Higher Attitude Scores Research Articles

Patients’ perspective and practices of heart failure recurrence prevention in Yancheng City

Effective self-management is essential for patients with heart failure, but many struggle with acquiring the necessary skills. Given the complexity of heart failure management and the importance of patient adherence to prescribed regimens, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning the prevention of heart failure recurrence among patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Third People’s Hospital of Yancheng City from September 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023, employing a self-administered KAP questionnaire. The study included 421 heart failure patients, of whom 230 (54.6%) were male. Median scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practices were 12.00 [10.00, 13.00] (possible range: 1–18), 20.00 [19.00, 21.00] (possible range: 5–25), and 16.00 [15.00, 17.00] (possible range: 5–22), respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.183, P < 0.001), as well as between knowledge and practice scores (r = 0.169, P < 0.001). A higher attitude score was significantly associated with a higher practice score (r = 0.245, P < 0.001), as supported by structural equation modelling. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that attitude score (OR = 1.238), suburban residence (OR = 2.524), monthly household income exceeding 5000 RMB (OR = 3.539), BMI less than 20 kg/m2 (OR = 2.155, P = 0.029), BMI between 20 and 24 kg/m2 (OR = 2.387), and BMI between 25 and 29 kg/m2 (OR = 4.063) were independently linked to proactive practices (all P < 0.05). Additionally, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) elucidated the intricate relationship between sociodemographic factors and KAP dimensions. Despite positive attitudes and proactive prevention efforts, heart failure patients exhibit a knowledge gap. Tailored educational interventions by healthcare providers could effectively bridge this gap, leveraging patients’ positive attitudes and proactive behaviours to reinforce preventive measures.

Utilisation of the Hip Disability and Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score in physiotherapy following total hip and knee arthroplasty: a cross-sectional survey

Objective To explore the frequency of administration and the usage of the Hip Disability and Knee injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (HOOS/KOOS) and their Physical function Short forms (HOOS-PS/KOOS-PS) by physiotherapists after total hip and knee arthroplasties (THA/TKA). Design A cross-sectional study using an open online survey. Setting Primary care physiotherapy practices affiliated with the Dutch Association for Quality in Physiotherapy. Participants Physiotherapists with experience treating over five patients with a THA or TKA within the past 5 years. Results One hundred and sixty-six physiotherapists completed the survey (median age: 40.0 years, female: 34%, median experience: 15.0 years). Of those, 32 did not administer the HOOS(-PS) or KOOS(-PS) (‘non-users’), 41 administered only due to organisational requirements or guideline recommendations (‘passive users’) and 93 actively used them for individual patient treatment purposes (‘active users’). ‘Treatment evaluation’, ‘diagnosis’, and ‘prognosis’ were most often reported as potential reasons to actively use the HOOS(-PS) or KOOS(-PS) for individual treatment purposes. Determinants associated with active use of the HOOS(-PS) or KOOS(-PS) appeared to be fewer years of experience as a physiotherapist, a larger treatment volume of THA/TKA, a younger age, and higher attitude scores regarding PROM use. Conclusions Most responding physiotherapists administer the HOOS(-PS) or KOOS(-PS), but their use for individual treatment is limited. Active users appear to be less experienced, younger, treat larger volumes of THA/TKA, and possess a more positive attitude towards using patient-reported outcome measures.

Attitudes and Barriers of Emergency Nurses and Physicians Toward Family Presence During Resuscitation in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

IntroductionImplementing family presence during resuscitation poses many challenges in developing countries, especially in developing countries like Iran, where cultural and contextual factors play significant roles. This study examined the attitudes and barriers of Muslim emergency nurses and physicians toward family presence during resuscitation in Iran. MethodsA cross-sectional study included 300 physicians and 500 nurses. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics. ResultsThe overall score of physicians’ attitudes toward family presence during resuscitation was higher than nurses’ (P = .001). Female nurses had a higher attitude score than male nurses (P = .001). Other demographic variables were not significant with nurses’ attitudes toward family presence during resuscitation. The most significant barriers to family presence during resuscitation included increased stress on staff and unwanted events during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The attitude of Iranian physicians and nurses toward family presence during resuscitation is becoming more positive, with more than half of them agreeing with both the concept and the practice. DiscussionThe findings suggest that hospitals should develop and adopt policies to ensure consistent performance when implementing family presence during resuscitation and that the procedure is safe and effective.

Knowledge and attitude toward proton radiotherapy among oncology patients: a multi-center, cross-sectional study.

Aim: To explore the knowledge and attitude among oncology patients toward proton radiotherapy. Materials & methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using self-designed questionnaire. Results: Based on 546 valid questionnaires, mean knowledge and attitude scores of 3.4±3.6 (range: 0-12) and 31.1±3.5 (range: 10-50) were observed. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher education (p=0.021), higher monthly income (p=0.005), and proton radiotherapy history (p<0.001) were independently associated with higher knowledge scores. Higher knowledge (p=0.020), older age (p=0.030), not smoking (p=0.032) andmedication use (p=0.035) were independently associated with higher attitude scores. Conclusion: Oncology patients have insufficient knowledge and negative attitude toward proton radiotherapy, which might be affected by their age, education, income, proton radiotherapy history, employment, smoking and medication use.

Evaluating the public's readiness to combat vector-borne disease threats in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional survey.

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) pose a significant public health challenge in Saudi Arabia, particularly in the Jazan region. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding VBDs among the population of Jazan and to identify factors associated with these variables. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 642 adult residents of Jazan using a convenience random sampling technique. The survey tool consisted of 6 domains: demographics, knowledge of VBDs, preventive practices, care-seeking behavior, knowledge of specific VBDs, and attitudes towards VBDs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t tests, ANOVA, and multivariable logistic regression. The majority of participants (60.0%) had high knowledge scores, while (75.5%) and (77.7%) had high attitude and practice scores, respectively. However, knowledge gaps were identified in specific areas, such as the transmission of leishmaniasis and Rift Valley fever. Gender was a significant predictor of both knowledge and practice scores, with males having higher knowledge and females demonstrating higher levels of preventive practices. Age, education, income, and working status were also associated with knowledge scores. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and educational campaigns to address the identified gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Future research should focus on exploring the effectiveness of different intervention strategies and investigating the integration of VBD prevention and control measures into existing healthcare systems. By employing a multi-disciplinary approach, evidence-based strategies can be developed to prevent and control VBDs, ultimately improving public health outcomes in Jazan and other endemic regions worldwide.

Correlation between Knowledge and Attitudes on Arsenic Contamination among Blood Clam (Anadara granosa) Sellers at Traditional Markets in North Surabaya

Background: Indonesia, with its vast coastline, has become a major exporter of seafood products, including clams, generating millions of dollars in revenue. However, clams are frequently associated with foodborne illnesses, due to the presence of hazardous marine pollutants like arsenic. Objective: This research examines the connection between the knowledge and attitudes of sellers, regarding arsenic contamination in blood clams sold at traditional markets in North Surabaya. Method: The study employed a cross-sectional method, collecting primary data through direct interviews and questionnaires from 35 blood clam sellers in North Surabaya, as well as secondary data from previous studies. Results: The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, which indicated that there is / was no significant correlation between the sellers' knowledge and attitudes (p &gt; 0.001). Conclusion: Consequently, it can be concluded that there is a lack of association between the sellers' knowledge and attitudes toward arsenic contamination in blood clams sold at traditional markets in North Surabaya, as evidenced by the high attitude scores (related to healthy practices) but low knowledge scores in the questionnaire.

Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among Korean Pulmonologists: A Nationwide Survey.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) significantly impacts cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory health. In Korea, OSA patients are treated by specialists in internal medicine, otolaryngology, neurology, and psychiatry, but the participation rate of pulmonologists in OSA management is relatively low compared to other specialties. This study investigated the knowledge and attitudes about OSA among Korean pulmonologists. An online survey was conducted, targeting respiratory specialists listed in the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases directory. The survey used the validated "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Knowledge and Attitudes" (OSAKA) questionnaire, which consists of questions about knowledge and attitudes on OSA. To maximize participation, email invitations were sent three times to the target audience. Out of 634 queried pulmonologists, 127 (20%) responded to the survey. The mean age of respondents was 45.4 ± 8.6 years. The respondents' years of specialty acquisition ranged from the 1980s to the 2010s. Additionally, 74 (58.3%) held a doctor's degree, and 96 (75.6%) worked in hospitals with a sleep center. Furthermore, 71 (55.9%) of the pulmonologists reported having experience with OSA patients. Pulmonologists with experience managing OSA patients had significantly higher knowledge and attitude scores compared to those without such experience. Interestingly, older respondents and those who completed their pulmonology training earlier had higher attitude scores. In addition, the knowledge score significantly correlated with responses to the five items of the attitude questionnaire. This study provides valuable insights into the knowledge and attitudes of Korean pulmonologists regarding OSA. The findings indicate that their knowledge levels are comparable to or better than those in previous studies. These results underscore the need for targeted educational programs and practical training, especially for younger pulmonologists, to enhance their proficiency in managing OSA and to encourage a more active role in its treatment.

Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitude of Physicians Toward Child Abuse: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Child abuse refers to any type of mistreatment of a child, perpetrated by a parent, caregiver, or another individual in a custodial capacity, which may lead to instances of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse. Physicians play a crucial role in identifying and managing this phenomenon in the healthcare setting, as the number of unreported cases increases globally. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted between 2022 and 2023 among physicians practicing in Saudi Arabia to assess their knowledge, awareness, and attitude toward child abuse. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). A total of 153 physicians were involved in this study, in which 65 participants (42.5%) indicated poor awareness of child abuse, while 79 participants (51.6%) indicated moderate knowledge of child abuse. Additionally, lack of knowledge was the most common barrier to reporting child abuse in 87 participants (56.9%). A positive significant correlation was identified between awareness and knowledge and between knowledge and attitude. Also, it was found that a higher attitude score was more associated with being male, having less experience, practicing in the emergency medicine department, and working in a governmental hospital. These results highlight the significance of implementing specialized training programs and workshops focused on identifying and reporting child abuse, as well as providing guidelines for recognizing signs of abuse and taking appropriate intervention measures.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adults in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia regarding Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcers, cancers, and treatment.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection presents a significant threat to global health with serious associated morbidities. This study aimed to assess awareness, attitudes, and practices related to HP in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) through a survey-based cross-sectional study involving 2,541 respondents. We used a structured online questionnaire to gather data on personal and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as HP-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The survey was distributed through various social media platforms. The results revealed that 59.4% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge about HP, with a mean knowledge score of 3.7 ± 1.0 out of 5. Knowledge gaps were particularly evident regarding the contagiousness and transmission modes of HP. The mean attitude score was 12.2 ± 2.2 out of a maximum score of 15. In total, 37.6% of respondents reported ever being tested for HP, with 54.2% testing positive. Among those treated for HP, only 79% received antibiotic therapy and 37.8% received acid-reducing medications. Knowledge levels were significantly higher among younger and highly educated respondents (P < 0.001), and respondents with higher knowledge scores also had higher attitude scores than those with lower knowledge scores (12.6 ± 2.0 vs. 11.6 ± 2.0, P < 0.001). Individuals who had undergone HP testing had significantly higher knowledge levels than those who did not (62.3 vs. 57.8, P = 0.024). These findings underscore the urgent need for raising the population's awareness regarding the risks, prevention, and management of HP infection through targeted educational strategies.

Insights into Multicultural Competence of Early Childhood Teacher Candidates in Indonesian Islamic Higher Education

This study investigates multicultural attitudes among 168 ECE teacher candidates from four state Islamic universities in Indonesia, using a quantitative descriptive design and the Multicultural Attitudes Survey for Teachers. Results indicate a high average multicultural attitude score of 74.12, with candidates demonstrating confidence in managing multicultural classrooms and promoting cultural pride among children. However, their attitudes are primarily based on personal interactions rather than formal coursework. Interviews with 27 respondents further explore multicultural education practices during teaching practicum, revealing a need for improved collaboration with parents and greater emphasis on multicultural education in both teacher education and ECE curricula. Practical implications include integrating multicultural education into teacher education programs, fostering experiential learning for attitude development, and expanding multicultural education coverage in ECE curricula to enhance children's multicultural awareness.

Identity Formation of Pre-Service Teachers. Relations with Training and Attitudes toward Cultural Diversity

The university years represents a pivotal period in the student's life, influencing decision-making and impacting their identity. The new experiences encountered during this phase may give rise to a certain identity crisis, allowing for a reconsideration of previously adopted commitments, and potentially influencing the development of future educators, with a special issue such as cultural diversity among others. This study aims to identify the identity status of prospective education teachers and analyse attitudes towards cultural diversity among students. The research design is quantitative, ex-post-facto, descriptive, and inferential. The incidental sample comprises a total of 378 students from the degrees in Early Childhood Education and Primary Education at the University of Córdoba (Spain). Of the total sample, being 74.03% female, with an average age of 20.64 (SD = 2.95). The results reflected that students in a mature status are those who exhibit higher scores in attitudes towards cultural diversity. In this context, the initial teacher training should consider identity as a factor to be taken into account for promoting positive attitudes towards cultural diversity, specifically emphasizing the development of responsible decision-making in the curriculum of Education degrees.

Attitude toward human papillomavirus self-sampling and associated factors among Thai women undergoing colposcopy.

To compare attitudes toward self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing before and after specimen collection in women undergoing colposcopy. The factors associated with the pre-sampling attitude were also studied. This prospective study enrolled women with abnormal cervical cytology and/or positive high-risk HPV who attended colposcopy clinics at 10 cancer centers in Thailand between October 2021 and May 2022. Prior to colposcopy, the attitudes of the women toward self-sampling were surveyed through a questionnaire. Written and verbal instructions for self-sampling were provided before the process and subsequent colposcopy. The attitudes toward self-sampling were reassessed after the actual self-sampling. Factors associated with the attitudes were analyzed. A total of 499 women were included in this study. The mean age was 39.28±11.36 years. A total of 85.3% were premenopause, and 98.8% had sexual experience. With the full score of 45, the attitude score after self-sampling was significantly higher than the attitude score before self-sampling (39.69±5.16 vs. 37.76±5.71; P<0.001). On univariate analysis, the factors associated with attitude before HPV self-sampling were age, menopausal status, sexual activity, education level, income, knowledge regarding HPV, and prior high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion histology. The remaining significant factor on multivariate analysis was sexual activity within the past year (B=0.105, 95% confidence interval, 0.014-2.870; P=0.048). Attitudes toward self-sampling improved after the actual self-sampling process, as evidenced by higher attitude scores. Sexual activity was the only independent factor related to the attitude before self-sampling.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the diagnosis and management of paediatric sepsis among paediatric physicians and nurses: a cross-sectional study of 21 hospitals in Hubei Province, China

ObjectivesTo evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards diagnosing and managing paediatric sepsis among paediatric physicians and nurses.DesignA cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study.Setting21 hospitals in Hubei Province between February 2023 and March...

Measuring Change in Undergraduate Students’ Attitudes towards On-line Exams Depending on Gender and Some Technological Variables

The purpose of this study is to determine and compare how undergraduate students’ attitudes towards on-line exams vary depending on gender and some technological variables. This study was carried out by using a survey method. As data collection tool, the Undergraduate Students Attitude Scale Towards On-line Exams which consists of 21 items, each with five response alternatives covering attitudes of undergraduate students towards on-line exams was used. Scale was developed by Ocak &amp; Karakuş (2022).In this research, scale was administered to 1361 undergraduate school students from four different universities 2020–2021 academic year in Turkey. The convenience sampling method was used for selecting participants. The data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA and independent-sample t- tests using a statistical package program (SPSS 10.0). As a result, Wi-Fi-using undergraduate students had higher attitude scores in Taking Precautions, Individual Characteristics dimensions and in total scores of USASOE. Female undergraduate students had higher attitude scores in the Taking Precautions dimension. Moreover, students who spend more hours on the internet had higher attitude scores and in on-line exams computer using students also had higher attitudes.Finally, in the Taking Precautions dimension, students who always or sometimes attend on-line courses had more positive attitudes than the ones who never attend on-line courses.

Public awareness, attitude, and practice regarding food labeling, Alexandria, Egypt

BackgroundFood labeling is an important public health tool allowing consumers to make informed and healthy choices. Considering how important it is for consumers to be aware of food labels while choosing healthy foods, this study aims at assessing public awareness, attitude, and practice regarding food labeling in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt.MethodsA cross sectional study using a predesigned interview questionnaire to collect data from 719 adult consumers from both sexes (28.2% males: 71.8% females), recruited from different branches of one of the largest supermarkets in Alexandria.ResultsMore than half of the participants (55.6%) reported reading food labels. The most frequently read information was production/ expiry date (76.8%), product name (68.3%), and ingredients (38.0%) while the least frequently read was nutritional facts (29.9%). More than half of the study sample (50.9%) had low awareness about the content of food labels, nevertheless, having higher scores on awareness about food labels predicted reading practice. Nearly three-quarters of the respondents had average to good food label reading practice. Most respondents (81.8%) had a favorable attitude about food labeling in its present form, however, higher attitude scores did not seem to influence their use of food labels. Being older (β = 0.045, CI; 0.014–0.076, p = 0.005), being female (β = 1.162, CI; 0.541–1.784, p = 0.000), having secondary education or equivalent (β = 1.042,CI; 0.050–2.034, p = 0.040), having university education or beyond (β = 3.090, CI; 2.132–4.048, p = 0.000), and having higher scores on awareness about food labels (β = 1.407, CI; 1.324–1.490, p = 0.000) were significant predictors of reading food labels.ConclusionsMost of the studied consumers had a positive attitude towards food labeling, however, more than half of them had low awareness of food labeling content. Nutritional facts were the least frequently read by consumers. Reading food labels was significantly predicted by having higher education, being older, being a female, and having better awareness.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Cervical Cancer Prevention among Female University Students in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.

Cervical Cancer (CC) is the fourth most frequent malignancy worldwide among females with significant death rates. It ranks as the 8th most frequent cancer in Saudi female. CC is preventable, with likelihood of full treatment by early detection, because of its long pre-invasive period. Lack of awareness and practice on CC prevention and screening increase the risk of disease. to examine knowledge, attitude, and practice on CC prevention among Saudi female university students. A facility-based cross-sectional study with a convenience sample included 594 female university students studying at health and non-health colleges of Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University in Al-Kharj City, Saudi Arabia. All female students were asked to complete an online questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and practice on CC prevention. A total of 594 respondents to the questionnaire, 88.7% of them had unsatisfactory knowledge about CC. Out of a total of 27 points, students' knowledge mean score was 9.3 ± 6.4. Conversely the majority of students (94.4%) had positive attitude toward CC; the mean attitude score was 34.52 ± 5.04 out of 45. Regarding students practice, less than 7% of students were vaccinated against HPV and only 3.7% were screened for cancer cervix. Married females, health colleges students, and high attitude score were significant predictors for the students' knowledge about cancer cervix (P < 0.05). Majority of the respondents displayed lack of knowledge; however, they had a positive attitude toward CC. Very alarmingly, almost all of students had inadequate practice regarding CC prevention. So, the study recommends developing and implementing educational programs and strategies for female university students to improve their knowledge and practice related to cervix cancer. Results of this study provide evidence that can help in formulating effective awareness strategies and educational programs for women that would help in CC prevention.

Factors Influencing Public Attitudes and Willingness to Utilize Telepharmacy Services in the UAE.

Background: Telepharmacy, utilizing telecommunications to dispense pharmaceutical products and deliver patient care, offers numerous benefits for both the public and pharmacists. Previous research on exploring attitudes and willingness to use telepharmacy services has primarily focused on pharmacists rather than the general population. Aim: This study is aimed at assessing the attitudes and willingness of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population to utilize telepharmacy services and identifying the factors influencing their inclination to use these services. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a survey was distributed using convenience and snowball sampling to individuals aged 18 or older across the UAE through various social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp. The survey domains included sociodemographics, attitudes, and readiness to utilize a telepharmacy service. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the variables associated with participants' willingness to utilize telepharmacy in the future. Results: In total, 963 individuals participated in the study. Participants showed overall positive attitudes towards telepharmacy, with 70.9% believing that telepharmacy saved time and effort. While only 32% of the participants acknowledged that numerous telepharmacy services were available for use in the UAE, most were interested in using telepharmacy services in the future (79.2%). Participants who had higher attitude scores (AOR = 1.147, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-1.18) and those who had used these services previously (AOR = 3.270, 95% CI: 1.692-6.320) were more interested in using telepharmacy services in the future. Conclusion: Forthcoming healthcare strategies should focus on expanding the availability of telepharmacy services throughout various regions of the country. This expansion will facilitate the broader utilization of these services and ultimately contribute to improved health outcomes.

Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence Among Otolaryngologists in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Otolaryngology has experienced notable advancements and growth in the application of artificial intelligence (AI). However, otolaryngologists' perception of these tools are lacking. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes of otolaryngologists toward AI. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 otolaryngologists in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A piloted questionnaire was used to gather information on knowledge, attitude, and opinions regarding AI. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. Of the sample, 60% indicated average perceived knowledge of AI, while approximately 44.5% perceived their AI knowledge in the field of otolaryngology to be below average. A significant positive correlation was identified between knowledge and attitude scores. It was found that a higher knowledge score was more closely associated with seeing more than 15 patients per day, while a higher attitude score was more closely associated with being older, being a consultant, and having more years of professional experience. Of the sample, 38.2% strongly agreed that the application of AI in scientific research should be included in the residency training program. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating AI tools into certain aspects of the otolaryngology residency training program, highlighting their significance.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceived Barriers of Nurses Regarding Pain Management in Emergency Department; a KAP Study.

Adequate knowledge and positive attitude among nurses are essential for successful pain management as a fundamental aspect of patients' rights. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and perceived barriers of nurses regarding acute pain management in emergency department. In this cross-sectional study, participating nurses were selected using a consecutive sampling technique within a medical university. Data were collected using 4 questionnaires, which consisted of demographic information checklist, Pain Management Principles Assessment Tool (PMPAT), Nurses' Attitude Survey (NAS), and Nurses' practice checklist. The correlation between knowledge, attitude, and barriers with each other and with baseline characteristics of participates were studied. 400 nurses with the mean age of 38.26±10.39 years were studied (63% male). The average knowledge score of studied nurses was 7.38 ± 2.16 (range: 1 -14). All 400 (100%) nurses exhibited a low level of knowledge. The mean attitude score of participants was 58.47± 22.08 (range:26-100). 214 (53.5%) cases had low attitude, 44 (11.0 %) average attitude, and 142 (35.5%) cases exhibited a high attitude score. The mean score of barriers about pain management was 36.48 ± 23.52 (range: 0 - 80). 23 (5.8%) participants answered the perceived barriers as never, 113 (28.3%) as seldom, 71 (17.8%) as sometimes, 133 (33.3%) as often, and 60 (15.0%) as routine. There was an reverse relationship between the knowledge score and perceived barriers of pain management (r=-0.164, p<0.001). No significant relationship was found between the average knowledge score and nurses' attitudes (r = 0.092; p > 0.065). The findings of this study highlight the need for ongoing training and the organization of workshops for nurses due to their low levels of knowledge and attitude. These training sessions should focus on the concept of pain, assessment methods, pain relief, as well as pharmacology and the physiology of pain.

Environmental Perception: A Comparison between Southwestern U.S. and Honduras Agricultural-related College Students

Understanding agricultural students' environmental perception is necessary to design meaningful interventions to enhance their environmental awareness. This study aims to understand and compare undergraduate students' environmental behavior and perceptions in the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources at a Southwestern United States (US) university and an agricultural university in Honduras (HN). The MANOVA and descriptive statistics show a large effect on the attitude-behavior relationship. Overall, HN students presented higher scores in attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions of environmental education at their university than students from the U.S. university. The most influential behavioral factors for students are financial incentives, friends, and people who take action.