High Yield Research Articles

Isolation of β-O-4-Rich Lignin From Birch in High Yields Enabled by Continuous-Flow Supercritical Water Treatment.

The continuous flow supercritical water (scH2O) treatment of Birch wood (T=372-382 °C; t=0.3-0.7 s; p=260 bar) followed by alkali extraction of lignin allowed for the isolation of lignin and lignin carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) with a high number of β-O-4 moieties in the range 29-57/100 Ar (evaluated by quantitative 13C NMR analysis) in yields ranging between 13-19 wt % with respect to the initial wood. A "lightning rod effect" of carbohydrates has been claimed to explain the low degradation of β-O-4 bonds during the process. The structure of the isolated lignin was thoroughly elucidated via comprehensive NMR studies (HSQC, 13C and 31P). A low degree of condensation (DC)<5 % was found for all the lignin samples, which was only slightly dependent on the reaction severity. The number of aliphatic -OH, phenolic -OH, and -COOH groups was in the range 3.37-5.25, 1.41-2.31 and 0.39-0.73 mmol/g, respectively. The number of -COOH groups increased with increased severity, suggesting that oxidation can occur during the scH2O treatment. Furthermore, by simply varying the reaction severity, it was possible to tune important lignin properties, like the molar mass and the glass transition temperature (Tg).

Evaluation of F2 Segregating Population of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) for Yield and Leaf Curl Virus Resistance

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop, cultivated worldwide for its fruits which are valued for pungency, flavor, and nutritional benefits. However, chilli production is significantly restricted by various biotic stresses, especially the Chilli leaf curl virus (CLCV). The present study was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University during 2020-2021 to evaluate the F2 segregating population of chilli crosses viz., CHIVAR-6 x Sel-4 and CHIVAR-10 x Sel-3 for yield and leaf curl virus resistance. Evaluation of vegetative and yield related traits was conducted on these populations under the field conditions. Significant variability was observed for various traits such as plant height, fruits per plant, fruit length, yield per plant and resistance to leaf curl virus. The scoring for chilli leaf curl virus was done and based on the scoring the segregants were categorized into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible. Among the F2 population of the first cross, fruits per plant, plant height, fruit weight and fruit girth showed high and positive correlation with yield per plant. The segregants of the second cross recorded significant positive correlation for fruits per plant, plant height and fruit length with yield. The results of the study provide valuable insights into breeding for both high yield and leaf curl virus resistance, crucial for enhancing chilli production under the challenging situations.

Synchronous photocatalytic benzimidazole formation and olefin reduction by magnetic separable visible-light-driven Pd-g-C3N4-Vanillin@γ-Fe2O3-TiO2 Nanocomposite

A visible light-responsive magnetically separable photocatalyst Pd-g-C3N4-Vanillin@γ-Fe2O3-TiO2 is fabricated using vanillin as a natural junction under ultrasonic agitation. Structural, morphological, optical, thermal, and magnetic assessments of the as-prepared catalyst are carried out. The photocatalyst successfully drives the simultaneous benzimidazole formation, and olefin hydrogenation with high atom economy under blue LED light and mild conditions. The photocatalytic activity of Pd-g-C3N4-Vanillin@γ-Fe2O3-TiO2 is significantly affected by the γ-Fe2O3:TiO2 weight ratio. PL spectra revealed the effective separation of carriers in the fabricated catalyst promoting its photocatalytic activity. The action spectra using the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) exhibited the maximum AQEs at 520 and 750 nm in which the highest performance for styrene hydrogenation is observed. The title magnetically separable heterogeneous photocatalyst provides high yields of products under perfectly safe visible light, produces low/zero waste, and avoids using an external high-pressure hydrogen gas source, harmful solvents, undesirable additives, and reducing agents rendering green conditions for chemical reactions.

Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanes by Organophotoredox Catalytic Diastereoselective Anion Radical [2+2] Photocycloadditions of Arylenones under Batch and Flow Conditions

AbstractIn this study, the anion radical [2+2] photocycloaddition of aryl‐enones was investigated under batch and flow conditions. The reaction was promoted by LiBr as a Lewis acid and catalyzed by Eosin Y under visible light irradiation. Symmetrical enones and asymmetrical unsaturated ketoesters were effectively cyclized to yield substituted bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanes in high yield and diastereoselectivity. Through the exploration of different experimental setups and reaction conditions, a precise control over the diastereoselectivity of the process was achieved, favoring the formation of either cis or trans substituted bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanes. In‐flow experiments allowed to further improve the efficiency of the methodology, leading to higher productivity and space time yields. Furthermore, DFT investigations were conducted in order to elucidate the reaction mechanism.

Synthesis of a Pd2L4 Hydrazone Molecular Cage Through Multiple Reaction Pathways

Molecular cages are preorganized molecules with a central cavity, typically formed through the reaction of their building blocks through chemical bonds. This requires, in most cases, forming and breaking reversible bonds during the cage formation reaction pathway for error correction to drive the reaction to the cage product. In this work, we focus on both Pd–ligand and hydrazone bonds implemented in the structure of a Pd2L4 hydrazone molecular cage. As the cage contains two different types of reversible bonds, we envisaged a cage formation comparative study by performing the synthesis of the cage through three different reaction pathways involving the formation of Pd–ligand bonds, hydrazone bonds, or a combination of both. The three reaction pathways produce the cage with yields ranging from 73% to 79%. Despite the complexity of the reaction, the cage is formed in a high yield, even for the reaction pathway that involves the formation of 16 bonds. This research paves the way for more sophisticated cage designs through complex reaction pathways.

Sequential Aerial Oxidation and Atom‐Economical C‐3 Chalcogenation of Indolines Facilitated by Potassium tert‐Butoxide

AbstractAn operationally straightforward and highly efficient potassium tert‐butoxide facilitated protocol for the C‐3 chalcogenation of indolines under catalyst and additive‐free conditions has been established under ambient temperature. The salient features of the process include the development of transition metal‐free, oxidant‐free and iodine‐free, atom‐economic and cost‐effective reaction conditions at room temperature in DMSO as solvent for regioselective generation of 3‐chalcogenyl indoles in high yields. The mechanistic interpretation through controlled experiments and analysis of intermediates suggests the prevalence of the ionic pathway. The reaction is scalable to gram‐scale without a significant decrease in product yield, indicating its potential for large‐scale applications. This protocol offers a practical and environment friendly approach to accessing a diverse range of 3‐arylthioindoles and 3‐arylselenylindoles withstanding electron releasing and withdrawing substituents in good to excellent yields. Interestingly, the biological evaluation of the 3‐arylselenylindole products exhibited significant activity against breast cancer and triple‐negative breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7, and MDA‐MB 231. These results indicate the derivatives to be potent candidates for further SAR study.

Metabolic Flux Analysis to Increase Oil in Seeds.

Ensuring an adequate food supply and enough energy to sustainably support future global populations will require enhanced productivity from plants. Oilseeds can help address these needs; but the fatty acid composition of seed oils is not always optimal, and higher yields are required to meet growing demands. Quantitative approaches including metabolic flux analysis can provide insights on unexpected metabolism (i.e., when metabolism is different than in a textbook) and can be used to guide engineering efforts; however, as metabolism is context-specific, it changes with tissue type, local environment, and development. This review describes recent insights from metabolic flux analysis in oilseeds and indicates engineering opportunities based on emerging topics and developing technologies that will aid quantitative understanding of metabolism and enable efforts to produce more oil. We also suggest that investigating the key regulators of fatty acid biosynthesis, such as transcription factors, and exploring metabolic signals like phytohormones in greater depth through flux analysis, could open new pathways for advancing genetic engineering and breeding strategies to enhance oil crop production.

Stable Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Sb(III) Halide Scintillator for Nonplanar Ultra‐Flexible X‐Ray Imaging

AbstractFlexible scintillator screens with excellent stability and low detection limits are crucial for X‐ray imaging applications. 0D organic metal halide materials have emerged as a strong contender in the scintillator fields, owing to their excellent optical characteristics and simple maneuverability. Herein, high‐quality and large quantities of C38H36P2Sb2Cl8 single crystals are synthesized through a simple solution approach. The prepared single crystals with dimer‐structure [Sb2Cl8]2− exhibit yellow emission with a near‐unity high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 99.8%, and possess an exceptional light yield of 41300 photons MeV−1, and a detection limit as low as 45.6 nGyair s−1. On this basis, a large‐size and ultra‐flexible C38H36P2Sb2Cl8 scintillator utilized for X‐ray imaging is prepared by template assembled method, demonstrating a high spatial resolution of 8.15 lp mm−1. The prepared ultra‐flexible scintillator screen can achieve excellent X‐ray imaging even after multiple bending and stretching, which can also provide clear non‐planar X‐ray imaging for irregular objects. In addition, the scintillator shows excellent stability in light, heat, X‐ray irradiation, and water. These results not only expand the optoelectronic application field of organic‐inorganic hybrid antimony halides but also promote the rapid development of efficient ultra‐flexible scintillators.

Co single atoms/nanoparticles over carbon nanotubes for synergistic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid

The preparation of high-value 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from biomass-based platform compound 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important synthetic reaction, as the resulting FDCA holds promise to replace terephthalic acid to produce environmentally friendly polyester materials. However, due to the complex tandem nature of the oxidation of HMF to FDCA, which involves several stable intermediates, efficient conversion of HMF and achieving a high FDCA yield remain challenging. Herein, a catalyst of Co SAs/NPs@N-CNTs comprising Co single atoms (Co SAs) alongside Co nanoparticles (Co NPs) supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized. Co SAs/NPs@N-CNTs exhibited outstanding catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of HMF to FDCA, achieving 100% HMF conversion and 94.2% FDCA yield. This remarkable performance was attributed to the synergistic effect between Co SAs and Co NPs. Poisoning and acid treatment experiments indicated that Co SAs served as the active sites, while Co NPs did not directly act as active sites. Instead, Co NPs merely assisted the Co SAs on the sidelines, facilitating the efficient conversion of HMF into various intermediates and promoting the further conversion of these intermediates into FDCA, thereby achieving high FDCA productivity. This strategy offers new insights for designing efficient catalysts for complex tandem reactions.

Device optimization of all-perovskite triple-junction solar cells for realistic irradiation conditions

All-perovskite two-terminal tandem solar cells, comprising two or more junctions, offer high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) that exceed the limits of single-junction photovoltaics. Realizing high-efficiency SCs requires carefully optimizing the photoactive layer, front electrodes, and functional layers. Here, we first aim to determine the optimal device architecture, i.e., the perovskites bandgaps and optimum layer thicknesses, for standard test conditions (STCs). We then optimize the energy yield (EY) under realistic outdoor conditions (ROCs), i.e., the overall electrical energy to be expected in one year at a specific location. In the first step, we reference our simulation with two terminal all-perovskite triple-junction SCs (2T3J-PSCs) to previously experimentally realized PSC with a PCE of 20.1% as a benchmark to derive the underlying diode parameters and use our in-house energy yield code combined with a hybrid particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm (PSOGSA) to find the optimal bandgap combination and perovskite layer thicknesses. The optimized SCs with the optimal bandgap combination offer a PCE of 25.1% with a current density of 10.1 mA/cm2. Furthermore, the effect of the other functional layers, such as transparent conductive oxide (TCO), hole transport layer (HTL), and recombination junctions (RJs), is also investigated to enhance the cell performance further. The SCs with optimized layers exhibit improved parameters: PCE of 27.1%, with a relative improvement of 34.8% in the PCE compared with the fabricated cell, and a high current matching a of 10.8 mA/cm2. The numerical results showed that the reported cell can potentially achieve a PCE of 36% at an eVoc/EG ratio of 0.72. However, the optimal parameters may vary in real-world operating conditions due to variations in temperature, humidity, and light exposure. As a result, the optimal energy yield (EY) parameters may differ. Therefore, the energy yield optimizing process is also carried out by considering ROCs in Phoenix, AZ, USA, to find the best parameters under these conditions. We found that the optimum top layer bandgap under ROCs is lower than under STCs due to a bluer, more shifted spectrum in ROCs. After that, the optimized cell under ROCs is tested in several locations exhibiting different climatic conditions (Seattle, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Miami, and Milwaukee). The numerical results show that the optimized cell under ROCs offers an increase in energy yield in several locations compared to conventional single-junction crystalline Si-SCs (PCE = 23.6%) with a high energy yield of 648.2 kWh/m2 in Phoenix, with an improvement of 39.9% in the EY compared to the Si-SC counterpart. Our results provide design guidelines for fabricating a highly efficient triple-junction perovskite SC in the lab and outdoor applications and improve the efficiency of 2T3J-PSCs beyond the 30% limit.

Task-Specific Deep Eutectic Solvent for Efficient Dissolution and Further Accelerating Alkaline Hydrolysis of Polyesters Into Their Monomers.

Polyester plastics have brought great convenience to modern society. However, the continuous accumulation of their production increasingly threatens human health. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the largest type of polyester plastics and its recycling is a major challenge. In this work, deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of thenyl alcohol and choline chloride (ChCl) was designed for efficient dissolution of PET at 165 °C for 20 min, and further accelerating complete alkaline hydrolysis of PET into its monomer terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG) with a high TPA monomer yield (98.2 %) in 25 min at 100 °C. Moreover, the designed DES is also efficient for dissolution and alkaline hydrolysis of other polyester plastics, including poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF) into their monomers. This work provides a feasible and sustainable solution for the recycling of polyester wastes.

Carborane-based BODIPY dyes: synthesis, structural analysis, photophysics and applications

Icosahedral boron clusters-based BODIPY dyes represent a cutting-edge class of compounds that merge the unique properties of boron clusters with the exceptional fluorescence characteristics of BODIPY dyes. These kinds of molecules have garnered substantial interest due to their potential applications across various fields, mainly including optoelectronics, bioimaging, and potential use as boron carriers for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Carborane clusters are known for their exceptional stability, rigid geometry, and 3D-aromaticity, while BODIPY dyes are renowned for their strong absorption, high fluorescence quantum yields, and photostability. The integration of carborane into BODIPY structures leverages the stability and versatility of carboranes while enhancing the photophysical properties of BODIPY-based fluorophores. This review explores the synthesis and structural diversity of boron clusters-based BODIPY dyes, highlighting how carborane incorporation can lead to significant changes in the electronic and optical properties of the dyes. We discuss the enhanced photophysical characteristics, such as red-shifted absorption and emission poperties, charge and electronic transfer effects, and improved cellular uptake, resulting from carborane substitution. The review also delves into the diverse applications of these compounds. In bioimaging, carborane-BODIPY dyes offer superior fluorescence properties and cellular internalization, making them ideal for cell tracking. In photodynamic therapy, (PDT) these dyes can act as potent photosensitizers capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for targeted cancer treatment making them excellent candidates for PDT. Additionally, their unique electronic properties make them suitable candidates for optoelectronic applications, including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and sensors. Overall, carborane-BODIPY dyes represent a versatile and promising class of materials with significant potential for innovation in scientific and technological applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on carborane-BODIPY dyes, highlighting their synthesis, properties, and broad application spectrum.

In-situ spontaneous emission control of MoSe₂-WSe₂ interlayer excitons with high quantum yield

In-situ spontaneous emission control of MoSe₂-WSe₂ interlayer excitons with high quantum yield

Electrochemical Synthesis of Metasequoia-Like Reduced Graphene Oxide Coated Cobalt-Silver Catalyst for Stable and Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia.

Electrocatalytic nitrate (NO3 -) reduction to ammonia (NH3) is a green and efficient NH3synthesis technology. Metallic silver (Ag) is one of the well-known electrocatalysts for NO3 - reduction. However, under alkaline conditions, its poor water-splitting ability fails to provide sufficient protonic hydrogen required for NH3 synthesis, resulting in low NH3 selectivity. Additionally, metal catalysts are prone to leaching and oxidation during electrocatalysis, resulting in poor stability. Herein, cobalt (Co) into Ag (CoAg) catalyst is doped, which not only increases the NH3 selectivity by 34.4%, but also reduces the reduction potential by 0.1V. Meanwhile, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a protective "armor" is used to encapsulate the CoAg catalyst (rGO2.92@CoAg). The rGO2.92@CoAg catalyst shows excellent stability for over 300 hours (h) of continuous reaction. The Co and Ag contents in the rGO2.92@CoAg catalyst after continuous tests decreases by only 4.3% and 3.1%, respectively, which are much lower than those of the CoAg catalyst without the rGO (90.8%, 52.6%). Moreover, the rGO2.92@CoAg catalyst shows high Faradaic efficiency (99.3%) and NH3 yield rate (1.47mmol h-1 cm-2). Therefore, a high performance and strong stability rGO2.92@CoAg catalyst is obtained by Co doping and rGO coating, which provides theoretical basis for practical industrial application.

C‐C Coupling of Methylene Ketones with Alcohols Enabled by Fe‐Catalysis: Access to Substituted Pyrroles and Pharmaceuticals

Herein, we have reported a sustainable and chemo‐selective strategy for the synthesis of functionalized branched alcohols. Commercially available catalytic system does not need any special ligand and liberated water and hydrogen as side product. A series of alkyl primary alcohols (C4‐C10) including methanol were tolerated in good to high yield. Sequential transformations to substituted pyrroles, chromenes and synthesis of donepezil drug were obtained (&gt;57 entries). Preliminary mechanistic investigations were performed to understand the catalytic pathways.

Yield of winter soft wheat varieties of different ecological and geographical origin and their adaptability in the conditions of the Central Nonblack Earth Region

When creating new varieties, it is necessary to pay attention not only to high yields and the quality of the original parent forms, but also to be guided by knowledge about their reaction to changing growing environment conditions. The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of 15 varieties of different ecological and geographical origin. The methods of S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell, A.A. Rossielle and J. Hamblin, L.A. Zhivotkov, E.D. Nettevich were used in the analysis of adaptability indicators. The research was carried out in the northwestern part of the Ryazan region in the fields of ISA – a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution FNAC VIM in 2019–2023, of which two years were unfavorable – the index of environmental conditions (Ij) –2,54 – –1,87, three years favorable Ij was 0,84–2,24. It was found that, on average, over 5 years of research, the highest yield potential was possessed by the varieties of winter wheat Danaya – 5,79 t/ha, Isktar – 6,36 t/ha, Nebokrat and Slavna – 5,81 t/ha and 6,09 t/ha, which is higher than the average annual indicator by experience by 11,1%, 22,1%, 11,5% and 16,9%, respectively. The group of the most plastic varieties includes: Danaya and Lavina (Russia), Nebokrat and Slavna (Ukraine), Isztar (Germany). High responsiveness to improving environmental conditions was noted in winter wheat varieties Moskovskaya 39 (Russia) – 1,22, Fantasia (Belarus) – 1,23, Saturnus and Tambor (Germany) – 1,17 and 1,41, respectively. According to the complex of adaptive properties, the Isztar (Germany) and Nebokrat (Ukraine) varieties were distinguished as genetically flexible ((Ymin + Ymax)/2 from 5,56 to 6,26), with a high level of stability (PUSS from 103,28% to 113,12%), good adaptability to environmental conditions (KA – 1,15% and 1,26%, respectively) and resistance to stress ((Ymin – Ymax) from –4,23 to –4,68). The research results can be used in practical breeding.

Epidemiology and outcomes of critically ill patients in the emergency department of a tertiary teaching hospital in Rwanda.

The introduction of Emergency Medicine in Rwanda in 2015 has been associated with a mortality reduction in patients presenting to Kigali University Teaching Hospital (KUTH). In the context of increasing numbers of critically ill patients presenting to Emergency Departments (ED) globally, the aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of critically ill patients, the critical care interventions performed, and the outcomes of critically ill patients presenting to the KUTH ED with the goal of informing future research into the root causes of mortality of critically ill ED patients and of identifying high yield topics for didactic and procedural training. A descriptive observational prospective cohort pilot study analyzed all patients ≥15 years who presented to KUTH between April and June 2022 with modified South African Triage Scores of Red with alarm, Red without alarm, and Orange. Of 320 patients, 66.9% were male and median age was 40 years. Patients were triaged as Orange (65.3%), Red without alarm (22.8%), and Red with alarm (11.9%). Presentations were categorized as: medical emergencies (48.0%), traumatic injury (44.5%), and surgical emergencies (7.6%). Median length of stay was 31h (IQR 28, 56) and boarding was 23h (IQR 8, 48). Overall mortality was 12.2% and highest among medical emergencies (16.5%, p = 0.048) and increased significantly with triage color: Red with alarm (47.4%), Red without alarm (16.4%), and Orange (4.3%, p < 0.0001). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (10.3%), endotracheal intubation (8.8%), and vasopressor administration (3.1%) were the most frequent critical interventions performed. Survival after cardiac arrest was 9.1% and 32.1% after intubation. Mortality was associated with the following interventions: CPR, intubation, and use of vasopressors (p < 0.05). This pilot study identified the most common critical care interventions performed and a high mortality among patients who required these interventions in the ED of a tertiary teaching hospital in Rwanda. These findings will inform didactics and procedural training for emergency care providers. Future research should focus on the root causes of mortality in these specific patient populations and identify areas of system strengthening to reduce mortality.

Hydrodeoxygenation of Isoeugenol-Derived Model Compound over Carbon-Supported Pt and Pt-SnS Catalysts for the Production of Sustainable Jet Fuel.

This study focuses on the sustainable production of bio-jet fuel through the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of isoeugenol (IE). Sucrose-based activated carbon supported bimetallic Platinum-Tin metal sulphides (PtO-SnS/AC) catalyst was prepared for HDO process. Physicochemical properties of catalysts with different spraying synthesis methods (in situ and ex situ metal doping) and Pt loading (0.1-1.0 %) were further investigated. The PtO-SnS/AC catalysts were characterised using various techniques such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Both HRTEM and FESEM results show the successful preparation of a spherical nanoparticles doped over activated carbon, and Pt was dispersed on the outer shell of the particles. The catalytic HDO of IE was evaluated in a batch system and showed a high yield and conversion as follows: IE conversion of 100 %, liquid-phase mass balance of 95.92 %, dihydroeugenol (DH) conversion of 99.32 %, propylcyclohexane (PCH) yield of 88.94 % and 2-methoxy-4-propylcyclohexanol (HYD) yield of 76.19 %. Moreover, the PtO-SnS/AC catalyst exhibited high reusability with low metal leaching and high coke resistance for 10 cycles. The catalyst was evaluated in a continuous flow reactor for 100 h at different reaction temperatures, and interestingly, the catalyst showed low deactivation with a high half-time.

Influence of mineral fertilizers and liming on the dynamics of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, crop yield and quality of crop products of crop rotation link

In the field experiment was investigated the effect of repeated lime application on CO2 emissions from the soil, yield and quality of plant products against the background of mineral fertilizers N90P90K90, on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil. As a result of liming and improvement of the acid regime in the soil, prerequisites are created to enhance the vital activity of beneficial microorganisms in the experiment. It was revealed that an increase in biological activity (carbon dioxide emissions) against the background of the application of mineral fertilizers N90P90K90 and CaCO3 ensures high yield and product quality, contributes to favorable conditions for preserving soil fertility and to a greater extent stimulates the development of microorganisms using mineral forms of nitrate nitrogen. With the systematic use of mineral fertilizers N90P90K90 at the stage of crop rotation, an increase in the quality of cultivated crops was noted (the nutritional value of the green mass of clover; the content of crude protein, protein, gluten, starch in barley grain; the nature of grain in winter wheat). In different years of research, according to weather conditions, grain with a high content of crude gluten, protein, nature in winter wheat grain, starch in barley, ash nutrition elements in clover was obtained. The best option turned out to be using dolomite flour and (N90P90K90). All the considered quality indicators of winter wheat improved under the influence of fertilizers and lime, and the difference with the control was: protein – 0,64–1,78%; crude gluten – 1,6–4,3%; grain nature – 11–26 g/l. The highest productivity was obtained when applying mineral fertilizers and lime: barley – 3,53 t/ha, clover hay of the first year of use – 77,53 t/ha, winter wheat – 7,89 t/ha, compared with the control without the use of fertilizers.

An Efficient Bifunctional Core-Shell ZIF-90@ZIF-67 Composite as a Stable Pickering Interfacial Catalyst for the Deacetalization-Knoevenagel Tandem Reaction.

Exploiting advanced solid particles is crucial to the construction of Pickering emulsions catalysis. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used as ideal emulsifiers stabilizing Pickering emulsions for interfacial catalysis. Although Pickering emulsions stabilized by core-shell MOFs have significant importance in practical studies, to date there have been very limited reports on this topic. Herein, ZIF-90@ZIF-67, a core-shell material with simultaneous acid-base bifunctionality, was synthesized by seeded epitaxial growth. It was firstly applied as an emulsifier in Pickering emulsions to catalyze the deacetalization-Knoevenagel tandem reaction, which exhibited excellent catalytic properties and achieved extremely high yields. Additionally, ZIF-90@ZIF-67 showed high stability and remained well repeatable after five cycles. This work provides a platform for the design of structurally and functionally diverse MOF-based Pickering emulsions interfacial catalysis.