Higher Average Daily Temperature Research Articles

EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN GIANT LAND SNAILS (ARCHACHATINA MARGINATA) REARED UNDER INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT DURING DRY SEASON

Forty eight growing African Giant Land Snails (Archachatina marginata) between average weight of 400 to 600 grams were used to evaluate the effect of relative humidity and temperature on egg production. The experiment lasted for 20 weeks (December-April) with eight snails per cage. The temperature and relative humidity of the ambient environment of the snail cages were recorded in the morning and afternoon using Omsons dry and wet hygrometer. Higher average daily temperature (310C) was observed in the afternoon (12pm) compared with the 8am in the morning (220C) while, the average relative humidity (92%) was recorded in the morning 8am compared with (61%) in the afternoon (12pm). A zig-zig egg laying pattern was observed across all the cages throughout the experimental period which suggest that snails observed a break period in egg laying. Fluctuation in relative humidity and temperature had a great influence on egg production of A. marginata; for optimum egg production relative humidity of above 80% and temperature 25–300C are recommended. It was concluded that snails provided with high humid condition during dry season can attain optimum reproductive performance all year round under intensive management system.

Big Data Analysis for the Relationship between a Catcher's Batting Performance and Average Daily Temperature in Baseball Games

Background/Objectives: This study utilizes big data analysis to investigate whether the average daily temperature affects the batting performance of catchers. Methods/Statistical analysis: The targets of the study are the batting records, by date, of catchers who participated in the 2019 KBO League, and the average daily temperature in the region where baseball games are played. To this end, data was collected from the official website of the KBO League and the Weather Data Open Portal. The data suitable for this study was then pre-processed, and then output as visualization data for scouting reports through the analysis. Findings: As a result of this study, a higher average daily temperature was found to affect the batting performance of catchers. However, above 15 degrees, both batting power and hitting productivity began to decrease, and above 20 degrees, hitting accuracy began to decrease. The reason for this is that a player in the position of catcher has a lot of physical strength due to a lot of equipment and hard play. Through this study, we can see that the myths and stories told in the baseball field can be proven through data. Through the data and implications derived from this study, it is expected that the scouting reports will help the players, coaching staff, and the front of the baseball club's players to operate the games and the season. Improvements/Applications: In less than thirty words, this research makes it possible to write about the results of the improved research and other applications.

Seasonal development of European maples in the Republic of Mari El

The article contains the results of observations over 5 maple (Acer L.) species conducted in 2014 - 2018. The research objects are the plants growing in the Botanic garden of the Volga region State University of Technology: A. campestre, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, A. tataricum, A. trautvetteri. Their natural habitats are in the Caucasian-European region. In the wild, only A. platanoides grow on the territory of the Republic, others are introduced species. The authors analyze weather conditions over 5 years of research and establish that at higher average daily temperatures in 2016, the seasonal development stages came earlier, while colder weather conditions of 2017 hampered the phenophase. On average, the maples under study started vegetation in the first decade of May, and finished it in the third decade of September - mid October. The earlier vegetation started, the earlier sprouts started growing and flowering began. The easiest flowering was registered for A. platanoides in the second decade of May, then for A. campestre in the third decade of May. The latest and the longest flowering was registered for A. tataricum. Long-vegetating species were characterized by long growing of sprouts and late fall of leaves. In the autumn period, A. campestre and A. tataricum are the fanciest with a long period of leaves coloring.  A. pseudoplatanus and A. trautvetteri don’t have a phase of generative development due to poor winter resistance, and are not recommended for use in landscaping.   

Temperature affects morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plug seedlings of Astragalus membranaceus

Astragalus membranaceus is widely used to improve human immune system. However, the standardization of growth conditions for the commercial production of A. membranaceus is not yet available. Therefore, the effect of temperature on A. membranaceus seedlings growth was investigated in this study. Seedlings were grown for 4 weeks under different daytime/nighttime temperatures, 25 °C/15 °C, 20 °C/20 °C, or 20 °C/15 °C, in controlled growth chambers with a 16 h photoperiod and 150 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density provided by white light-emitting diodes and 70% relative humidity. Results showed that 25 °C/15 °C significantly increased root and shoot mass, stem diameter, and the ratio of total dry weight to whole plant length. Besides, photosynthetic related reactions including chlorophyll level, internal carbon dioxide, photosynthetic assimilation rate, and stomatal conductance were also enhanced in seedlings grown under 25 °C/15 °C. In addition, 25 °C/15 °C accelerated the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites containing carbohydrates, protein, phenol, and flavonoids. A higher reactive oxygen species level and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in seedlings grown under 20 °C/20 °C and 20 °C/15 °C than 25 °C/15 °C. Therefore, the results suggested that 25 °C/15 °C promoted the growth of A. membranaceus seedlings, and higher average daily temperature and the difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures may induce compact shoots and strong roots with improved nutrient quality and medical care value.

Nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for flexible sleeping patterns and insights into human evolution.

We investigated occurrences and patterns of terrestrial nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and modelled the influence of various ecological predictors on nocturnal activity. Data were extracted from terrestrial camera-trap footage and ecological surveys from 22 chimpanzee study sites participating in the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. We described videos demonstrating nocturnal activity, and we tested the effects of the percentage of forest, abundance of predators (lions, leopards and hyenas), abundance of large mammals (buffalos and elephants), average daily temperature, rainfall, human activity, and percent illumination on the probability of nocturnal activity. We found terrestrial nocturnal activity to occur at 18 of the 22 study sites, at an overall average proportion of 1.80% of total chimpanzee activity, and to occur during all hours of the night, but more frequently during twilight hours. We found a higher probability of nocturnal activity with lower levels of human activity, higher average daily temperature, and at sites with a larger percentage of forest. We found no effect of the abundance of predators and large mammals, rainfall, or moon illumination. Chimpanzee terrestrial nocturnal activity appears widespread yet infrequent, which suggests a consolidated sleeping pattern. Nocturnal activity may be driven by the stress of high daily temperatures and may be enabled at low levels of human activity. Human activity may exert a relatively greater influence on chimpanzee nocturnal behavior than predator presence. We suggest that chimpanzee nocturnal activity is flexible, enabling them to respond to changing environmental factors.

Average Daily Temperature Effects on Paclobutrazol Efficacy of Four Floriculture Crops

The effects of paclobutrazol (PBZ), a plant growth retardant, and average daily temperature (ADT) on geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), marigold (Tagetes erecta), and pineapple mint (Mentha suaveolens) were quantified. Treatments consisted of four PBZ spray concentrations (0, 15, 30, or 45 ppm) and three ADTs (constant day and night greenhouse temperatures set to 16, 22, or 28 °C). The effectiveness of PBZ was dependent on species. Greenhouse ADT was significant for all species for both growth index (GI) and dry weight (DW). Whether the GI or DW was impacted by the interaction between ADT and PBZ levels were also species dependent. As ADT increased, the trialed levels of PBZ were less effective. Three species (all but petunia) had a significant ADT and PBZ interaction for DW. The 0 ppm PBZ treatment for geranium exhibited a larger DW at 28 °C compared with 16 °C, whereas the 30 and 45 ppm PBZ treatments each had smaller DWs at 28 °C than at 16 °C. However, marigold and pineapple mint generally had larger DWs at higher ADTs than lower ADTs within a PBZ treatment.

Hot and humid: A bad combination for you, me, and patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathyCalkins

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is an important cause of sudden death in young adults. Since the initial report of a series of 24 patients with this condition by Marcus and Fontaine in 1982, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of all aspects of this disease. These advancements include improved understanding of (1) the natural history of ARVD/C, (2) optimal approaches for diagnosis, (3) the genetic basis of this condition, (4) the fundamental pathophysiologic mechanisms of ARVD/C, (5) the link between ARVD and exercise, (6) sudden death prevention, and (7) sudden death risk factors. Although far more work remains, the degree of scientific progress is remarkable. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Chung et al report the results of their investigation into the effect of season and meteorological variations on the frequency of SCD and ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with AVRD/C from Taiwan. With the publication of the results of this study, the body of knowledge regarding arrhythmic risk in ARVD/C advances one step further. A total of 88 consecutive patients with ARVD/C (22 living and 68 diagnosed at autopsy) from Taipei City identified over a 14-year period were included in this analysis. There were 106 arrhythmic events, including 38 appropriate ICD interventions in living patients with ARVD/C and 68 patients with SCD in whom ARVD/C was diagnosed at autopsy. Approximately twice as many arrhythmic events occurred during the summer than during any of the other 3 seasons (among which the number of arrhythmic events did not differ). An analysis of meteorological factors associated with the development of ventricular arrhythmias revealed that the 2 independent variables were higher average daily temperature and higher humidity within 3 days of the arrhythmic episode. This study is a welcome addition to the literature as we continue our quest to fully understand all aspects of ARVD/C. To my knowledge, this is the first study to

Different day and night temperature responses in Lilium hansonii in relation to growth and flower development

Temperature is one of the most important factors that directly affect the possibility and the rate of flower differentiation in many geophytes such as Lilium. In this experiment, different day and night temperatures were used to determine the required day and night temperature for flower bud development in Lilium hansonii. After low temperature exposure for breaking bulb dormancy, the bulbs were planted in pots, and placed in designated growth chambers each with a specific temperature. The plants were exposed to different temperatures for 30 days, and 15 days after planting sample plants were collected in each treatment for observation of flower bud development using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Responses of plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter were also measured as affected by difference between day and night temperature (DIF) and average daily temperature (ADT). The results showed that average daily temperature and high day temperature had a direct effect on the quality, quantity, and time required for flower bud development. They also affected the stem elongation, number of leaves, and stem diameter. Higher ADT and DT (25°C) promoted stem elongation and increased leaf unfolding rate (LUR), but with less number of leaves produced. As ADT and DT increased, stem diameter decreases. In lower ADT and DT (15°C) treatment, greater stem diameter and higher number of flower buds (2–7 buds) were produced. Higher ADT and DT promoted early flower bud initiation, but lower number of flower buds with higher possibilities of flower bud abortion, while lower ADT and DT showed slower flower bud initiation and development with higher flower bud formation.

Seasonal variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death and ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: The effect of meteorological factors

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most catastrophic presentation in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C). To investigate the seasonal variations in the frequency of SCD and ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with AVRD/C and to elucidate the meteorological factors that trigger these events. From 1998 to 2012, we enrolled 88 consecutive patients with ARVD/C from Taipei City. The cohort included 20 living patients who received implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and 68 autopsied patients with SCD from the Taiwan National Forensic Institute registry. The baseline clinical characteristics, seasonal distribution, and associated meteorological factors were explored to predict the occurrences of events, which include appropriate ICD interventions and SCD. There were 106 events, including 38 (35.8%, 1.9 episodes per patient) appropriate ICD interventions in living patients with ARVD/C and 68 (64.2%) SCD events. The seasonal peak occurred predominantly in summer (P < .05) in both groups. For meteorological factors, the onset of event was associated with higher average daily temperature and longer sunshine duration. The variation in humidity within 3 days of events was significantly increased. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher average daily temperature and larger variation in humidity were associated with increase in events (odds ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.31, P < .001, and odds ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.15-1.23, P < .001, respectively). There was seasonal variation with a summer peak in the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and SCD in patients with ARVD/C. Meteorological factors including higher temperature and larger variation in humidity within 3 days of events were independently associated with the development of events.

Serological Detection of Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infecting Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Using a Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in some major tomato growing areas in Ghana as part of a comprehensive strategy for the management of viral diseases on tomato. The lateral flow immunoassay technique (the immunostrip test of Agdia Inc.) was used to assay for TMV and CMV in samples with symptoms of virus infection collected from some major tomato growing areas in Ghana; Vea, Tono and Pwalugu (Upper East region-UE), Agogo and Akumadan (Ashanti region-AR) and Tanoso and Tuobodom (Brong-Ahafo region-BA) in 2011 and 2012. In the UE, TMV and CMV were both detected at Vea, Tono and Pwalugu. In the AR, CMV and TMV were both detected at Akumadan while only CMV was detected at Agogo. In BA, TMV and CMV were both detected at Tanoso and Tuobodom. Field incidence of TMV was higher in the UE which had higher average daily temperatures. The serological identification of TMV in the three regions is the first of this virus in Ghana. This is also the first report of the use of this lateral flow immunoassay technique to detect these viruses in the country. The identification of TMV and CMV in Ghana gives an indication of the need to focus efforts for virus disease management on these virus in addition to the already known begomoviruses like Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMV)(Delete), Tomato leaf curl Kumasi virus and Tomato leaf curl Ghana virus.

Is Agricultural Activity Linked to the Incidence of Human West Nile Virus?

West Nile virus (WNV) has spread throughout the contiguous United States. During the 2002-2003 period, there were 14,023 laboratory-confirmed human cases of WNV in 45 states and 541 associated deaths. Factors that affect case distribution are poorly understood. This study assessed the relationship of environmental factors and agricultural activity with the presence of human WNV cases. County-level data were collected that included 2002 and 2003 WNV surveillance data, temperature, dairy revenue, precipitation, total irrigated acres, and total crop revenue. Logistic regression models were used to determine which risk factors were significantly associated with WNV human cases. Significant independent predictors for counties with human WNV cases were population (odds ratio [OR]=1.20, p<0.0001); higher average daily temperature in April through October (OR=1.19 for each additional degree Fahrenheit, p<0.0001); and total crop sales (OR=1.14 (p<0.001). The ORs for these predictors increased in an analysis of counties with ten or more cases. Higher temperature and farming activity may be strongly associated with the incidence of human WNV infection. Larger studies of more agricultural centers are warranted to determine which environmental factors increase the risk of human infection and how these infections can be prevented.

Effects of Reversed Day/Night Temperatures on a Doritaenopsis Hybrid Orchid

It not clear how a prolonged period of cool days and warm nights affect Phalaenopsis hybrids which take up CO2 mainly at night. The `Lava Glow' clone of the hybrid Doritaenopsis (Phal. Buddha's Treasure × Doritis pulcherrima) 15 cm in leaf span were subjected to day/night (12 h each daily) temperatures of 30/25, 25/30, 25/20, or 20/25 °C at 170 umol.m-2 .s-1 PPF. After nine months, plants under the higher average daily temperature (ADT) produced more leaves. Those grown at 30/25 °C had the largest leaf span and total length of the new leaves. Plants under 30/25, 25/30, 25/20, or 20/25 °C had 5.0, 4.7, 3.6, and 2.8 new leaves and 72, 61, 42, and 28 cm in total new leaf length, respectively. Cool days and warm nights resulted in smaller leaf span and reduced leaf growth, particularly at 20/25 than at 25/30 °C. Within a given ADT, cooler days resulted in shorter leaves. Leaves produced by plants at the lower ADT had a smaller length to width ratio and the more desirable oval shape. The most striking effect of 20/25 °C was that 14 out of 15 plants bloomed, whereas only 5 plants under 25/20 °C and none in the 30/25 or 25/30 °C treatment flowered. In a second experiment, 18-22 cm plants were subjected to 30/20, 20/30, 25/15, or 15/25 °C. After 29 weeks, similar results were obtained. All plants under 15/25 °C bloomed, whereas none in the other treatments produced flowers. Long-term exposure to 15/25 °C resulted in slow leaf production and undesirable small leaves. These results suggest that, with day temperatures in the 20-15 °C range, nights 10-5 °C warmer are not desirable for rapid vegetative growth. However, cool days and warm nights may be used to effectively induce the flowering process.

Effect of vegetation type and environmental factors on European wild rabbitOryctolagus cuniculus counts in a southern Portuguese montado

This study assesses the effect of vegetation and variables related to weather and light conditions on the efficacy of rabbitOryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) counts carried out in the south of Portugal. Counts were carried out in two years using driven line transects, and correlated with vegetation type and the variables using generalised linear models. The offset was a surveyed area estimated using Distance Sampling Theory as a means of correcting for detectability bias. More rabbits were observed in dense vegetation during day-time counts and in crops during night-time counts. In 1998, day-time counts were higher with higher average daily temperatures, whilst the night-time counts were higher with higher minimum daily temperatures. In 1999, day-time counts decreased with the amount of rainfall in the previous month, and the night-time counts decreased with the accumulated rainfall in the previous two months and with the higher wind speeds. In order to increase efficacy, counts should be carried out either at dawn or at dusk during the post-breeding season, and with greater intensity in dense scrub or open vegetation with high tree cover. During the breeding season and winter, counts should be carried out after dusk and with greater intensity in arable crops.

USING DIF TO SHORTEN INTERNODES AND INCREASE HEAT TOLERANCE IN GREENHOUSE GROWN WATERMELONS (CITRULLUS LANATUS THUNB. 'BINKNA' AND 'KAMRO')

Watermelon plants were grown for 30 days in all combinations of day and night temperatures of 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C; yielding 9 separate treatments with DIFs from -10 to +10. At harvest, plant internode length, dry weight, total chlorophyll, number of flowers and heat tolerance were measured. Dry weight accumulation was very sensitive to average daily temperature with plants grown at 35/30°C (DT/NT) being the most sensitive. However, within the same average daily temperatures, a negative DIF had no effect on total dry matter accumulation. A negative DIF did shorten the average internode length as compared to the plants with no DIF or plants grown under a positive DIF. Flowering of these cultivars appeared to be promoted by increasing day temperature, while high night temperature regimes of 35°C significantly reduced it as compared to 30°C night temperature regimes. Growth at a higher average daily temperature with DIF significantly increased the heat tolerance as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. There was no significant difference in heat tolerance between negative DIF and positive DIF grown watermelon. However, these results suggest that watermelon morphology can be controlled by DIF treatment during the seedling stage. The shortening of distance between the first 14 internodes where fruits are set, will result in more compact plants which are easier to harvest.

EFFECTS OF DAY AND NIGHT TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT LEVEL ON CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS

The effects of 5 day temperatures (15-35 C), 5 night temperatures (15-35 C), and 3 light levels (50% shade, ambient, and supplemental light) were determined for Catharanthus roseus cv. `Grape Cooler', Average Daily Temperature (ADT) was calculated for the 25 day/night temperature combinations. As ADT increased, time to flower decreased with the shortest time to flower at an ADT of 32.5 C. Plants grown without supplemental light and with an ADT of 17.5 C or less did not flower at the termination of the experiment (110 days from seeding). Plants grown under higher ADT also had a higher leaf unfolding rate (LUR) than plants grown under the lower ADT. The increase in LUR was linear over the entire temperature range of 15-35 C. Application of supplemental lights increased shoot fresh weight and decreased time to flower.

Foliar δ13C within a temperate deciduous forest: spatial, temporal, and species sources of variation.

Foliar 13C-abundance (δ13C) was analyzed in the dominant trees of a temperate deciduous forest in east Tennessee (Walker Branch Watershed) to investigate the variation in foliar δ13C as a function of time (within-year and between years), space (canopy height, watershed topography and habitat) and species (deciduous and coniferous taxa). Various hypotheses were tested by analyzing (i) samples collected from the field during the growing season and (ii) foliar tissues maintained in an archived collection. The δ13C-value for leaves from the tops of trees was 2 to 3%. more positive than for leaves sampled at lower heights in the canopy. Quercus prinus leaves sampled just prior to autumn leaf fall had significantly more negative δ13C-values than those sampled during midsummer. On the more xeric ridges, needles of Pinus spp. had more positive δ13C-values than leaves from deciduous species. Foliar δ13C-values differed significantly as a function of topography. Deciduous leaves from xeric sites (ridges and slopes) had more positive δ13C-values than those from mesic (riparian and cove) environments. On the more xeric sites, foliar δ13C was significantly more positive in 1988 (a dry year) relative to that in 1989 (a year with above-normal precipitation). In contrast, leaf δ13C in trees from mesic valley bottoms did not differ significantly among years with disparate precipitation. Patterns in foliar δ13C indicated a higher ratio of net CO2 assimilation to transpiration (A/E) for trees in more xeric versus mesic habitats, and for trees in xeric habitats during years of drought versus years of normal precipitation. However, A/E (units of mmol CO2 fixed/mol H2O transpired) calculated on the basis of δ13C-values for leaves from the more xeric sites was higher in a wet year (6.6±1.2) versus a dry year (3.4±0.4). This difference was attributed to higher transpiration (and therefore lower A/E) in the year with lower relative humidity and higher average daily temperature. The calculated A/E values for the forest in 1988-89, based on δ13C, were within ±55% of estimates made over a 17 day period at this site in 1984 using micrometeorological methods.