Higher Water Yield Research Articles

Bimetallic MOF-Derived Solar-Triggered Monolithic Adsorbent for Enhanced Atmospheric Water Harvesting.

The development of economical, energy-saving, and efficient metal-organic framework (MOF)-based adsorbents for atmospheric water collection is highly imperative for the rapid advancement of renewable freshwater resource exploitation. Herein, a feasible one-step solvothermal formation strategy of bimetallic MOF (BMOF) is proposed and applied to construct a solar-triggered monolithic adsorbent for enhanced atmospheric water collection. Benefiting from the reorganization and adjustment of topology structure by Al atoms and Fe atoms, the resultant BMOF(3) consisting of Al-fumarate and MIL-88A has a higher specific surface area (1202.99 m2 g-1 ) and pore volume (0.51 cm3 g-1 ), thereby outperforming the parental MOFs and other potential MOFs in absorbing water. Expanding upon this finding, the solar-triggered monolithic adsorbent is further developed through a bottom-up assembly of polyaniline/chitosan layers and hybridized BMOF(3) skeletons on a glass fiber support. The resultant monolithic adsorbent exhibits superior sorption-desorption kinetics, leading to directional water transport and rapid solar-assisted vapor diffusion. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, an exquisite water harvester is constructed to emphasize a high water yield of 1.19 gg-1 per day of the designed monolithic adsorbent. Therefore, the design and validation of bimetallic MOF-derived solar-triggered adsorbent in this work are expected to provide a reference for the large-scale applications of MOF-based atmospheric water harvesting.

The Impacts of Land Use Changes on Water Yield and Water Conservation Services in Zhangjiakou, Beijing’s Upstream Watershed, China

The Water Conservation Functional Zone and Ecological Environmental Supporting Zone (the Capital Two Zones in China), Zhangjiakou (ZJK) City, situated in China, has played a key role in mitigating water scarcity pressure on Beijing via delivering sustainable and high-quality water yield, as well as water conservation services aimed at maintaining the ecological functions of the Capital Two Zones. However, the changing mechanism for both water yield and water conservation services instigated by the combined impacts of human activities and climate change remains poorly understood. In this study, we used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs Tools (InVEST) model to analyze the changes in water yield and water conservation services, revealing the impacts of different land use scenarios. The results showed significant forest and impervious land area increment, while the water surface area decreased sharply from 1990 to 2020, with obvious urbanization expansion in ZJK during the period. Average annual water yield and water conservation from 1990 to 2020 were recorded at 48.98 mm and 2.35 mm, respectively. Precipitation emerged as the primary driver of water yield and conservation service changes, while the south of ZJK generally exhibited higher water yield and conservation service than the north of ZJK. Results also indicate that grassland had the highest water yield, with an average of 56.60 mm, followed by forest (55.66 mm) and shrub (55.07 mm). Further, the forest had the highest water conservation value (3.73 mm), followed by shrub (2.56 mm), and grassland (2.37 mm), respectively. The return of cropland to forest scenario had the most substantial decrease in water yield. Findings suggest that precipitation has a direct impact on water yield and conservation services via the amount of atmospheric water input, while land use alteration contributes to changes in regional-scale water.

New Highly Fluorescent Water Soluble Imidazolium-Perylenediimides: Synthesis and Cellular Response.

The synthesis and characterization of two new water soluble 2,6-bis(imidazolylmethyl)-4-methylphenoxy-containing perylenediimides, PDI-1 and PDI-2, are described. These compounds demonstrate a high fluorescence quantum yield in water and were investigated as potential photosensitizers for generating reactive oxygen species with applications in anticancer activities. The HeLa cell line (VPH18) was used to evaluate their efficacy. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to confirm the successful internalization of PDI-1 and PDI-2, while confocal microscopy revealed the specific locations of both PDIs within the lysosomes and mitochondria. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the anticancer activity of PDI-1 and PDI-2. Remarkably, these photosensitizers demonstrated a significant ability to selectively eliminate cancer cells when exposed to a specific light wavelength. The water solubility, high fluorescence quantum yield, and selective cytotoxicity of these PDIs toward cancer cells highlight their potential as effective agents for targeted photodynamic therapy. In conclusion, the findings presented here provide a strong foundation for the future exploration and optimization of PDI-1 and PDI-2 as effective photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, potentially leading to improved treatment strategies for cancer patients.

Spatiotemporal Changes in Water Yield Function and Its Influencing Factors in the Tibetan Plateau in the Past 20 Years

The Tibetan Plateau, known as the “Water Tower of Asia”, has made important contributions to global climate regulation and water conservation. With global climate change and water shortages, the yield and reserves of water on the Tibetan Plateau have undergone obvious changes, and its water yield function and water conservation function have gradually attracted widespread attention. The results show that the total water yield in the past 20 years is 128,403.06 billion m3, spatially reduced from southeast to northwest, and the interannual variation is large but increases slowly overall. The water yield capacity is higher in the areas of less than 3000 m and 3500~4500 m, and it is stronger with the increase in slope. The water yield capacity is extremely strong in the middle and north subtropical zone. Ecological zones with high water yield capacity are mostly covered with woodland and alpine meadows. The precipitation (P) is the dominant factor in the water yield function before actual evapotranspiration (AET) = 500 mm, and then the negative force of AET is enhanced. High altitude inhibits the positive effect of the normalized vegetation index (NDVI), and the water yield at altitudes of less than 3000 m shows an almost linear relationship with the leaf area index (LAI). When LAI > 0.2, the slower the slope, the higher the water yield and the lower the growth rate. The spatial distribution of P change and water yield change is consistent and significantly positively correlated; P and NDVI changes positively affected changes in water yield, while AET and LAI changes had the opposite effect. In summary, combined with topographic factors, this study emphasizes the influence of climate and vegetation changes on the spatiotemporal changes in water yield on the Tibetan Plateau, which can provide a theoretical basis for the assessment and prediction of water yield capacity and water conservation capacity in this area.

Sensitive or resilient catchment?: A Budyko-based modeling approach for climate change and anthropogenic stress under historical to CMIP6 future scenarios

To develop effective adaptation strategies for climate change, particularly in regions where water is scarce, it is crucial to comprehend and quantify how hydrological responses are influenced by anthropogenic activities and climate change. The primary concern nowadays is to identify the hydrologic sensitive and resilient catchment under these diverse conditions. Thus, a framework is developed in this study to analyse the hydrologic sensitivity and resiliency of a catchment incorporating the elasticity-based Budyko approach. The developed framework is applied to three neighbouring catchments (Brahmani, Baitarani, and Subarnarekha) in eastern India that have received less attention in light of resiliency and sensitivity perspectives. The Budyko approach is first applied using hydro-climatic records of historical phase (1979–2018) and then extended for future phase (2025–2064) under four different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) (1-2.6, 2-4.5, 3-7.0 and 5-8.5) of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) projections which will provide new insights to the hydrological community. The results highlight that streamflow variations of the Subarnarekha is more sensitive to anthropogenic activities in all time phases. In contrast, the Brahmani and Baitarani are more sensitive to climate change in future phases. During historical phase, the Brahmani and Baitarani are identified to be resilient catchments with high water yield and dry climate, whereas the Subarnarekha is found to be sensitive catchment, exhibiting low water yield and dry climate. However, in future phase, all three catchments are predicted to be resilient, characterized by high water yield and wet climate. The major inference from this study is excess anthropogenic activities can disrupt the anticipated hydrological functioning of a catchment, particularly under critical climatic conditions, which can result in decreasing hydrological resiliency. The finding of this study mainly highlights the response of a hydrological system to climate change and anthropogenic activities to explore the approach of sensitivity and resiliency from a socio-hydrological perspective.

Evaluating the impacts of inter-basin water transfer projects on ecosystem services in the Fenhe River Basin using the SWAT model

Inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) projects have been widely constructed to alleviate the pressure on water resources in water shortage basins. However, the ecological effects of IBWT projects have often been ignored. Based on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and a constructed total ecosystem services (TES) index, the impacts of IBWT projects on recipient basin ecosystem services were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the TES index was relatively stable from 2010 to 2020, but in the wet season it was 1.36 times that of the other months with high water yield and nutrient loads. Spatially, areas with high index values were mainly distributed in the sub-basins around the reservoirs. The IBWT projects had positive impacts on ecosystem services, and the TES index with IBWT projects was 5.98% higher than that without projects. Water yield and total nitrogen were the two most affected indexes, with increased of 5.65% and 5.41%, respectively, under the impacts of IBWT projects. Seasonally, the change rates of the TES index were less than 3% while the change rates of water yield and nitrogen load peaked at 8.23% and 53.42%, respectively, in March, owing to the large amount of water released from the reservoirs. Areas affected by the three evaluated IBWT projects accounted for 61%, 18%, and 11% of the watershed, respectively. Under the impact of each project, the TES index generally increased, whereas the impact decreased as the distance from the inflow location increased. Intense changes in ecosystem services occurred in sub-basin 23, the sub-basin closest to an IBWT project, with water yield, water flow, and local climate regulation increasing the largest.

Experimental investigation of solar driven atmospheric water generation system based on air-to-air heat exchanger

The lack of fresh water, especially for the land-locked & arid regions, is becoming a significant barrier to the sustainable development of humanity. This has generated an urgent need to explore the solar-driven atmospheric water generation (S-AWG) technologies with high water yield. This research experimentally compares the performance of silica gel and molecular sieve on a novel S-AWG system. 25 kg of each desiccant material is used in a packed desiccant bed structure. In the nocturnal phase, adsorption is performed followed by regeneration during the day using hot air generated from evacuated tube solar air heater (ET-SAH). An air-to-air heat exchanger is employed for condensing the water vapors released in the process air after the desiccant bed regeneration. The water generated from silica gel is 1790 ml with energy & exergy efficiency of 23.14% & 10.43%, respectively. From the molecular sieve, 350 ml of water is generated with energy & exergy efficiency of 21.74% & 9.58%, respectively. The economic analysis of the system reveals that the cost of water generated from silica gel is 0.21 $/L, while from molecular sieve is 1.21 $/L. Water testing reports of the produced water using both the desiccant materials infers that it is drinkable.

NondemandingIn SituEncapsulation Route to Ultrastable Perovskite Nanocrystals for White Light-Emitting Diodes

Although tremendous advancement regarding the highly stable metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) has been achieved, previous studies were primarily focused on green light-emitting PNCs (i.e., bromine-based PNCs). The stability of chlorine-based PNCs with a violet or blue emission property was still lagging behind that of their bromine-based counterparts. Herein, a nondemanding and versatile strategy for in situ encapsulating all-inorganic chlorine-based PNCs with multifold exceptionally high stabilities was presented. Well-ordered mesoporous silica enabled the confined growth of PNCs in its pores followed by the porosity sealing by tetramethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis, thereby rendering full encapsulation of chlorine-based PNCs in dense silica that originated from high-temperature calcination. This judiciously designed structure imparted enclosed violet/blue emitting PNCs impart with outstanding long-term stability (>1.5 year) with high photoluminescence quantum yield (i.e., 30.4%) in pure water as the result of complete isolation of PNCs from detrimental stimuli, eventually leading to the application in the white light-emitting diode device.

Contribution of land use, soil properties and topographic features for providing of ecosystem services

The aim of this study was to assess the ecosystem services including water yield (WY), sediment retention (SR), and sediment yield (SY) using the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) and their relationships were analyzed concerning land use, soil properties (clay, silt, sand, total porosity and bulk density) and topographic features (elevation, slope, aspect, TRI: terrain roughness index, and TPI: topographic position index) across the Shoor River basin in southwestern Iran. The results showed that the higher values of WY and SR were seen in the northern-eastern parts of the region while the SY was higher in western-southern parts. The average of WY, SR, and SY was estimated at 63 mm, 13.3 t ha−1 y−1 and 2.7 t ha−1 y−1, respectively. The highest WY (2828 m3 ha−1), SR (21 t ha−1 y−1), and SY (4.6 t ha−1 y−1) occurred in built-up areas, forests, and rangelands, respectively. The lowest rate of WY (348 m3 ha−1) and SR (2.2 t ha−1 y−1) were also found in agricultural lands but SY (0.9 t ha−1 y−1) in the forest lands. WY and SR had a positive and significant correlation with total porosity, sand fraction and all the topographic features except aspect (0.55 < R < 0.94, P-value <0.05), while they showed an inverse relationship with clay, silt and bulk density (−0.81 < R < -0.40, P-value <0.05). There was a weak to moderate correlation of the SY with all the topographic features and soil properties. Hot spot analysis also illustrated that all three ecosystem services are directly related to changes in topographic features and inversely related to soil properties across the basin. In general, the topographic features and soil properties had a higher influence on the WY and SR than on the SY. Moreover, the topographic features had more effect on the provision of all three ecosystem services than soil properties in the study area.

Multi-Site Calibration of Hydrological Model and Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Water Balance in a Monsoon Watershed

Understanding hydrological processes using hydrological model parameters can improve the management of water resources in a watershed. This research uses the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in examining the water balance in the Yeongsan River Basin, South Korea. Summer monsoon dominates the region, accounting for about 60–70% of the rain between June to September. The basin is facing significant challenges in water management due to the limited availability of water and the high demand for agricultural water due to the construction of two weirs on the river. To this end, a new multi-site calibration approach-based SWAT hydrological model that can accurately reproduce the hydrological trend and average discharges of the Yeongsan basin for 42 years (1980–2021) was developed. Some statistical matrices (such as Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency) were utilized in calibrating and validating the model. Results show that the performance indicators for the four investigated stream flow stations were satisfactory. In addition, the water balance study revealed that the highest precipitation and evapotranspiration occurred in August, whereas the highest water yield, lateral flow, and surface flow occurred in July. Further, the model revealed that the Yeongsan river basin receives the majority of its water from the rains during the monsoon season. The model developed in this study can aid planners in managing water resources in the Yeongsan river basin.

Water Accounting Using Satellite Products and Water Accounting Plus Framework in a Semi-Arid Betwa River Basin, India

The emerging water crisis in India can be preempted by improving watershed management. The data scare regions need open access satellite observations to mitigate watershed problems. The water accounting plus (WA+) and open access earth observation datasets were applied to quantify the beneficial and non-beneficial water consumption in the Betwa River basin, Central India. The PERSIANN and CHIRPS precipitations were evaluated. Based on significant statistical relations with IMD rainfall, CHIRPS was found to be the best precipitation product. The seasonal water yield from PERSIANN depicts that the high water yield in the basin is associated with the July and August months of the monsoon season, with water yields of 240 mm/month and 120 mm/month, respectively, while CHIRPS showed higher water yields during the monsoon season, especially in July and August, with water yield amounts of 290 mm/month and 200 mm/month, respectively. The largest water consuming land use class is irrigated crops–cereals, which cover 62.06% of the total area of the basin. The amount of non-beneficial ET is almost twice the beneficial ET. The outcomes of this research will be helpful for sustainable water management, strategy development, and policy making.

Disadvantages of sowing methods on soil water content root distribution and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Loess Plateau of South Shanxi, China

Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple crop worldwide and yield improvement since the green revolution was attributed to chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. The field experiment was performed from 2016 to 2020 in the eastern part of Loess Plateau, China, to study the effect of two sowing practices carried out before summer fallow, i.e., wide-space sowing (WS) and drill sowing (DS). The results indicated the soil water content, root length surface density (RLSD), at anthesis by drought was 44% under WS and 29% with DS, while the reduction in above-ground dry weight was 67% under WS and 56% under DS. More soil water was depleted from the deep soil layer (80–100 cm depth) than that in the shallow layer (20–60 cm depth). The average contribution rates of soil water content at sowing to grain yield under DS were 23–25%. Thus, drill sowing in summer fallow should be adopted for high water storage and yield stability.

High-yielding and stable desalination via photothermal membrane distillation with free-flow evaporation channel

Small-scale desalination devices driven by solar energy is a promising solution for freshwater in remote off-grid islands where centralized energy supplies are hardly accessible. However, the low water yield and unstable operation caused by energy inefficiency and salt precipitation are tricky problems. To provide a reliable freshwater supply, a desalination device with high water yield and no salt precipitation is the main target of this work. A three-stage photothermal membrane distillation module with free-flow evaporation channel was fabricated and a model was developed accordingly. Upon varying flow patterns and flow rates, the effects of different flow configurations on water production and salt concentration were observed and discussed. It is revealed that the feed from the bottom to the top stage in series connection at a flow rate of 28 ml h−1 can achieve a water production rate of 2.23 kg m−2 h−1 and a solar energy utilization efficiency as high as 147.9 % without salt precipitation. This work showed a competitive water production among all the previously reported small-scale solar membrane distillation devices. Besides, the flowing design is effective in preventing salt precipitation. A strong potential in providing qualified household freshwater with salinity rejection over 99 % on remote islands was indicated.

Higher Water Yield but No Evidence of Higher Flashiness in Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) Headwater Streams

There have been conflicting findings on hydrological dynamics in tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs)—attributed to differences in climate, altitude, topography, and vegetation. We contribute another observation-based comparison between a TMCF (8.53 ha; 1906 m.a.s.l.) and a tropical lowland rainforest (TLRF) (5.33 ha; 484 m.a.s.l.) catchment in equatorial Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. In each catchment, a 90° v-notch weir was established at the stream’s outlet and instrumented with a water-level datalogger that records data at 10-min intervals (converted to discharge). A nearby meteorological station records rainfall at the same 10-min intervals via a tipping bucket rain gauge connected to a datalogger. Over five years, 91 and 73 storm hydrographs from a TMCF and a TLRF, respectively, were extracted and compared. Various hydrograph metrices relating to discharge and flashiness were compared between the TMCF and TLRF while controlling for event rainfall, rainfall intensity, and antecedent moisture. Compared to the TLRF, storm-event runoff in the TMCF was up to 169% higher, reflecting the saturated conditions and tendency for direct runoff. Instantaneous peak discharge was also higher (up to 6.6x higher) in the TMCF. However, despite high moisture and steep topography, stream responsiveness towards rainfall input was lower in the TMCF, which we hypothesise was due to its wide and short catchment dimensions. Baseflow was significantly correlated with API20, API10, and API7. Overall, we found that the TMCF had higher runoff, but higher moisture condition alone may not be sufficient to govern flashiness.

Exceptional water production yield enabled by batch-processed portable water harvester in semi-arid climate

Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting has the potential to realize water production anytime, anywhere, but reaching a hundred-gram high water yield in semi-arid climates is still challenging, although state-of-the-art sorbents have been used. Here, we report a portable and modularized water harvester with scalable, low-cost, and lightweight LiCl-based hygroscopic composite (Li-SHC) sorbents. Li-SHC achieves water uptake capacity of 1.18, 1.79, and 2.93 g g−1 at 15%, 30%, and 60% RH, respectively. Importantly, considering the large mismatch between water capture and release rates, a rationally designed batch processing mode is proposed to pursue maximum water yield in a single diurnal cycle. Together with the advanced thermal design, the water harvester shows an exceptional water yield of 311.69 g day−1 and 1.09 g gsorbent−1 day−1 in the semi-arid climate with the extremely low RH of ~15%, demonstrating the adaptability and possibility of achieving large-scale and reliable water production in real scenarios.

Water yield service influence by climate and land use change based on InVEST model in the monsoon hilly watershed in South China

Based on the data of meteorological, soil, and land use/land cover (LULC), the InVEST model was used to evaluate the water yield service in the middle and upper Ganjiang River region, which is an important ecological function area in the hilly region of South China. This study discusses the value of parameter Z, the impact of climate and LULC change on water yield service, and complements related studies in the monsoon hilly watershed in South China with obvious precipitation change, which is helpful to understand the ecosystem water service functions in this region. The results show that the water yield was closest to the statistical data of total water resources when the parameter Z value of 1.555. The overall distribution of water yield in the MU-GJR was high in the northeast (middle reaches) and low in the southwest (upper reaches), with minimum of 111.8–315.2 mm/a and maximum of 1679.1–2128.4 mm/a from 1980 to 2018. The northeast was a high importance region where high water yield values were clustered, and the southwest was a low importance region where low water yield values were clustered. Water yield was highest in living space and lowest in ecological space. The relationship between land development and water yield service should be coordinated. Climate change had a more significant impact on water yield service than land use change. The results of this study are consistent with the actual situation and help to investigate and identify important areas of water resources in the monsoonal humid zone.

Single platinum atoms implanted 2D lateral anion-intercalated metal hydroxides of Ni2(OH)2(NO3)2 as efficient catalyst for high-yield water splitting

In this study, we report new electrocatalysts based on 2D anion-intercalated metal hydroxides of Ni2(OH)2(NO3)2 (2D NiHN) and its derivation caused by the implantation of single platinum atoms (PtSA–2D NiHN). The optimum PtSA−1.73–2D NiHN material having low Pt loading of 1.73 wt% exhibits prospective HER activities with an overpotential (η) of 24 mV at 10 mA cm−2, while the 2D NiNH requires an η of only 280 mV to reach 50 mA cm−2 for OER. The assembly of PtSA−1.73–2D NiHN-based cathode and 2D NiHN-based anode to fabricate a two-electrode electrolyzer of PtSA−1.73–2D NiHN(−)//2D NiHN(+) allows a cell voltage of only 1.45 V at 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting, superior to RuO2(+)//Pt/C(−). The device also exhibits prospective long-term stability in 1 M KOH. The achievements suggest that the PtSA−1.73–NiHN and 2D NiHN catalysts are two potential candidates for water splitting application.

Marangoni Effect Drives Salt Crystallization Away from the Distillation Zone for Large-Scale Continuous Solar Passive Desalination.

Solar desalination shows great potential in dealing with global water scarcity. A multistage passive solar distiller with thermal localization is especially attractive for its high-water yield. However, achieving long-term stability in large-scale devices remains a challenge because of the easy accumulation of crystallized salt inside the distiller. Here, we reported that the Marangoni effect can drive crystallized salt away along a long distance in a capillary wick, which endow the multistage passive solar distiller with the ability of salt-rejecting. In a 36 h continuous testing, the salinity of the distillation zone is limited below 12 wt % and crystallized salt only accumulates outside the device. The water yield is about 1.7 kg m-2 h-1 in a three-stage device, with a solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of 114% under one sun. This novel design proves a new principle for high efficiency and long-term stable solar desalination.

Highly Luminescent Nucleoside-Based N, P-Doped Carbon Dots for Sensitive Detection of Ions and Bioimaging.

The efficient detection of Fe3+ and MnO4 − in a water environment is very important and challenging due to their harmful effects on the health of humanity and environmental systems. Good biocompatibility, sensitivity, selectivity, and superior photophysical properties were important attributes of carbon dot-based CDs sensors for sensing applications. In this work, we synthesized N, P-co-doped carbon dots (N/P CDs) with guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP) as a green carbon source, with high fluorescence quantum yield in water (QY, 53.72%). First, the luminescent N/P CDs showed a three-state “on-off-on” fluorescence response upon the sequential addition of Fe3+ and F−, with a low detection limit of 12 nM for Fe3+ and 8.5 nM for F−, respectively. Second, the N/P CDs also exhibited desirable selectivity and sensitivity for toxic MnO4 − detection with the limit of detection of 18.2 nM, through a turn-off mechanism. Moreover, the luminescent N/P CDs successfully monitored the aforementioned ions in environmental water samples and in Escherichia coli.

Analysis of spatio-temporal variation of hydroclimatic variables of the Krishna river basin under future scenarios

Climate change and intensified human activities are expected to alter the natural hydrological cycle would cause changes in distribution of water resources and their availability across space and time. Therefore, the present study focused on understanding the spatiotemporal variations of hydroclimatic variables namely rainfall, surface runoff, water yield, and the Aridity Index (AI) of the Krishna River Basin (KRB) under combined impact of climate and Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) change scenarios. From trend analysis, the best model (CNRM-CM5 driven RCM) projected an increasing trend in rainfall under both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios for the entire century. Results indicated that, except for the central part, most of KRB experiences high runoff and water yield conditions under both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios in mid and end centuries, conversely it may face low runoff and water yield conditions in early century. Most of the central part is in arid and semi-arid conditions and, eastern part of the basin is in dry sub-humid conditions, while the Western Ghats, Palleru, and Munneru regions of the basin fall under humid and hyper humid regions under RCP 4.5 scenario. Whereas majority of the basin falls under humid and hyper humid regions under RCP 8.5 scenario except for the central and few other parts of the basin. In light of this, it was essential to review the current water management strategies and plan future projects to provide efficient and effective ways to mitigate the adverse impacts resulting from climate variability.