High Yield Research Articles

Photoionization of pyrenemethylamine-labeled oligosaccharides: a new MALDI-TOF precursor ion-type for efficient fragmentation.

Oligosaccharides were covalently labeled with 1-pyrenemethylamine (1-PMA) in 15min at 75°C with high yield, separated by quantitative HPLC in less than 20min, and characterized by off-line Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Time-of-Flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). A new MALDI mass spectral precursor ion for fragmentation studies was observed from 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid matrix (DHB, hydroquinone/benzoquinone redox system) through photo-induced reductive elimination. The resulting high-energy protonated glycosylamine provided excellent fragmentation efficiency (Y-, B-ions, and combination losses), with ions covering almost the entire structure of several oligosaccharides at the low picomol level. With the new method, glycans from commercially available standard glycoproteins and glycans from bioengineered β-lactoglobulin expressed in the bgs13 mutant of Pichia pastoris were analyzed.

Application of β-Keto Acylpyrazoles as 2C Synthons in Asymmetric Cyclizations of ortho-Hydroxychalcones: Stereoselective Construction of trans-3,4-Dihydrocoumarins.

An asymmetric tandem esterification/Michael addition reaction of β-keto acylpyrazoles with o-hydroxychalcones has been established under the catalysis of a bifunctional squaramide-tertiary amine. A wide variety of biorelevant 3,4-dihydrocoumarin derivatives were generally obtained in high yields (up to 93%) with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (>19:1 dr, up to 93% ee) under mild reaction conditions. This reaction represents the successful application of β-keto acylpyrazoles as 2C building blocks in catalytic asymmetric cyclizations.

Dimeric Copper(I) Complex with a Disulfonamide-Bridged Core.

Pyridine-2-yl-sulfonyl-quinolin-8-yl-amide (psq) has produced the first sulfonamidato-bridged dicopper(I) complex, {Cu[κ4-(μ-κN:κN-psq)]}2 containing the rhombic Cu(I)2N2 core. The single crystal X-ray structure of this complex shows that two anionic psq ligands straddle the metal atoms via bridging sulfonamide N atoms to give a Cu···Cu distance of 2.9593(8) Å. When it is dissolved in chloroform [Cu(psq)]2 activates C-Cl bonds as demonstrated through the rapid formation of [CuCl(psq)]2. While the solid orange compound is stable for weeks under N2. Acetonitrile solutions of [Cu(psq)]2 are rapidly oxidized in air. A 1D-carbonato-bridged coordination polymer, {Cu2[κ4-(μ-κO:κN-psq)]2[μ3-CO3][H2O]}, and the bis-homoleptic complex [Cu(κ3-psq)(κ2-psq)] are concurrently isolated in high yield without evidence of ligand oxidation with H2O2 detected as a side product. This implicit O2 activation was harnessed in the oxidation of phenol substrates. 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is catalytically converted to the coupled dione product with 100% yield. If a para-blocked phenol is used, the reaction become stoichiometric and an O2-derived hydroperoxide group is installed into the ortho position. In contrast, nitrophenol is not oxidized and the result is metal-based oxidation and isolation of [Cu(OC6H4NO2)(psq)]2. This is rationalized by this more acidic phenol acting as a proton donor, rather than a H atom donor to a putative O2 adduct.

Proofreading mechanism for colloidal self-assembly

Designing components that can robustly self-assemble into structures with biological complexity is a grand challenge for material science. Proofreading and error correction is required to improve assembly yield beyond equilibrium limits, using energy to avoid kinetic traps in the energy landscape. Here, we introduce an explicit two-staged proofreading scheme for patchy particle colloidal assemblies that substantially improves assembly yield and robustness. The first stage implements local rules whereby particles increase their binding strengths when they detect a local environment corresponding to a desired target. The second stage corrects remaining errors, adding a reverse pathway inspired by kinetic proofreading. The scheme shows significant yield improvements, eliminating kinetic traps, giving a much broader temperature range with high yield. Additionally, the scheme is robust against quenched disorder in the components. Our findings illuminate a pathway for advancing the programmable design of synthetic living materials, potentially fostering the synthesis of novel biological materials and functional behaviors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Evaluation of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Accessions Resistance against Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum)

Aim: Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) is one of the major biotic factors limiting tomato production globally. Research was conducted in three environments to screen and identify Nigeria tomato accessions that are resistant to fusarium wilt. Methodology: Twelve (12) prominent tomato accessions were collected and screened against Fusarium oxysporum by artificial inoculation under field conditions in three diverse environments. The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data were collected on plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of fruits per plant, and fresh fruits yield per plant (kg) and analyzed using IRRI STAR software. Disease scoring was done using a 0-9 point rating scale in the evaluation trials. Result: The results show some significance levels (P<0.05) in the traits studied within the accessions. The screening result revealed that none of the twelve prominent accessions is highly resistant to the pathogen. One accession was resistant. Three were moderately resistant; three were moderately susceptible and five were highly susceptible. Conclusion: The accessions that were resistant and moderately resistant could be used as a gene donor for breeding for tomato cultivars resistant to Fusarium oxysporum. Moreover, the accessions that have been identified to be resistant and moderately resistant with high yield should be cultivated before improved cultivars that will be resistant to Fusarium oxysporum will be readily available and accessible in rainforest and derived guinea savanna agro-ecological zones of Nigeria.

Au]/[Ag]-Catalyzed Glycosidation of Ethynylcyclohexyl Glycosyl Carbonates Enables Direct Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Azido-2-deoxy-β-mannopyranosides.

We describe the [Au]/[Ag]-catalyzed activation of ethynylcyclohexyl 2-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene mannosyl carbonates for β-mannosamine linkage preparation in high yield and selectivity in a temperature- and concentration-dependent manner. VT-NMR studies reveal an anomeric triflate intermediate generated in the absence of an acceptor alcohol that is stable up to -10 °C. The generality of the protocol was illustrated by successful application to a series of acceptors and by synthesis of a fully protected Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F capsular trisaccharide.

Phytochemical Profiling and Cytotoxic Potential of Senecio flavus n-Hexane Extract using in vitro and in silico Approaches

Background: Using natural products as potential anticancer and antimicrobial agents has gained significant attention. Methods: This study investigated the anticancer and antimicrobial properties of Senecio flavus by using MTT and well-diffusion assays, respectively. The study also examined the potential of S. flavus extracts to induce apoptosis in liver cancer cells using light and fluorescent microscopy. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to identify the phyto-compounds, which were subsequently analyzed through molecular docking using AutoDock Vina 1.1.2. Result: The difference in solvent polarity and extraction methods had a notable influence on the yield of the extracts. The saponin fraction had the highest yield (4.42%). Only the hexane extract demonstrated cytotoxic with IC50 values of 241.2 and 187.8 mg/mL for HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, respectively. Apoptotic morphological changes were observed in cells treated with the hexane extract. Additionally, apoptotic cell induction was confirmed using DAPI and AO-EB dual staining. The saponin fraction of S. flavus demonstrated antimicrobial activity, indicated by inhibition zones measuring 19 mm, 27 mm, 13 mm, 17 mm 12 mm against Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC® BAA-747), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. GC-MS analysis identified a range of bioactive phyto-compounds within the hexane extract. The compounds (R)-3,5,8a-Trimethyl-7,8,8a,9-tetrahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4(6H)-one and Tricyclo [20.8.0.0 (7,16)]triacontane, 1(22),7(16)-diepoxy- demonstrated the most favourable docking results with 4JAS and 5W1B, respectively, exhibiting a ΔG of -9.7 kcal/mol. This highlights the potential of S. flavus as a promising plant, which requires further investigation and development as a therapeutic agent.

Late-Stage Rapid [18F]Trifluoromethyl Radiolabeling of Terminal Alkenes at Room Temperature.

We report an efficient, metal-free method for late-stage rapid [18F]trifluoromethyl radiolabeling of terminal alkenes at room temperature. Utilizing 3,3-difluoroallyl sulfonium salts as precursors, the process achieves high radiochemical yields (up to 94 ± 2%) in just 30 s, with excellent functional group tolerance. This method offers a simplified and efficient pathway to produce [18F]trifluoromethylated terminal alkene compounds, enabling their application in PET imaging and expanding the chemical space for drug discovery.

Yield and quality features of some rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) genotypes

Rosemary has broad distribution in the world, especially in the Mediterranean region and naturally grows on the west and south coasts of Turkey. In this study, a total of 70 genotypes, with 58 local samples collected from different locations in Turkey and 12 foreign samples obtained from different countries located around the Mediterranean belt, were placed under morphological observation in 2021-2022 by creating an observation garden in the trial fields of Yalova Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute. As a result of the research, according to general averages for 2021 and 2022, among morphological and agronomic features, the plant height was 41.1 - 82.3 cm, green herb yield 268.2 - 1137.7 kg/ha, dry herb yield 66.2-110.6 kg/ha, dry leaf yield 51.9 - 71.5 kg/ha, and essential oil yield 0.2 - 2.9 ml/ha. Among quality features, the essential oil proportion was 0.4 - 4.8%, and phenolic compounds included rosmarinic acid (RA) 2.1 - 12.3 mg/g, carnosic acid (CA) 9.3 - 60.7 mg/g and carnosol (CAR) 1.3 - 4.9 mg/g. In conclusion, 9 rosemary genotypes identified with high green herb yield, dry leaf yield, phenolic compounds, essential oil proportion and essential oil quality are B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B52, B62, B69 and B70, and recommended to include these genotypes in repeated yield trials.

Fluorescent Macrocycles with Customizable Backbone: Design, Synthesis, and Detection of Explosive Picric Acid.

Synthesis of size and functional-group tunable dansyl-appended fluorescent macrocycles MC-n, MC-h, MC-p, MC-c, MC-mx, and MC-px using click reaction is reported. Macrocycles were extensively characterized by using various spectroscopic and theoretical techniques. Fluorescent macrocycles showed positive-solvatofluorism, high quantum yields, and strong interactions with nitroaromatic-explosives. Sensing in real water-sample, soil and vapor phase revealed that MC-p exhibits selective detection of picric acid containing three nitro-groups when compared to other nitroaromatics and structurally similar aromatics. Paper-strip based sensor was developed for real-time detection.

Highly Efficient Process for Producing a Jet-A1 Biofuel Component Through Hydroprocessing Soybean Oil over Ni and Pt Catalysts

This study presents an efficient process for producing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) from soybean oil through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and hydroisomerization (HI). The research utilized a commercial nickel catalyst for the HDO step, and a newly developed platinum catalyst supported on SAPO-11 zeolite for the hydroisomerization (HI) stage. The process parameters, including temperature and pressure, were optimized to maximize conversion efficiency and meet ASTM D7566 standards. The results indicate that the HDO process using the nickel catalyst achieved a high yield of n-alkanes (97.8% ± 0.4%) with complete conversion of triglycerides. In the subsequent hydroisomerization step, the platinum catalyst demonstrated excellent selectivity for Jet-A1 fuel, yielding a bio-jet fraction of 87.5% ± 1.6% in a 200 h continuous test. This study also highlights the minimal coking phenomena and high catalyst stability throughout the process. This work suggests that soybean oil, as a readily available feedstock, could significantly contribute to the production of SAF and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the aviation sector. Additionally, the optimization of temperature and pressure conditions is crucial for enhancing the yield and quality of the final bio-jet product.

Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH4 and N2O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China

Ratoon rice can improve rice yield by increasing the multiple cropping index in China. However, the greenhouse gas (CH4 and N2O) emission characteristics from ratoon rice fields and the cultivation methods to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions are rarely reported. This study first conducted the analysis of genotype differences in greenhouse gas emission fluxes using five strong ratoon ability rice varieties in 2020. Second, water management methods, including alternating the wet–dry irrigation (AWD) pattern and conventional flooding irrigation (CF) during the main season, were carried out in 2021. CH4 and N2O emission flux, agronomic traits, and rice yield during both main and ratoon seasons were investigated. The results showed that the CH4 emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons was 157.05–470.73 kg·ha–1 and 31.03–84.38 kg·ha–1, respectively, and the total N2O emission flux was 0.13–0.94 kg·ha–1 in the ratoon rice system over the two seasons (RRSTS). Compared with the main season, the CH4 emission flux during the ratoon season was significantly reduced, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) in the ratoon rice system. Cliangyouhuazhan (CLYHZ) showed a high yield, and the lowest GWP and GHGI values among the five rice varieties in RRSTS. Compared with CF, the AWD pattern reduced the CH4 emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons by 67.4–95.3 kg·ha–1 and 1.7–5.1 kg·ha–1, respectively, but increased the N2O emission flux by 0.1–0.6 kg·ha–1 during the RRSTS. Further, compared with CF, the AWD pattern had a declined GWP by 14.3–19.4% and GHGI by 30.3–34.3% during the RRSTS, which was attributed to the significant reduction in GWP and GHGI during the main season. The AWD pattern significantly increased rice yield by 21.9–22.9% during the RRSTS, especially for YX203. Correlation analysis showed that CH4, GWP, and GHGI exhibited significant negative correlations with spikelet number per m2 and the harvest index during the main and ratoon seasons. Collectively, selecting the high-yield, low-emission variety CLYHZ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ratoon rice while maintaining a high yield. The AWD pattern could reduce total CH4 emission during the main season, reducing the GWP and GHGI while increasing the ratoon rice system yield. It could be concluded that a variety of CLYHZ and AWD patterns are worthy of promotion and application to decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the ratoon rice area in the upper reaches of Yangtze River, China.

Temperature‐Controlled Dearomative [5+1] Spiroannulation and Formal [5+2] Cyclization of Indoles with Enynones: Divergent Synthesis of Spiro‐Indolenines and Dihydrocyclohepta[b]Indolones

AbstractWe developed a temperature‐controlled intermolecular dearomative [5+1] spiroannulation and [5+2] cyclization of indoles with enynones, smoothly delivering a variety of spiroindolenines and dihydrocyclohepta[b]indolones under 40 °C and 80 °C, respectively. A three‐step cascade reaction was also realized by using OTBS or NHBoc containing enynones in the reaction with the indole under the identical condition. And a novel valuable highly‐oriented three‐dimensional indole‐based tetracyclic scaffold was produced in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. Additionally, various spiroindolines and spirooxindoles were facilely produced through simple operations. This highly efficient domino‐reaction represents an emblematic method for the preparation of indole‐based polycycles through the intermolecular pathway.

Thiophenols Addition Reactions to Siliconcontaining Enynes and Enynones

As well as the cross-conjugated enynones, propynylidene derivatives of malonic ester and Meldrum’s acid that contain Me3Si, Et3Si and t-BuMe2Si groups, attach stereoselectively 4-methyl-, 4-methoxy- and 4-chlorothiophenol under conditions of base catalysis. In the process, there are sulfanilic compounds containing buta-1,3-diene and penta-1,4-dien-3-one fragments formed in high yields. In the thiylation products of the enyne derivatives of malonic ester and Meldrum’s acid, Me3Si, Et3Si and t-BuMe2Si groups are retained; desilylation occurs during the thiylation of 5-trialkylsilyl-1-phenylpent-1-en-4-yn-3-ones. There are some certain regularities determined for observed reactions. We also developed stereoselective methods for the S-containing polyunsaturated compounds obtaining.

Cp2ZrCl2-EtMgBr-Catalysed Reaction of 2-Zincoethylzincation of 2-Alkynylamines

It was found that the Cp2ZrCl2-EtMgBr-catalyzed reaction of 2-alkynylamines with Et2Zn leads to the regio- and stereoselective formation of (2Z)-allylamines in high yield. It has been established that the presence of morpholyl and piperidyl substituents in the structure of propargylamines does not interfere with the regio- and stereoselective 2-zincoethylzincation of the triple bond. Carbocyclization of α,ω-bis(aminomethyl)alkadiynes based on the Cp2ZrCl2-EtMgBr-catalyzed carbozincation reaction with Et2Zn was carried out for the first time. A mechanism for the catalytic 2-zincoethylzincation of α,ω-bis(aminomethyl)alkadiynes was proposed.

Steric and Distance Effect on Electron Transfer in Dibenzo-Fused BODIPY-Based Photoredox Catalysts.

π-Extended BODIPY compounds are a compelling class of fluorophores known for their red or near-infrared (NIR) emission and high quantum yields, which are crucial for applications in materials science, solar cells, and biomedical imaging. Our recent study shows that we can use a dibenzo-fused BODIPY as a singlet-driven red photoredox catalyst by installing a simple electron donor group. Despite their potential in these applications, knowledge of electron transfer reactions involving dibenzo-fused BODIPY is still scarce. This paper presents the synthesis and systematic photophysical investigations of donor-acceptor (D-A) and donor-bridge-acceptor (D-bridge-A) series of dibenzo-fused BODIPY with N,N'-diethylaniline fragments serving as an electron donor. We examined the effects of methyl substituents and bridge length on the rates of photoinduced electron transfer (PeT). Through steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and density functional theory calculations, we elucidated how these simple structural modifications controlled the PeT rates and examined their impacts on catalytic activities in atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions. Our results support previous studies on the (D-A) design of red heavy atom-free photocatalysts.

Mean Performance of Field pea (Pisum sativum L) Advanced Genotypes for Yield and Yield-related Traits in Arsi Zone, Ethiopia

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the second most important cool-season food legume in Ethiopia after faba bean, both in terms of production area and annual yield. The study comprises 13 advanced field pea genotypes that were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications across four different environments during two consecutive main cropping seasons (2020–2021). The primary objectives were to identify a field pea genotype with a reliable, high grain yield that could be subsequently released as a new cultivar for farmers in specific areas of Ethiopia. A combined analysis of field pea grain yield revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) between genotypes and environments, suggesting that the genetic composition of the genotypes varied and the environments were distinct. The average grain yield ranged from 1614 kg/ha to 2412 kg/ha, with a mean of 2032.69 kg/ha. Genotype G13 had the highest average grain yield (2412 kg/ha) compared to the standard check varieties Bilalo (2190 kg/ha) and Bursa (2100 kg/ha), indicating its potential for developing adaptable varieties suited to specific environments. This outcome may aid breeders in choosing the most appropriate cultivars for particular environments, resulting in higher field pea yields and productivity. Nonetheless, the research also indicates that to create broadly adaptable and climate-resilient varieties, it is crucial to carry out trials in various locations and across multiple years.

Physiological Features of Yield Formation of Sunflower Breeding Samples in Arid Conditions of the Ukrainian Steppe

The research methodology was based on determining the soil moisture consumption per unit of photosynthesis productivity, establishing the influence of the moisture consumption coefficient on the productivity of photosynthesis on the yield of sunflower genotypes. The aim of the research was to determine the physiological characteristics of the formation of plant productivity of different sunflower samples and use them in assessing and creating genotypes for cultivation in arid conditions. The conducted investigations allowed to determine physiological factors and properties of plants that determine the level of formation of the weight of seeds of the head and the yield of sunflower. The weight of seeds of the head is determined by the amount of soil moisture consumption per unit of net productivity. Between the indicators of soil moisture consumption per unit of net productivity at the stage of formation of the head - the beginning of flowering, a direct negative correlation interdependence was established. Sunflower varieties with a minimum consumption of soil moisture per unit of net productivity of photosynthesis of 1.01-1.05 m-3 g m-2 per day form in arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine the maximum level of weight of seeds of the head of 58.7-78.7 g, which ensures obtaining a high yield within 2.68-3.49 t ha-1. The conducted assessment of genotypes by indicators of soil moisture consumption per unit of net productivity made it possible to create highly productive varieties of sunflower Emelard, Igolya, Orlik.

Síntese e Caracterização de Bioadsorvente de Spondias mombin L. para Remoção de Azul de Metileno utilizando ClZn2, NaOH e Al2(SO4)3.14H2O

Objective – The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize a bioadsorbent produced from Spondias mombin L.’s endocarp, using the chemical activators ClZn2, NaOH and Al2(SO4)3·14H2O, and evaluate its efficiency in removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Methodology - The research was structured in three stages: preparation and activation of activated charcoal at different temperatures and pyrolysis times; material characterization regarding ash content, moisture content, yield and pH; and carrying out adsorption tests to determine the efficiency of dye removal. Originality/relevance - This study addresses the theoretical gap related to the reuse of agricultural waste to produce adsorbent materials, promoting sustainable alternatives to the use of conventional adsorbents and highlighting their relevance for the treatment of effluents. Results - The adsorbents activated with NaOH and ClZn2 demonstrated greater efficiency, with emphasis on the materials NA250-3, ZN300-2 and ZN300-4, which presented adsorption capacities of 1.40 mg·g⁻¹, 1.39 mg·g⁻ ¹ and 1.37 mg·g⁻¹, removing 93.23%, 93.02% and 91.69% of the dye, respectively. The ZN250-4 material stood out for its balance between performance (1.33 mg·g⁻¹, 88.78% removal) and cost-benefit, due to its high yield (64.27%) compared to the others. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The research expands knowledge about ideal activation conditions and use of chemical activators, providing support for bioadsorbents applications. Social and environmental contributions: The research promotes sustainability by proposing the reuse of agricultural waste as raw materials for the production of biosorbents, reducing environmental pollution and offering solutions for the treatment of effluents.

Components of High-Yielding Cotton Grown in Rain-Fed Conditions in the Brazilian Cerrado

Brazil leads globally in achieving high lint yields for rain-fed cotton in large-scale fields, with about 92% of its cotton area unirrigated. This study hypothesized that cotton could achieve high yields when favorable climate conditions and management practices favor high fruit load. The objective was to analyze the impact of these factors on cotton yields by examining two commercial fields in Brazil in the same climatic zone (Aw, Koppen)—one in Sapezal (SPZ) and the other in Riachão das Neves (RN). The SPZ field (cv. TMG 47B2RF) spanned 20 hectares, while the RN field (cv. FM 974GLT) covered 90 hectares. The soils of both fields were classified as oxisols, with SPZ possessing a clayey texture and RN a sandy loam texture. The findings indicate that the high lint cotton yields—3111 kg·ha⁻1 in SPZ and 3239 kg·ha⁻1 in RN—were achieved through a combination of ideal weather conditions, high-quality soil, and effective management practices, which favored boll retention, and an optimal plant architecture with short stature (<1.1 m), 19–22 nodes, and ~165 bolls m−2. Boll weights averaged 1.85–1.91 g of lint, and fruit retention rates were 61.6% in SPZ and 66.2% in RN. The study reveals a significant yield gap compared to Brazil’s average lint cotton yield (~1900 kg·ha⁻1) and other high-yield commercial fields (~3500–3900 kg·ha⁻1 of lint). The results underscore that bridging this gap—ranging from 1200 to 2000 kg·ha⁻1—could enhance the sustainability of cotton farming in Brazil by maximizing existing cultivated areas. Ultimately, the insights from this study highlight the role of combining climate suitability, management practices, and soil quality improvement to achieve higher cotton productivity and reduce environmental pressures from agricultural expansion.