivariate analysis, increasing thromboembolic risk (CHADS2) was associated with a higher rate of TT prescription at discharge (intermediate vs low CHADS2: odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0 to 3.3, p <0.01; high vs low CHADS2: odds ratio 1.6, 95% CI 2.6 to 4.3, p <0.01 for TT). However, there was no significant association between bleeding risk and TT prescription in the overall cohort or within each CHADS2 risk stratum. The rates of major adverse cardiovascular events were similar for patients discharged on TT or DAPT (20% vs 17%, adjusted hazard ratio 0.8, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.1, p = 0.19), whereas the rate of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium ≥2 bleeding was higher in patients discharged on TT (11.5% vs 6.4%, adjusted hazard ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9, p = 0.02). In conclusion, the choice of the intensity of antithrombotic therapy correlated more closely with the risk of ischemic rather than bleeding events in this cohort of patients with AF who underwent PCI.

Abstract W MP69: CHADS2 Score Predicts Stroke Related In-hospital Mortality In Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: An Analysis Of The California State Inpatient Database

Background: The CHADS2 score predicts stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. Although strokes caused by atrial fibrillation carry the highest mortality when compared to other etiologies, it is unclear whether the CHADS2 score has an impact on stroke related mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. We hypothesize that higher CHADS2 scores are associated with higher stroke related in-hospital mortality. Methods: Data were obtained from the California State Inpatient Database between 2008 and 2011, using appropriate ICD-9 codes. Frequencies and descriptive analysis adjusting for influence of comorbidities and confounders were utilized. Age and ICD-9 codes for hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and prior stroke were used to calculate the CHADS2 score of patients with atrial fibrillation. A multivariate Cox regression model adjusted for age, gender and race was used to further explore the relationship. The primary outcome was in-hospital stroke mortality. We hypothesized that higher CHADS2 scores increase the risk of stroke related mortality. Results: Between 2008-2011, 18,089 patients with atrial fibrillation had stroke as one of the admitting diagnoses; 70% were Caucasians, 5% African Americans, 15% Hispanic, and 10% Asian; 57% were females and 66% of patients were ≥ 75 years. The in-hospital mortality rates of the CHADS2 score were as follows: 0 (18.7%), 1 (18.6%), 2 (21.3%), 3 (26.3%), 4 (23.8%), 5 (22.8%), and 6 (22.2%). After adjusting for baseline demographics, the odds of in-hospital mortality was significantly higher with a CHADS2 score ≥ 2 vs. &lt; 2 (OR 1.15 95% CI 1.08-1.23). Among the individual CHADS2 score items, predictors of increased in-hospital mortality were congestive heart failure (OR 1.61 95% 1.53-1.70), age ≥ 75 years (OR 1.27 95% 1.19-1.35), and diabetes (OR 1.24 95% CI 1.14-1.35). Conclusion: CHADS2 ≥ 2 not only increases the risk of stroke but is a predictor of stroke related mortality. Factors driving this association appear to be age, congestive heart failure, and diabetes. This may be useful when deciding on anticoagulation use for stroke prevention especially in patients with elevated bleeding risk.

Can oral anticoagulants be stopped safely after a successful atrial fibrillation ablation?

Ablations of atrial fibrillation (AF) have become more widely performed, and the strategy about long-term usage of oral anticoagulants (OACs) after catheter ablation is an important issue, especially for patients without obvious evidences of recurrences. The annual rate of thromboembolic (TE) event after catheter ablation was less than 1%. CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores could be used to identify patients at the risk of TE events after ablations who should continue OACs regardless of the status of recurrence. Despite the improvement in understanding of AF and advancement of technology in catheter ablation, the long-term successful rates of paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal AF are around 50% and 30%, respectively. Patients with a high CHADS2 score are at a high risk of recurrence which could continuously occur after the catheter ablation without reaching a plateau. Among the patients with a CHADS2 score of ≥3, 26.9% of the recurrences happened 2 years post catheter ablation. Compared to the episodes of AF before catheter ablation, the AF episodes after ablation procedures are less symptomatic and shorter in duration. Therefore, it may not be safe to stop OACs for patients with a high risk score since the AF episodes are difficult to be detected after ablation procedures, but remain dangerous. In conclusion, the decision about the long-term strategy of OACs should be based on patients' baseline clinical risk scores, such as CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores, rather than the status of recurrence.

Factors associated with ischemic stroke on therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

PurposeIn this study, we investigated the stroke mechanism and the factors associated with ischemic stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who were on optimal oral anticoagulation with warfarin.Materials and MethodsThis was a multicenter case-control study. The cases were consecutive patients with NVAF who developed cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attack (TIA) while on warfarin therapy with an international normalized ratio (INR) ≥2 between January 2007 and December 2011. The controls were patients with NVAF without ischemic stroke who were on warfarin therapy for more than 1 year with a mean INR ≥2 during the same time period. We also determined etiologic mechanisms of stroke in cases.ResultsAmong 3569 consecutive patients with cerebral infarction or TIA who had NVAF, 55 (1.5%) patients had INR ≥2 at admission. The most common stroke mechanism was cardioembolism (76.0%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that smoking and history of previous ischemic stroke were independently associated with cases. High CHADS2 score (≥3) or CHA2DS2-VASc score (≥5), in particular, with previous ischemic stroke along with ≥1 point of other components of CHADS2 score or ≥3 points of other components of CHA2DS2-VASc score was a significant predictor for development of ischemic stroke.ConclusionNVAF patients with high CHADS2/CHA2DS2-VASc scores and a previous ischemic stroke or smoking history are at high risk of stroke despite optimal warfarin treatment. Some other measures to reduce the risk of stroke would be necessary in those specific groups of patients.

Incidence of ischemic stroke in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation not receiving anticoagulation therapy--pooled analysis of the Shinken Database, J-RHYTHM Registry, and Fushimi AF Registry.

The incidence rate of ischemic stroke in Japanese non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients without anticoagulation therapy remains unclear. We performed a pooled analysis of 3,588 patients from the Shinken Database (n=1,099), J-RHYTHM Registry (n=1,002), and Fushimi AF Registry (n=1,487) to determine the incidence rate of ischemic stroke in Japanese NVAF patients without anticoagulation therapy. Average patient age was 68.1 years. During the follow-up period (total, 5,188 person-years; average, 1.4 years), 69 patients suffered from ischemic stroke (13.3 per 1,000 person-years; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.5-16.8). The incidence rates of ischemic stroke were 5.4, 9.3, and 24.7 per 1,000 person-years and 5.3, 5.5, and 18.4 per 1,000 person-years in patients with low (0), intermediate (1), and high (≥ 2) CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores, respectively. History of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (hazard ratio [HR], 3.25; 95% CI: 1.86-5.67), age ≥ 75 years (HR, 2.31; 95% CI: 1.18-4.52), and hypertension (HR, 1.69; 95% CI: 1.01-2.86) were independent risk factors for ischemic stroke. A low incidence rate of ischemic stroke was observed in Japanese NVAF patients except for those with CHADS2 score ≥ 2. In this pooled analysis, history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, advanced age, and hypertension were identified as independent risk factors for ischemic stroke.

The CHADS2 score is a useful predictor of coronary arteriosclerosis on 320 slice CT and may correlate with prognosis in subjects with atrial fibrillation

PurposeIn evaluating coronary arteries by 64–256 slice CT, atrial fibrillation (AF) is usually an exclusion criterion. We used CHADS2 score to predict coronary arteriosclerosis estimated by 320-slice CT and prognosis in AF subjects. MethodsA total of 183 consecutive subjects (148 male; 64.1±11.1years, 97 hypertension, 60 hyperlipidemia, 21 diabetes mellitus, 76 smoking habits, body mass index 23.4±3.5) who were diagnosed previously as chronic (N=104) or paroxysmal AF (N=79), and who underwent electrocardiogram-gated 320-slice CT were enrolled. The composite end point of cardiac death or sudden death was assessed. ResultsA total of 183 AF subjects were divided into 3 groups: CHADS2 scores of 0 (N=53), 1 (N=57) and ≥2 (N=73). Frequency of the presence of calcified plaque, non-calcified plaque, mixed plaque, any plaque, and >50% stenosis and Agatston calcium score was significantly lower in CHADS2 score 0 group compared with score 1 or score≥2 groups. In logistic-regression models for prediction of calcified plaque, or any plaque on CT, the odds ratios of CHADS2 score≥2 group to CHADS2 score 0 or 1 group were 2.03 and 2.12, respectively (both P<0.05). During a median of 19.2months, the composite-event-rate was significantly higher in subjects with CHADS2 score≥2 than those with CHADS2 score 0 (P=0.049) in Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. ConclusionsThe CHADS2 score is a useful predictor of coronary arteriosclerosis on CT and may correlate with prognosis in AF subjects. Subjects with high CHADS2 score should be examined for coronary arteriosclerosis in addition to cerebral infarction.

Prevalence of oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVES:Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia and is associated with poor outcomes, including stroke. The ability of anticoagulation therapy to reduce the risk of stroke has been well established; however, the prevalence of anticoagulation therapy use in the Public Health System is unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate both the prevalence of anticoagulation therapy among patients with atrial fibrillation and the indications for the treatment.METHODS:In this cross-sectional study, we included consecutive patients who had atrial fibrillation documented by an electrocardiogram performed between September 2011 and March 2012 at a university hospital of the Public Health System. The variables analyzed included the risk of a thromboembolic event and/or bleeding, the use of antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy, the location where the electrocardiogram report was initially reviewed and the specialty of the physician who initially reviewed it.RESULTS:We included 162 patients (mean age 68.9 years, 56% men). Hypertension (90.1%), heart failure (53.4%) and stroke (38.9%) were the most prevalent diseases found. Only 50.6% of the patients knew that they had atrial fibrillation. Regarding the use of therapy, only 37.6% of patients classified as high risk according to the CHADS2 scores and 35.5% according to the CHA2DS2VASc used oral anticoagulation. A presumptive diagnosis of heart failure and the fact that the electrocardiogram was evaluated by a cardiologist were the only independent predictors of the use of anticoagulants.CONCLUSIONS:Our study found a low prevalence of oral anticoagulation therapy among patients with atrial fibrillation and an indication for stroke prophylaxis for the use of this therapy, including among those with high CHADS2 and CHA2DS2VASc scores.

The CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores predict adverse vascular function, ischemic stroke and cardiovascular death in high-risk patients without atrial fibrillation: Role of incorporating PR prolongation

ObjectivesTo investigate whether the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores have clinical utility for prediction of adverse vascular function and vascular dysfunction-mediated incident cardiovascular (CV) events among high-risk patients without atrial fibrillation (AF), and the additional value of incorporating PR prolongation to the scores. MethodsWe analyzed 579 high-risk CV outpatients without clinical AF in a prospective cohort for new-onset ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), and CV death. Brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation (NMD), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were determined. ResultsBaseline CHADS2 score was associated with lower FMD (Pearson r = −0.16, P < 0.001) and NMD (r = −0.17, P < 0.001), higher carotid IMT (r = 0.30, P < 0.001) and PWV (r = 0.35, P < 0.001; similar for CHA2DS2-VASc score: All P < 0.05). After follow-up of 63 ± 11 months, 82 patients (14.2%) developed combined CV endpoint. ROC curve analysis showed that both CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were predictors for ischemic stroke (C-Statistic: CHADS2 0.70, P = 0.004; CHA2DS2-VASc 0.68, P = 0.010), MI (CHADS2 0.63, P = 0.030; CHA2DS2-VASc 0.70, P = 0.001), and CV death (CHADS2 0.63, P = 0.022; CHA2DS2-VASc 0.65, P = 0.011). Higher CHADS2 score was associated with reduced event-free survival from combined CV endpoints (log-rank = 16.7, P < 0.001) with differences potentiated if stratified by CHA2DS2-VASc score (log-rank = 29.2, P < 0.001). Incorporating PR prolongation, the CHA2DS2-VASc-PR score achieved the highest C-Statistic for CV death prediction (0.70, P < 0.001) superior to the CHADS2 score (chi-square: 12.1, P = 0.0005). ConclusionsThe CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc predict vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular events in high-risk CV patients without clinical AF, with further improved performance incorporating PR prolongation.

Usefulness of the CHADS2 Score for Prognostic Stratification of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

The Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score have been validated as predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study was undertaken to determine whether the CHADS2 score had good accuracy for predicting clinical outcome in patients with AMI and to compare the discriminatory performance of the 3 risk scores (RSs). We calculated the TIMI RS, GRACE RS, and CHADS2 score for 747 consecutive patients with AMI. The study end point was the combined occurrence of MACE, including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke. All patients were followed up for at least 3years or until the occurrence of a major event. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the predictive ability of each score at different time points. Higher CHADS2 scores were associated with adverse outcome at discharge and 1-year and 3-year follow-ups (chi-square test for linear trend, p <0.001). Both CHADS2 score and GRACE RS demonstrated better discrimination than TIMI RS in predicting 1-year and 3-year MACE (p <0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the CHADS2 score was an independent predictor of future MACE in patients with AMI (hazard ratio 1.349, 95% confidence interval 1.196 to 1.522). In conclusion, the CHADS2 score provides potentially valuable prognostic information on clinical outcome when applied to patients with AMI.

Relationship between CHADS2 Score and Complex Aortic Plaques by Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

The CHADS2 score is widely used for risk stratification of thromboembolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Although the correlation of CHADS2 score with left atrial (LA) abnormality as detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been reported in previous studies, the relationship between CHADS2 score and complex aortic plaque, which is also a significant risk factor for thromboembolism, has not been fully investigated. We assessed aortic plaques by TEE in 150 patients age ≥ 55 y with NVAF. The prevalence of complex aortic plaques increased along with increases in CHADS2 score (p = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis that included atherosclerotic risk factors and LA abnormality, a CHADS2 score ≥2 was independently associated with the presence of complex aortic plaques (odds ratio [OR] 3.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29–8.90). A high CHADS2 score is closely associated with the presence of complex aortic plaques, which explains, in part, the increased risk of thromboembolism in NVAF patients with high CHADS2 score.

Abstract 336: Real-World Experiences with Novel Anticoagulants for AF: Initial Insights from ORBIT-AF Phase II

Background: Novel therapies for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) are emerging. However, data on use and outcomes of these agents in the community are limited, particularly in patients newly diagnosed with AF or recently transitioned to a novel anticoagulant. Methods: Phase II of the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF II) is a multicenter, national, AF registry. We are enrolling 15,000 patients with new-onset AF, or those with known AF recently-transitioned to a novel anticoagulant. The primary objective is to evaluate the safety of novel anticoagulants, with specific focus on use, transitions, and management around invasive procedures and bleeding events. An adaptive design is used to ensure diversity of enrollment across geographic, provider, and treatment groups. The primary outcomes are major bleeding and thromboembolic events. Results: Of 1,011 patients in ORBIT-AF II, the median age was 73, 44% were female, 23% had a history of heart failure, 34% had a prior MI, and 11% had a prior stroke/TIA. The mean CHADS2 score was 2. Overall, 76% had AF new-onset, and a range of anticoagulant strategies was used in these patients (Figure). Among the 24% with known AF transitioned to a novel agent, 66% received rivaroxaban, versus 8.1% dabigatran, and 26% apixaban. Compared with patients having new-onset AF, those with known AF recently-transitioned to a novel anticoagulant were slightly older (median age 74 vs. 72), had higher CHADS2 scores (&gt;2 in 70% vs. 62%), but less severe kidney disease (0 vs. 1.7%). Conclusions: Patients with new-onset AF are frequently treated with novel anticoagulants and these patients have lower risk scores than those with known AF transitioned to a novel drug. These data will provide insights into clinical management and patient centered outcomes among those treated with novel anticoagulants in real world practice settings.

The Safetyof Dabigatran Versus Warfarin in Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.

The safety and optimal strategy of the use of dabigatran versus uninterrupted warfarin in atrial fibrillation ablation is currently unclear. We performed a retrospective analysis between July 2011-October 2012 of all patients undergoing an AF ablation who received uninterrupted warfarin therapy (199) and the routine cessation of Dabigatran therapy (126) 4 days pre-ablation. Major safety endpoints included: pericardial effusion (requiring pericardiocentesis), peripheral thromboembolism, CVA, and groin hematoma requiring blood transfusion. Minor endpoints included pericardial effusion and groin hematoma. Dabigatran was restarted the following day after ablation. The warfarin group was older, had a higher CHADS2, CHA2DS2VASc and HASBLED scores and greater prevalence of aortic plaque. The major complication rate was 2.0% in the warfarin group and 2.4% in the dabigatran group (P= 0.83). The minor complication rate was 2.5% in the warfarin group and <1% in the dabigatran group (P= 0.27). In the dabigatran group, there was one renal thromboembolic event 4 days post-ablation. All patients in the warfarin group who suffered a major complication required a blood transfusion. Cessation of dabigatran therapy 4 days pre AF ablation has a comparable safety profile to uninterrupted warfarin therapy.

What to Choose? The Bad or The Worse? A Case of Atrial Fibrillation and Recurrent Hematuria

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically encountered arrhythmia in elderly, affecting more than 6% of people over 80 years of age. Elderly usually have a higher CHADs2 score and are at greater risk of anticoagulant-associated bleeding. The clinical management of elderly with atrial fibrillation can be challenging. Management is especially challenging when such a patient experiences a hemorrhagic event. Anticoagulation (AC) therapy is usually suspended after the hemorrhagic event to reduce the risk of excessive bleeding but, after the acute treatment phase is over, a dilemma arises as to whether and when AC medication should be resumed.

Long-term PT-INR levels and the clinical events in the patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A special reference to low-intensity warfarin therapy

BackgroundAnticoagulation therapy is essential in atrial fibrillation (AF), and in Japan, less intense control is popular. PurposeTo assess the efficacy and safety with a special reference to low intensity warfarin therapy. Subjects and methodsIn 488 out of 508 patients with non-valvular AF, prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) was kept at 1.6–2.59, and they were followed for 49.5 months: 2098 person-years. The mean age was 73.7±9.9 years and 62% were male. The patients were divided by age: ≥70 years and <70 years, and by the intensity of warfarin therapy: PT-INR at 1.6–1.99 and at 2.0–2.59, respectively. The clinical data and event rates, ischemic stroke and major bleeding, were compared among the subgroups. ResultsHeart failure, previous stroke, and higher CHADS2 score were more often reported in patients ≥70 years while males were involved more often as younger patients. A total of 166 of 339 patients ≥70 years and 69 of 149 patients <70 years belonged to the low intensity group.Ischemic stroke and major bleeding occurred in 1.47%/year and 1.27%/year, respectively but there was no difference between the two age groups and between the two intensities of warfarin therapy. Time in therapeutic range was a predictor for ischemic stroke. A fall of PT-INR to <1.6 was found in 41.9% with ischemic stroke and a rise >2.61 in 40.0% with major bleeding at the time of the events. Blunt trauma and concomitant use of antiplatelets were risks for intracranial hemorrhage in the patients ≥70 years. ConclusionsThe event rates were similar between the low- (1.6–1.99) and high- (2.0–2.59) intensity warfarin therapy groups in aged patients: <70 years and ≥70 years. Time in therapeutic range and a transient fall or rise in PT-INR were risks for clinical events. Blunt head trauma and concomitant use of antiplatelets were risks for intracranial hemorrhage.

CHADS 2 , CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc and HAS-BLED as predictors of outcome in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores are used to estimate thromboembolic risk in atrial fibrillation (AF). HAS-BLED is recommended for bleeding risk prediction. Their value in predicting the outcome of AF patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unknown. Thus, our aim was to assess whether these simple risk scores are useful in predicting outcome in these patients. AFCAS is an observational, multicenter, prospective registry including patients (n=929) with AF referred for PCI. Primary study endpoints were 1) all cause mortality; 2) major adverse events (all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, stent thrombosis, transient ischemic attack, stroke or other arterial thromboembolism; MACCE); and 3) bleeding at 12 months follow-up. CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores and a modified HAS-BLED (mHAS-BLED) score (omitting labile INR and liver function) were calculated. Patients were distributed as follows: CHADS2 low 29.5%, intermediate 55.2%, high 15.3%; CHA2DS2-VASc low 9.6%, intermediate 46.0%, high 44.5%. A high CHA2DS2-VASc score was predictive of all-cause mortality (p=0.02), whereas CHADS2 was not. High CHA2DS2-VASc score predicted MACCE (HR 2.24, 95%CI 1.21-4.17, p=0.01), as did a high CHADS2 score (HR 1.60, 95%CI 1.05-2.45, p=0.029). Their predictive performance was only modest (C indexes 0.56-0.57). CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc scores were not associated with bleeding. High mHAS-BLED scores (≥3) were not associated with any of the study outcomes. High CHA2DS2-VASc score was the best predictor of thrombotic outcomes after PCI in a high risk AF population. High mHAS-BLED score was not predictive of bleeding events. More accurate, simple risk scores are needed.

CHADS 2 Scores in the Prediction of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Cushing's Syndrome.

Vascular events are one of the major causes of death in case of Cushing's syndrome (CS). However, due to the relative low frequency of CS, it is hard to perform a risk assessment for these events. As represented congestive heart failure (C), hypertension (H), age (A), diabetes (D), and stroke (S), the CHADS2 score is now accepted to classify the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with atrial fibrillation. In this study, participants were enrolled from the National Health Research Institute Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan, and we reviewed 551 patients with their sequential clinically diagnosed CS data between 2002 and 2009 in relation to MACEs risk using CHADS2 score. Good correlation could be identified between the CS and CHADS2 score (AUC = 0.795). Our results show that patients with CS show significantly higher risk of vascular events and the CHADS2 score could be applied for MACEs evaluation. Adequate lifestyle modifications and aggressive cardiovascular risks treatment are suggested for CS patients with higher CHADS2 score.

Bleeding risk with triple antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and drug-eluting stents

In the era of drug-eluting stents (DES), a long-term dual antiplatelet therapy is required to prevent late stent thrombosis. However, in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), there is a concern that combining warfarin with dual antiplatelet therapy may increase the risk of bleeding. We analyzed 1274 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease who were treated with coronary intervention from January 2006 through January 2009. Of these, we enrolled 74 AF patients treated with DES and dual antiplatelet therapy as well as warfarin. The primary endpoint was the incidence of major bleeding within 3years; the predictive factor of major bleeding was also analyzed. To evaluate the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy, time in therapeutic range (TTR) was also measured. The 3-year incidence of major bleeding was 12.2% (nine of 74 patients). The average observation period was 25.7±20.2months. Mean TTR value was 44.6±33.0% and was maintained at a relatively low level. Multivariate analysis revealed that a higher CHADS2 score (2-point more) was an independent predictor of increased risk of major bleeding. Major bleeding in the patients with triple antithrombotic therapy including warfarin occurred at a relatively high rate. Although the higher CHADS2-score indicates a high risk of thrombotic events, it was strongly associated with bleeding complications.

Left atrial structure and function in atrial fibrillation: ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48

The complex relationship between left atrial (LA) structure and function, electrical burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke risk is not well understood. We aimed to describe LA structure and function in AF. Left atrial structure and function was assessed in 971 subjects enrolled in the echocardiographic substudy of ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48. Left atrial size, emptying fraction (LAEF), and contractile function were compared across AF types (paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent) and CHADS2 scores as an estimate of stroke risk. The majority of AF patients (55%) had both LA enlargement and reduced LAEF, with an inverse relationship between LA size and LAEF (R = -0.57, P < 0.001). With an increasing electrical burden of AF and higher CHADS2 scores, LA size increased and LAEF declined. Moreover, 19% of AF subjects had impaired LAEF despite normal LA size, and LA contractile dysfunction was present even among the subset of AF subjects in sinus rhythm at the time of echocardiography. In a contemporary AF population, LA structure and function were increasingly abnormal with a greater electrical burden of AF and higher stroke risk estimated by the CHADS2 score. Moreover, LA dysfunction was present despite normal LA size and sinus rhythm, suggesting that the assessment of LA function may add important incremental information in the evaluation of AF patients. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; ID = NCT00781391.