Higher Average Daily Weight Gain Research Articles

Influence of age on the effectiveness of PCV2 vaccination in piglets with high levels of maternally derived antibodies

Two field studies were conducted to investigate the influence of age on the efficacy of vaccination against Porcine Circovirus Diseases (PCVD) in animals with high levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA). A total of 416 piglets (Study 1) and 600 piglets (Study 2) were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Two groups in each study received a single dose of a PCV2 subunit vaccine, one group at 1 week old and the other at 3 weeks of age. The third group was left untreated. Animals vaccinated at 3 weeks of age showed a significantly higher average daily weight gain and significantly reduced viraemia following PCV2 infection than the respective control groups. This difference was not observed in pigs vaccinated at 1 week of age. Furthermore, only animals vaccinated at 3 weeks of age showed an increased serological response and a higher frequency of IgM-positive animals compared with controls. The data indicated that PCV2 vaccination in the presence of high MDA levels is efficacious when used in 3-week old but not in 1-week old pigs. As the range of MDA titres of pigs vaccinated at both 1 and 3 weeks of age were comparable, the data suggest that PCV2 vaccine efficacy was independent of the level of MDA. It appears that other age-related factors affecting the active and passive transfer of immunity may perhaps have interfered with the efficacy of the vaccine in 1-week old piglets. These findings have implications for future PCV2 vaccine testing and administration strategies.

Review on the consequences of using Improvac TM in modern pig production

In Europe growing concerns regarding animal welfare issues in pig production have forced the pig industry to introduce alternative methods to conventional castration procedures. Besides the raising of entire males and castration in combination with analgesia and anaesthesia the vaccination against GnRF (Gonadotropin-releasing factor) seems to be the most promising long-term solution. Immunised male pigs (IM) show higher average daily weight gain than surgically castrated males (CM). Additionally the feed intake in IM is lower than in CM and feed conversion ratio is consequently better. Carcass weight, back fat depth and dressing percentage of IM pigs are intermediate between CM and entire males while meat quality seems not to be influenced by castration technique since CM and IM show comparable results. Steroid hormone concentrations in IM decline to very low levels (below detection line) after the second administration of the anti-GnRF vaccine and boar taint compounds are reliably metabolized. Pigs which received two injections of the anti-GnRF vaccine reduce their sexual and aggressive behaviour to levels of CM pigs which results in low incidents of injury and carcass damages. Surveys analyzing the consumers’ attitude to vaccination against boar taint reveal that if profound information on the technique is provided, the acceptance of meat from vaccinated animals is even better than the acceptance of meat from pigs castrated under current farm conditions. Furthermore economic analyses reveal that immunisation against GnRF provides a potential for a return on investment since better feed efficiency compensates for the additional costs of drug and labour time.

Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant swinepox virus expressing capsid protein of PCV2

To explore development of a vaccine against PCV2 infections, the gene of capsid protein (Cap) was inserted into the swinepox virus (SPV) genome by homologous recombination. The recombinant swinepox virus expressing capsid protein (rSPV-cap) was verified by PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assays. To evaluate the immunogenicity of rSPV-cap, twenty-four PCV2 seronegative minipigs were immunized with rSPV-cap, wild type SPV (wtSPV; negative control), or PBS (challenge control). After inoculation with PCV2, pigs in the rSPV-cap immunized group showed significantly higher average daily weight gain (ADG) and shorter fever duration compared with the wtSPV treated group (P<0.05). Cap-specific antibody in the rSPV-cap immunized group increased dramatically after vaccination and increased continuously over time. PCV2 genomic copies in the serum of rSPV-cap immunized pigs were significantly less compared with the wtSPV treated group at all time points after inoculation (P<0.01). Significant reduction in gross lung lesion scores, histopathological lung lesion scores, and lymph node lesion scores were noted in the rSPV-cap immunized group compared with the wtSPV treated group (P<0.01). The results suggested that the recombinant rSPV-cap provided pigs with significant protection from PCV2-associated disease; thus, it offers proof-of-principle for the development of a vaccine for the prevention of PCV2-associated disease in pigs.

Partial replacement of dried Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit leaves for noug (Guizotia abyssinica) (L.f.) Cass. seed cake in the diet of highland sheep fed on wheat straw

This study investigated the effect of replacing noug (Guizotia abyssinica) (L.f.) Cass. seed cake by dried Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit leaves on feed intake, live weight gain, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance of highland sheep in Tigray Region in northern Ethiopia. Twenty intact yearling male highland sheep weighing 16.9 ± 1.62 kg were used in a randomized complete block design and included the following four treatments: T1 (control, wheat straw ad libitum + 200 g noug seed cake (NSC) + 150 g wheat bran (WB)); T2 (wheat straw ad libitum + 170 g NSC + 44.3 g dried L. leucocephala (DLL) + 150 g WB); T3 (wheat straw ad libitum + 140 g NSC + 87.3 g DLL + 150 g WB); and T4 (wheat straw ad libitum + 110 g NSC + 130.2 g DLL + 150 g WB). Sheep fed on T4 diet consumed higher total dry matter (658 g/head/day) and recorded the highest average daily weight gain (59 g/head/day). Sheep fed on T4 diet had higher dry matter (61 %), organic matter (63 %), and crude protein (75 %) digestibility values than the other treatments. Sheep fed on T3 diet demonstrated higher feed conversion ratio (11.93) than sheep kept on the other treatments. All sheep exhibited positive nitrogen balance, with the highest nitrogen retention being measured in T4 (12 g/head/day). It is concluded that partially replacing NSC by DLL can improve total dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients, and body weight gain in highland sheep fed on wheat straw as the basal diet.

SILAGEM DE SORGO COM E SEM TANINO EM SUBSTITUIÇÃO À SILAGEM DE MILHO NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE OVINOS: DESEMPENHO E CARACTERÍSTICAS DE CARCAÇA

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using sorghum silages with and without tannin as a substitute for corn silage on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot sheep. We used 18 whole, Santa Ines, male lambs, distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments: silage tannin in grain sorghum (SCT), silage sorghum without tannin in grain (SST); and corn silage (SM). The forage: concentrate ratio was 70:30, and we used a commercial concentrate with 19% CP and 75% TDN. The dry matter intake (DMI) for the treatment SCT, SST, and SM were 1.03, 1.20 and 0.85 kg / day, respectively, and the SCT was similar to the others, but the SST was higher than SM. The sheep which consumed the SST diet had higher average daily weight gain (DWG) and total average gain (153.72 g and 8.61 kg) than those consuming SCT (111.19 and 6.23 kg) and SM (94.40 g and 5.46kg). There was no difference in feed conversion (FC) between diets. The carcass traits were not influenced by the type of silage consumed. The SCT can be used as the only roughage in the diet of sheep in confinement, without changing the DMI, FC and carcass characteristics. However, animals that consumed the SST had higher DWG.KEYWORDS: carcass finishing; consumption; feed conversion; lambs; weight gain.

Intake and performance of confined crossbred heifers fed different lipid sources

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different lipid sources on nutrient intake, performance, development and carcass characteristics of heifers raised in confinement. Twenty-one crossbreed heifers (Nellore × Santa Gertrudis × Braunvieh) received 600 g/kg forage composed of corn silage and 400 g/kg concentrate with a 58.0 g/kg fat content in the total diet. The following lipid sources were used: soybeans, protected fat (Megalac-E®) and soybean oil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and seven replicates, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5%. The protected fat diet resulted in a greater intake of dry matter (8.80 kg/d) when compared with the other diets. The animals that were fed the protected fat diet had a higher average daily weight gain and slaughter weight. Feed conversion and protein efficiency rate were not influenced by lipid sources. Carcass yield was not influenced by the different diets.

Suplemento múltiplo com ionóforos para novilhos em pasto: desempenho

Avaliou-se o desempenho de 25 novilhos Holandês x Zebu, castrados, com média de peso vivo inicial de 265±50 kg, sob pastejo emBrachiaria decumbens, distribuídos em cinco grupos e em cinco piquetes, segundo os tratamentos: controle - suplementação múltipla sem ionóforos (CONT); suplementação múltipla com 100mg/cab/dia de monensina (M100); suplementação múltipla com 200mg/cab/dia de monensina (M200); suplementação múltipla com 100mg/cab/dia de lasalocida (L100); suplementação múltipla com 200mg/cab/dia de lasalocida (L200). O período experimental foi de 105 dias, com rotação dos grupos nos piquetes a cada 21 dias. A suplementação foi fornecida ad libitum. A avaliação de desempenho ocorreu mediante a pesagem dos animais, em jejum de alimento e água de 14 horas, no início de cada período e término do experimento. Os animais alimentados com suplementos com ionóforos apresentaram maior ganho de peso em relação aos do controle (0,357 vs. 0,268; P = 0,0068). Entre os ionóforos, os animais alimentados com lasalocida ganharam mais peso (0,398 vs. 0,333; P=0,0175). O melhor desempenho pode ser explicado pelo maior consumo dos suplementos pelos animais alimentados com lasalocida (0,53 vs. 0,42; P&lt;0,0001)

Feed efficiency of Nellore cattle selected for postweaning weight

Two Nellore herds were compared, one selected for greater postweaning weight and the other, control, selected for average postweaning weight, to evaluate the effects of 29 years of selection on feed efficiency. Sixty Nellore males (41 selected and 19 control) averaging 205 kg and 267 days of age were evaluated in individual pens during performance test. Performance and dry matter intake were used to determine the following feed efficiency traits: feed conversion; residual feed intake; residual gain; partial growth efficiency; relative growth rate and Kleiber ratio. After the 112-day experimental period, control animals showed lower body weight when compared to selected animals, however, they did not differ for dry matter intake (% of body weight), rib-eye area and fat thickness at the 12th rib subcutaneous region and on the rump region. Dry matter intake (kg/day) and average daily weight gain from selected animals were, respectively, 19.4% and 26.4% higher than the control ones. The highest average daily weight gain by selected animals promoted significant improvement, around 6%, on feed conversion; 70 g/day on residual gain; and 17% on Kleiber rate. The other feed efficiency traits (residual feed intake, partial growth efficiency and relative growth rate) did not differ between herds. The 29-year selection for post-weaning weight did not affect feed efficiency of Nellore cattle.

The effect of group composition and age on social behavior and competition in groups of weaned dairy calves

The objective of the present study was to investigate how group composition affects behavior and weight gain of newly weaned dairy calves and how age within heterogeneous groups affects behavior and competition. Seventy-two calves were introduced into 6 groups of 12 calves, of which 3 groups were homogeneous and 3 groups were heterogeneous (including 6 young and 6 old calves). The 9.8m × 9.5m large experimental pen had 4 separate lying areas as well as a feeding area. Behavior and subgrouping were recorded on d 1, 7, and 14 after grouping, and calves were weighed before and after the experimental period of 14 d. Analysis of the effect of group composition on behavior and weight gain included young calves in heterogeneous groups and calves in homogeneous groups within the same age range at grouping (30 to 42 d). Irrespective of group composition, time spent feeding and lying increased, whereas time spent active decreased from d 1 to 7. In homogeneous groups, calves were more explorative on d 1 after grouping. Finally, calves in homogeneous groups had a higher average daily weight gain than calves in heterogeneous groups. Analysis of the effect of age included young and old calves of heterogeneous groups. Young calves were less explorative than old calves. Young calves were more active than old calves on d 1 but less active on d 7. Time spent lying and lying alone increased over time. More displacements from the feed manger were performed by old calves than by young calves. An analysis including all calves in both homogeneous and heterogeneous groups showed that when lying, calves were evenly distributed on the 4 lying areas and formed subgroups of on average 3 calves. In conclusion, age heterogeneity leads to increased competition, which may have a negative influence on the young calves’ performance.

Características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de novilhos superprecoces de três grupos genéticos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar parâmetros de carcaça, características físico-químicas e de qualidade de carne de novilhos machos superprecoces. Foram avaliados três grupos raciais com 8 animais Nelore (N), 18 ¼ Abeerden Angus ½ Nelore (AN) e 18 ½ Limousin ¼ Abeerden Angus ¼ Nelore (LAN), com idade entre 7,5 e 11,5 meses no início do experimento, abatidos após 143 dias de confinamento. Os animais AN apresentaram maior peso ao abate, ganho médio diário de peso, peso de carcaça e comprimento de carcaça; os animais LAN apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça e área de olho de lombo. Os animais LAN apresentaram 72% de carcaças convexas, enquanto 83% das carcaças dos animais AN e 100% das carcaças dos animais N foram classificadas como subconvexas. Os grupos LAN e AN não apresentaram diferença significativa nos valores de força de cisalhamento, o que indica a possibilidade de utilização da proporção de 50% do genótipo Bos indicus sem prejuízo para a maciez da carne. As características de carcaça e carne dos animais dos grupos genéticos NA, LAN e N estão em conformidade com as especificações de consumo e adequadas para abate aos 15 meses de idade, o que viabiliza o sistema de produção de novilhos superprecoces.

Response of broiler finishers to diets containing graded levels of processed castor oil bean (Ricinus communis L) meal

A 4-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of dehulled and cooked castor oil bean (Ricinus communis L) meal on the performance of broiler finishers. Castor oil bean seeds were dehulled and detoxified by cooking in two stages at 100 degrees C for 50 min per cooking. Sixty 6-week-old broiler birds (Anak strain) were randomly divided into four groups of 15 birds each. The groups were fed four isocaloric (2.90 Mcal of metabolizable energy/kg) and isonitrogenous (21% crude protein) diets containing 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% dehulled and cooked castor oil bean meal (CBM) for 4 weeks. Results showed that there were significant (p < 0.05) differences among treatments in average daily feed intake, final body weight, average daily weight gain (ADWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Birds fed diets containing 0% and 10% CBM had significantly (p < 0.05) higher feed intake than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest feed intake was recorded at the 20% CBM inclusion level. The highest ADWG was observed in birds fed 0% CBM diet, but this was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the ADWG of birds on 10% CBM diet. Birds fed diets containing10% and 15% levels of CBM had similar and non-significant (p > 0.05) ADWG. Birds fed 20% CBM diet had the least (p < 0.05) ADWG. Birds fed 0%, 10% and 15% CBM diets had similar FCR and this was significantly (p < 0.05) lower and better than that of birds on 20% CBM diet. The least (p < 0.05) PER was observed in birds fed 20% CBM diet. Birds fed 20% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher packed cell volume (PCV) than birds on 10% and 15% CBM diets. Birds fed 0%, 10% and 15% CBM diets had similar (p > 0.05) PCV values. Birds fed diets containing 0%, 10% and 15% levels of CBM had similar and significantly (p < 0.05) lower heamoglobin than birds fed 20% CBM diets. There were also significant (p < 0.05) differences among treatments in dry matter (DM), nitrogen, ether extract (EE) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) retention. Birds fed 0% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher retention of DM, nitrogen and NFE than birds on 10%, 15% and 20% CBM diets. Birds fed 10% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher DM, nitrogen and NFE retention than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest retention of DM, nitrogen and NFE was recorded at the 20% CBM inclusion level. Birds fed 0% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher EE retention than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest EE retention was observed at the 20% CBM inclusion level. The results of the study indicate that up to 10% dehulled and cooked CBM can be included in broiler finisher rations for optimum performance.

The effect of temperament on weight gain of Hungarian Merino, German Merino and German Blackhead lambs

Abstract. We evaluated temperament of sheep using two temperament tests: temperament score test and flight test. Temperament score test: behaviour of animals was assessed in a 5-score system while weighing, spending 30 s on the scale. Flight time test: the time taken by an animal to move a set distance (1.7 m) after exiting a weighing scale into an open yard. 10 rams, 22 ewes Hungarian Merino, 13 rams, 19 ewes German Merino and 12 rams, 16 ewes German Blackhead lambs were lot-fed on 49 days, after weaning. The temperament score test was not related to the weight at weaning, therefore the measurement of the temperament was not affected by the weaning process (P&gt;0.10). The gender not affected the temperament scores in either of observations or genotypes. In this investigation German Blackhead lambs were calmer, than Hungarian Merino lambs. The evaluation of the effects of temperament (temperament score test [TS] and flight time test [FT]) on body weight showed that lambs with calm temperament had higher weight at the end of fattening (TS: 44.88 kg and FT: 42.37 kg) and higher average daily weight gain as well (TS: 492.18 g/day and FT: 430.03 g/day), compared to nervous animals (TS: 36.20 kg and 330.08 g/day, P&lt;0.001; FT: 36.73 kg and 345.77 g/day, P&lt;0.05). The lambs with good temperament had better fattening performance (higher weight at end of fattening, faster weight gain) than nervous lambs.

Produção de novilhos superprecoces em pastagem de aveia e azevém submetida a diferentes alturas de manejo

Foram avaliadas a produção e as características de carcaças de novilhos jovens mantidos em pastagem cultivada de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam) manejada em diferentes alturas. Os tratamentos impostos foram quatro diferentes alturas de manejo da pastagem (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm), obtidas por meio da aplicação de diferentes cargas animais. O delineamento foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Utilizaram-se animais jovens de aproximadamente dez meses de idade, machos castrados sem padrão racial definido, com peso médio inicial de 210 kg. O aumento no ganho médio diário (GMD) foi condicionado pelo incremento na qualidade e/ou na quantidade de forragem disponível, visto que as ofertas de forragem para os tratamentos de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm de altura foram de 6, 10, 23 e 51 kg de MS/100 kg de PV/dia, respectivamente. Portanto, o modelo de resposta do GMD em relação às alturas de pastejo resultou em valores de 0,73 e 1,14 kg/animal/dia nos tratamentos de menor e maior GMD, respectivamente, que foram de 10 e 30 cm de altura. Como a variação no GMD foi baixa, o maior ganho por área observado no tratamento 10 cm pode ser atribuído à maior carga animal, ambas com respostas lineares decrescendo com o aumento da altura de pastejo. O peso vivo dos animais antes do abate e o peso de carcaça quente elevaram com o aumento da altura da pastagem, reduzindo apenas no tratamento 40 cm com a redução da qualidade da pastagem. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para o rendimento de carcaça, pois todos os valores mantiveram-se em torno de 51%. O escore de condição corporal e o grau de acabamento apresentaram tendência muito similar à evolução do ganho médio diário dos animais.

Effect of ascogen on the growth performance and carcass yield of Japanese quails

A study was conducted to determine the effect of ASCOGEN, a biogenic performance enhancer, on growth, weight gain, feed conversion and processing performances of heavy-strain Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Six hundred quails were divided into three groups and fed a basal diet (24,5% CP and 12 MJ/kg ME) or a basal diet supplemented with 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Ascogen, from day 1 until 35 days of age. The group fed 1000 ppm Ascogen achieved at 35 days of age a significantly higher (P<0.05) final body weight, carcass weight (P<0.05), carcass yield (P<0.01), wing weight (P<0.01) drumstick weigh (P<0.05) compared to the control group. It exhibited also a lower feed consumption (by 3.61%), more efficient feed conversion (by 6.68%) and higher average daily weight gain (by 3.81%). The group fed 500 ppm Ascogen had a higher carcass weight (P<0.05), carcass yield (P<0.01) higher final body weight (+2.25 %), more efficient feed conversion (+3.2%) and higher daily weight gain (+2.18%) compared to the control group.

Effect of temporary straw bedding on pigs’ behaviour, performance, cortisol and meat quality

The effect of temporary straw bedding for a period of 6, 4, or 2 weeks before slaughter was studied on pigs’ performance, behaviour, cortisol concentration, intermediary metabolism, and meat quality. Pigs were barren housed on slatted concrete floors during growth and allocated to one of following four treatments (T): straw bedding during 6 weeks (6wk), 4 weeks (4wk), 2 weeks (2wk) before slaughter, and a control treatment without straw bedding (0wk). This experiment was replicated six times but in two replicates T6wk could not be included. A total of 220 pigs were involved, of which 132 served as focal animals for behavioural observations. The meat quality of 110 of these pigs was measured and 48 pigs were also sampled for salivary cortisol. The pigs of T6wk and T4wk had a higher average daily weight gain after 2 weeks of straw bedding, whereas no differences in feed intake or feed conversion were observed over the whole test period, nor effects on carcass weight or back fat thickness. The weekly observation of the focal animals during 5 min showed that straw provision decreased pen manipulation ( P = 0.001) and pen mate manipulation ( P = 0.0001). The time pigs spent on postures and specific behaviours like eating, biting and fighting was not different between treatments. Saliva samples, taken every 2 weeks, revealed no cortisol concentration differences between the treatments. No differences in plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, or NEFA concentrations were found at slaughter. The concentration of creatine kinase tended to be lower in pigs of T6wk compared to pigs of T0wk ( P = 0.07). No treatment effects on skin lesions of the front, middle, and hind regions were observed in the slaughter line. Finally, meat quality measurements in the longissimus dorsi muscle revealed no differences in pH 45 min post-mortem or in pH, electrical conductivity, colour, and water-holding capacity 24 h post-mortem. It is concluded that straw redirects the pigs’ behaviour from pen manipulation and pen mate manipulation to straw manipulation after straw provision, but that there are no or only minor differences in carcass quality, cortisol concentrations, intermediary metabolites, and meat quality of pigs given a temporary straw bedding of 6, 4, or 2 weeks before slaughter or no straw.

Desempenho de novilhos jovens e superjovens de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento

O objetivo neste experimento foi avaliar o desempenho de novilhos dos grupos genéticos 5/8Charolês (CH) 3/8Nelore (NE) e 5/8NE 3/8CH, pertencentes às categorias jovem e superjovem. A idade média dos animais ao final do período experimental foi de 22,8 meses para os jovens e de 15,2 meses para os superjovens. Os animais foram terminados em confinamento até atingirem peso de abate previamente estabelecido em 430 kg. As características de desempenho avaliadas entre as categorias foram comparadas de duas formas: (=PF): até os superjovens atingirem peso final similar ao dos jovens; e (=ECF): até os superjovens atingirem estado corporal final (ECF) semelhante ao dos jovens. Foi utilizada relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40 (base da matéria seca), com dieta contendo 10,25% de proteína bruta e 3,18 Mcal de energia digestível/kg de matéria seca. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (duas categorias x dois grupos genéticos). Novilhos jovens apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) (1,94 kg) em relação aos superjovens (=PF) (1,52 kg) e (=ECF) (1,53 kg). Comportamento semelhante foi verificado para consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e de energia digestível, expressos por unidade de tamanho metabólico, consumo de energia líquida de mantença (ELm) e de ganho. Quando a ELm foi ajustada para 100 kg, novilhos jovens apresentaram menores consumos em relação aos superjovens (=PF) e (=ECF). O ECF foi superior nos animais superjovens (=PF) (4,35 vs 3,72 pontos) em relação aos jovens. As conversões alimentar e energética apresentaram maiores valores para os jovens comparados com os superjovens (=ECF). Entre os grupos genéticos, não se verificou diferença para GMD. No entanto, animais 5/8NE 3/8CH apresentaram maior ECF e CMS em percentual do peso vivo e por unidade de tamanho metabólico.

Efeito da pastagem, da produção e da composição do leite no desempenho de bezerros de diferentes grupos genéticos

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de bezerros de corte dos grupos genéticos Charolês (CH) e ½Nelore (NE) ½CH (filhos de vacas CH), NE e ½CH ½NE (filhos de vacas NE) mantidos juntamente com as vacas até o desmame, em pastagem nativa (PN) ou pastagem cultivada (PC) de inverno (aveia + azevém) e de verão (capim-papuã). Foram utilizados sessenta bezerros entre puros e mestiços, pesados ao nascimento, 14, 42, 70, 98, 126, 154, 182 dias e ao desmame. A produção de leite das vacas foi avaliada na mesma data das pesagens, com exceção do nascimento. Bezerros mantidos em PC apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) (733 contra 440 g) e maior peso ao desmame (191,8 contra 128,6 kg) que os mantidos em PN. Foi verificado efeito quadrático do período pós-parto no GMD (y=489,89 + 3,96DIA - 0,0198DIA²), sendo que o ponto máximo do GMD (571 g) foi aos 85 dias de idade para os mantidos em PN e aos 107 dias (848 g) para os mantidos em PC. A produção média diária de leite das vacas explicou 45% do peso ao desmame e 38% do GMD dos bezerros. As correlações entre a produção de leite e o GMD e o peso dos bezerros foi significativa mesmo nos estágios mais avançados de lactação. A correlação entre a produção média diária de leite de todo período de aleitamento e o GMD foi maior nos animais mantidos em PC (0,54) do que em PN (0,44) e nos animais F1 (0,73) em relação aos puros (0,47). A menor correlação entre produção de leite e GMD foi verificada nos bezerros NE puros (0,31), nos demais foi de 0,60; 0,71; e 0,84, para CH, ½CH ½NE e ½NE ½CH. Os teores de gordura, lactose, extrato seco desengordurado e extrato seco total, não apresentaram correlação significativa com o GMD. No entanto, quando foi considerada a produção total desses constituintes do leite, as correlações com o GMD foram significativas. Bezerros F1 apresentaram maiores pesos ao nascimento e ao desmame que os puros. A heterose para o peso ao nascimento, desmame e GMD foi, respectivamente, de 3,4; 11,8; e 10,2%.

Desempenho de bezerros de corte filhos de vacas submetidas a diferentes manejos alimentares, desmamados aos 42 ou 63 dias de idade

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de bezerros de corte, do nascimento aos 12 meses de idade, filhos de vacas Charolês (C), Nelore (N), mestiças CN e NC, mantidas em pastagem nativa, suplementadas com farelo de arroz integral e que desmamaram aos 42 ou 63 dias pós-parto, ou não suplementadas e que desmamaram aos 63 dias. A idade das vacas variou de 3 a 12 anos, sendo agrupadas em quatro classes, primíparas, jovens, adultas e velhas. Bezerros desmamados aos 63 dias de idade, cujas vacas foram suplementadas, apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) durante o aleitamento (561 contra 457 g), foram mais pesados ao desmame (67 contra 59,9 kg) e aos 84 dias (76 contra 69,2 kg) em relação aqueles cujas vacas não foram suplementadas, não diferindo destes nos pesos aos 5, 7 e 12 meses. Bezerros desmamados aos 42 dias apresentaram menor GMD nos primeiros 21 dias após o desmame (360 contra 482 g) e foram menos pesados aos 12 meses (174,4 contra 189,4 kg) em relação aos desmamados aos 63 dias. Bezerros mestiços filhos de vacas CN e NC foram mais pesados ao desmame que os puros, não diferindo dos C aos 12 meses. Bezerros N apresentaram peso similar aos C no desmame, mas foram mais leves e apresentaram condição corporal inferior do que os últimos aos 5, 7 e 12 meses. O peso e a condição corporal dos bezerros filhos de vacas primíparas foi inferior aos demais, no entanto, não diferiram destes aos 9 e 12 meses. Não se justifica a suplementação das vacas quando se considera o peso dos bezerros após os 5 meses. O desmame aos 42 dias de idade não é recomendado, pois resulta em menor peso aos 12 meses.

Desempenho produtivo de vacas de quatro grupos genéticos submetidas a diferentes manejos alimentares desmamadas aos 42 ou 63 dias pós-parto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de vacas de corte, das raças Charolês (C), Nelore (N), mestiças CN e NC, mantidas em pastagem nativa, suplementadas com farelo de arroz e desmamadas aos 42 ou 63 dias pós-parto, ou não suplementadas e desmamadas aos 63 dias. A idade das vacas variou de 3 a 12 anos, sendo agrupadas em quatro classes, primíparas, jovens, adultas e velhas. O ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) do parto aos 63 dias pós-parto foi maior para as vacas suplementadas. Vacas desmamadas aos 42 dias apresentaram maior diferença de peso (61,5 kg), do parto ao diagnóstico de gestação, em relação às não suplementadas (45,7 kg), não diferindo das suplementadas desmamadas aos 63 dias (57,8 kg). Do final do período de acasalamento ao diagnóstico de gestação as mestiças CN apresentaram maior GMD (860 g), em relação às C (552 g) e N (648 g), não diferindo das mestiças NC (670 g). Vacas N foram mais leves em relação aos demais grupos genéticos, em todos os períodos. Vacas primíparas e velhas perderam peso, enquanto as jovens e adultas apresentaram leve ganho de peso do parto ao desmame. Vacas suplementadas desmamadas aos 42 dias apresentaram menor intervalo de partos (IP), em relação as desmamadas aos 63 dias (367 contra 384 dias), no entanto, não diferiram quanto à percentagem de parição, respectivamente, 72,0 e 72,2%. Nas vacas desmamadas aos 63 dias, a suplementação não alterou o IP, mas resultou em aumento significativo na taxa de reprodução (72,2 contra 53,7%). Vacas adultas e velhas que desmamaram aos 42 dias apresentaram IP inferior a um ano, 356 e 353 dias, respectivamente, apresentaram maiores peso e condição corporal, por ocasião do diagnóstico de gestação, e maior taxa de parição, respectivamente, 80,0 e 76,3%, contra 41,4 e 57,5% que o observado nas primíparas e jovens.

The Utilization of Fig (Ficus thonningii) and Mango (Mangifera indica) Leaves by Rabbits

A study lasting 42 days was carried out to determine the intake and utilization of Fig Ficus thonningii and Mango Mangifera indica leaves by rabbits. 10 weaner rabbit of average weight 700g were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups in a completely randomized design. The results of the study showed that the intake of Ficus thonningii leaves was significantly (P>0.01) higher than that of Mangifera indica leaves. Both treatments however, showed consistent increase in dry matter intake throughout the experimental period. Rabbit fed Ficus thonningii leaves had significantly (P>0.01) higher average daily weight gain and feed/gain efficiency. Bases on the result of this study, it is concluded that Ficus thonningii and Mangifera indica leaves have feeding value as fodder for rabbits. These plants can be used as standing feed reserve so that rabbits can survive critical periods of feed scarcity during the dry season.