High Weight Retention Research Articles

Ultrasound and autoclave-deacetylated Achatina fulica shell chitosan: Characterisation and effect on tomato and cucumber fruit qualities during storage

Chitosan from African giant snail (Achatina fulica) shells derived through autoclave- (SSCA) or ultrasound-assisted (SSCU) deacetylation was characterised and evaluated for quality and shelf life of tomatoes and cucumbers over 10 days of ambient (26 ± 2 °C) and refrigerated (4 ± 2 °C) storage. A 64.03 and 54.41% deacetylation degrees were achieved for SSCA and SSCU, respectively with the SEM showing uniform surface morphologies. Moisture loss in tomatoes was effectively moderated by SSCA and SSCU treatments as depicted by higher weight retention (93.65% and 81.80%) compared to untreated samples (58.52%) after 10 days of refrigerated storage. Autoclave-derived chitosan significantly retained colour of tomato and cucumber. Ascorbic acid retentions were 88.76% and 87.34%, and 86.40% and 77.01% for SSCA and SSCU-treated tomatoes at ambient and refrigerated storage, respectively. Yeast and mould growths were completely inhibited for 10 days of refrigerated storage. Chitosan treatment enhanced quality and shelf life of tomatoes and cucumbers in the order SSCA > SSCU > control.

Enhanced tensile properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers by solubility improvement with mixed solvents

AbstractThe tensile properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers obtained from mixed solvents are addressed by virtue of improved solubility. In this work, olive oil (OO) was introduced as a poor solvent for the pre‐swelling of UHMWPE in decalin, and its mass percentage was intended to be 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% of UHMWPE. Then UHMWPE fibers with high molecular weight retention and low entanglement were prepared with paraffin oil as spinning solvent by gel‐spinning and hot‐drawing. Unlike other samples, there is a more significant molecular chain disentanglement and higher molecular weight retention for UHMWPE fibers as OO addition is 20 wt%. Surprisingly, obtained UHMWPE fibers exhibit tensile strength up to 33.85 cN/dtex and tensile modulus of 1673.27 cN/dtex, with an increase of 24.0% and 32.3%, respectively, compared with that of UHMWPE fibers without decalin/OO pre‐swelling. Furthermore, the obtained UHMWPE fibers are accompanied by a marked improvement in melting temperature, crystallization and orientation.

Fabrication of hollow fiber membranes with different inner diameters for enhanced uremic toxins removal in hemodialysis: Exploring from high-flux to high molecular weight retention onset classes

Developing a hemodialysis membrane that sufficiently removes both small-sized toxins and the middle molecule is essential. Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are involved in an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality; however, their removal pathway has not been explored yet. Herein, this work aimed to fabricate novel hemodialysis membranes under different inner diameters (ID) with approaching two classes: high-flux (M#1, M#2) and high molecular weight retention onset (MWRO) (M#3, M#4). The results showed that membrane with smaller ID (M#1: 218 μm) performed a superior removal of small molecules i.e., urea: 266,394 mg/m2 and creatinine: 11,985 mg/m2. Spinning conditions, such as bore and dope solution flowrate, had a significant impact on pore size distribution, porosity, and dimensions, but not entirely on the membrane structure. These factors are crucial to govern the efficiency of uremic toxin clearance and the level of protein loss/leaking. Consequently, a high MWRO of M#4 at 13,998 Da favored enhanced removal of middle molecules, resulting in lysozyme removal of 5120 mg/m2 and a high sieving coefficient of β2-microglobulin (0.91). A minimized loss (2.46 g/session) and minor leaking (0.08 g/session) of protein were attained in M#4 e.g., MWRO class. Notably, we first explored the removal pathway of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) with i) Free Form-PBUTs removal by diffusion ii) Free Form-PBUTs removal by adsorption iii) Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-PBUTs conjugate adsorption on a membrane, and iv) Leaking of BSA-PBUTs conjugate to the dialysate. Our high-flux and MWRO membranes removed hippuric acid of 2911 mg/m2; 3476 mg/m2, indoxyl sulfate of 1640 mg/m2; 1452 mg/m2, p-cresol of 3,1469 mg/m2; 3702 mg/m2, respectively. Overall, our study proposes a promising membrane for hemodialysis application that exhibited either higher flux or high molecular weight retention onset compared to commercial membranes. Their properties facilitate an increase in the removal of middle molecules but still retain a minimized loss of protein and minor leakage.

Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Subsequent Pregnancy Among Women Without GDM History in China: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine the likelihood of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in subsequent pregnancy among women without GDM history and to identify risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy. Methods This retrospective cohort study involved participants who delivered twice in same hospital of 18 research centers when delivered the second baby from January 2018 to December 2018. Finally 6204 women were enrolled and 5180 women without GDM history were analyzed further. Women were categorized as non-GDM or GDM based on the blood glucose values of the subsequent pregnancy, and the characteristics and GDM risk of these groups were compared. A univariate analysis of potential risk factors was performed using the Chi-squared test and/or t-test for qualitative or quantitative variables, respectively. Associations with P values <0.1 were chosen to be included in the multivariate binary logistic regression model. Results In primary analysis of 6204 women, the incidence of GDM in subsequent pregnancy is 48.9% (490/1002) in women with GDM history and 16.1% (835/5202) in women without GDM history. In a further analysis for 5180 women without GDM at index pregnancy, compared with the non-GDM group, the GDM group had a significantly higher age, prepregnancy body mass index, and blood glucose value at each oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) timepoint (fasting, 1 h and 2 h) during the index and subsequent pregnancies, as well as higher weight retention during the interval between the two pregnancies (P<0.001). Age above 35 years in subsequent pregnancy (odds ratio (OR)=1.540, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.257–1.886, P<0.001), macrosomia in index pregnancy (OR=1.749, 95% CI=1.277–2.395, P=0.001), OGTT blood glucose values in index pregnancy (fasting, OR=2.487, 95% CI=1.883–3.285, P<0.001; 1 h, OR=1.142, 95% CI=1.051–1.241, P=0.002; 2 h, OR=1.290, 95% CI=1.162–1.432, P<0.001) and weight retention (OR=1.052, 95% CI=1.035–1.068, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy. Conclusion For women without GDM history, GDM risk factors including age, macrosomia history, OGTT value, and weight retention, these can be evaluated before a subsequent pregnancy. Early warning and interventions are needed for women at high risk.

Regulating the dissolving system of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene to enhance the high‐strength and high‐modulus properties of resultant fibers

AbstractThe molecular weight loss of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers is extremely serious in comparison with raw materials due to the high temperature and strong shearing during dissolving process. In this study, decalin was introduced as preswelling solvent and the dissolving system was regulated to improve the solubility of UHMWPE in paraffin oil without severe degradation so as to prepare UHMWPE fibers with high molecular weight retention and low entanglement. UHMWPE was preswelling in decalin with different content, the mass ratio of decalin to UHMWPE were 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1. All UHMWPE fibers were prepared by gel‐spinning and hot‐drawing. UHMWPE fibers possess the highest molecular weight after preswelling of UHMWPE in decalin (with a mass ratio of 3:1 to UHMWPE, namely UPE/dec‐s‐3 sample). What's more, the entanglement of UHMWPE fibers gained from UPE/dec‐s‐3 sample has been observably diluted in comparation to that from UPE‐neat and other swollen samples. More importantly, the tensile strength and modulus of UHMWPE fibers obtained from UPE/dec‐s‐3 sample can reach 31.41 and 1446.26 cN/dtex, increased by 15.1% and 14.3% compared with UPE‐neat fibers, respectively. Besides, the thermal and crystallization behavior of UHMWPE fibers prepared from swollen UHMWPE have also been boosted.

Continuous mixing process and properties of NR/CB nanocomposites based on elongational rheology

A self-developed biaxial eccentric rotor extruder (BERE) based on elongational rheology was adopted to prepare natural rubber (NR)/carbon black (CB) nanocomposites continuously through one-step process in 1.5 min. The micro morphology, rubber processing analysis, binding rubber content, relaxation time, molecular weight and distribution, vulcanization and mechanical properties of the prepared NR/CB nanocomposites were tested. By comparing with NR/CB nanocomposites prepared by internal mixer, it is proved that BERE continuous mixing process can not only greatly shorten the mixing time, reduce unit energy consumption, but also make the prepared NR/CB nanocomposites have good mixing and dispersion morphology, excellent physical and mechanical properties, high molecular weight retention and binding rubber content.

Association of sugar-sweetened beverage intake with maternal postpartum weight retention.

During the perinatal period, modifiable behaviours contributing to excess weight gain, including sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, are understudied. We examined the extent to which perinatal SSB intake affects postpartum weight retention (PPWR). We measured SSB intake frequency in the third trimester and 1-month postpartum using the NHANES Dietary Screener Questionnaire. We assessed the association between SSB intake and PPWR (difference between 6-month postpartum and pregravid weight) using multivariable regression adjusted for socio-demographic and anthropometric variables. Greater Boston area. Three hundred forty-eight mother-infant pairs in the Rise and SHINE prospective birth cohort. Mean age was 32·7 (sd 5·0) years; the sample was 47 % white, 32 % Hispanic, 14 % Asian and 7 % Black. Women reported mean daily SSB intake frequencies of 0·9 (sd 1·2) and 0·7 (sd 1·0) times/d in the third trimester and 1-month postpartum, respectively. At 6-month postpartum, average weight retention was 3·4 (sd 5·7) kg; 108 (sd 31 %) women had substantial PPWR, defined as a ≥ 5 kg increase between pregravid and 6-month postpartum weight. Each 1-time/d increment in SSB intake frequency during the third trimester (β = 0·46 kg (95 % CI, 0·07, 0·86)) and 1-month postpartum (β = 0·52 kg (95 % CI 0·03, 1·00)) was associated with higher weight retention at 6 months. Increased SSB intake frequency in the third trimester (OR: 1·37; 95 % CI 1·10, 1·75) and 1-month postpartum (OR: 1·17; 95 % CI 0·92, 1·52) resulted in higher odds of substantial PPWR. SSB consumption during the perinatal period is associated with higher weight retention at 6-month postpartum. Avoiding SSB may reduce the risk of excess weight retention.

Postpartum weight retention in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Compared with women without polycystic ovary syndrome, women with polycystic ovary syndrome have a higher prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors. Postpartum weight retention has been shown to contribute to these risks in the general population, but little is known about postpartum weight retention among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. This study aimed to compare postpartum weight retention and peripartum weight trends between women with polycystic ovary syndrome and controls. Data on live, full-term singleton deliveries from January 1, 2014, to January 1, 2019, in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Weights during the pregestational period, pregnancy, and up to 12 months postpartum were collected. The primary outcome was likelihood of high postpartum weight retention of ≥5 kg above pregestational weight at 12 months after delivery. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence of high weight retention at other postpartum time points (6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months), absolute postpartum weight retention, gestational weight gain, and excess weight gain above the Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight gain in pregnancy. A total of 6333 women had the requisite weight information (pregestational, peak pregnancy, and at least 1 postpartum weight), including 429 (6.8%) with polycystic ovary syndrome. After adjusting for age, pregestational body mass index, race, gestational diabetes mellitus, and parity, women with polycystic ovary syndrome were less likely to be high weight retainers at 6 weeks after delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 0.71; P=.02). There was no difference in postpartum weight retention between groups at 3, 6, and 12 months after delivery. Overall, the prevalence of high weight retainers at 12 months after delivery was high in both groups (22.7% in polycystic ovary syndrome vs 29.2% in controls; P=.13), and there was no difference in absolute weight retention (1.69 kg in polycystic ovary syndrome vs 2.05 kg in controls; P=.25). Although women with polycystic ovary syndrome had a higher pregestational body mass index, they had lower gestational weight gain (median, 12.7 kg) than controls (median, 13.5 kg) (P=.01). These findings were driven by the group with obesity. The percentage of women who surpassed the Institute of Medicine guidelines for gestational weight gain based on the body mass index category was similar between groups (43.4% in polycystic ovary syndrome vs 47.3% in controls; P=.12). Overall, 18.5% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 23.4% of controls had a higher body mass index category at 12 months after delivery than before pregnancy. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome had lower gestational weight gain and lower likelihood of high weight retention at 6 weeks after delivery but similar weight retention at 12 months after delivery compared with controls. Overall, the large proportion of women with high postpartum weight retention highlights the importance of the peripartum time period for weight management, particularly in this high-risk group predisposed to obesity and cardiometabolic disease.

P1108FLUID DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF THERANOVA DIALYZER THROUGH CT IMAGING TECHNIQUE

Abstract Background and Aims Inadequate removal of molecules between 5and50KDa, due to their restriction in diffusibility, may cause long-term complication in chronic hemodialysis patients. Medium Cut-off(MCO) is a new class of membranes with enhanced sieving properties and negligible albumin loss, thanks to its high molecular weight(MW) retention onset and MW cut-off value lower than albumin MW. MCO membrane used in HD allows to perform expanded hemodialysis (HDx), a technique based on high internal filtration(IF). Our previous study quantified the IF of Theranova dialyzer leveraging a nuclear imaging technique. In order to characterize the local distribution of the IF, an in vitro study assessing the fluid dynamics inside Theranova dialyzer was conducted through CT imaging technique. Method Dialyzers Theranova 400 and 500(Baxter, Deerfield, USA) were placed in vertical position in the CT gantry. Blood and dialysate were circulated in countercurrent at 300ml/min and 500 ml/min, respectively. The two compartments were analyzed separately, injecting the dye solution, for both filters. Longitudinal sections, 0.5cm thick, were recorded for 60seconds. Results In blood compartment, dye solution immediately after its entrance in the dialyzer demonstrates homogeneous progression, while different velocity profiles were observed among the fibers proceeding to the outlet port (Fig b). In dialysate compartment, dye solution is distributed in the periphery first (Fig d), then seeps in the fibers bundle and reaches the complete compartment filling. Conclusion The homogeneous dye profile immediately after its entrance in blood compartment demonstrated a good design of the inlet port; the optimal dye distribution reached in both blood and dialysate compartments ensure that IF phenomenon is equally achieved in both central and peripheral regions of the dialyzer.

Effect of postpartum glucose tolerance results on subsequent weight retention in women with recent gestational diabetes: A retrospective cohort study

AimsGlucose tolerance normalizes postpartum in most women with gestational diabetes (GDM), which may provide false reassurance and decrease weight-reducing behaviours. We evaluated whether awareness of normal postpartum glucose tolerance was associated with higher weight retention than being unaware of glucose tolerance. MethodsThis cohort study of women with GDM collected survey data during pregnancy and in the first and second postpartum year. We compared women who reported normal glucose tolerance (‘aware, normal’) in the first year to those reporting no testing or unsure of results (‘unaware’). The primary outcome was self-reported weight in the second year compared between groups using multivariable linear regression. ResultsAmong 319 women, 110 (34.5%) were ‘aware, normal’; 183 (57.4%) were ‘unaware’; and 26 (8.2%) were ‘aware, abnormal’. After adjusting for baseline weight and covariates, women with normal results had a mean 3.66 kg higher weight (CI 1.08–6.24 kg, p = 0.0056) by the second year than those unaware of results. ConclusionsWomen with GDM with normal postpartum glucose tolerance had significantly higher weight by the second year than those unaware of their results. Normal glucose tolerance after pregnancy may be misinterpreted as resolution of diabetes risk and decrease risk-reducing behaviours.

The status of postpartum weight retention and its associated factors among Chinese lactating women in 2013

Objective: To analyze the status of postpartum weight retention and its associated factors among Chinese lactating women in 2013. Methods: This study was based on the databank of Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. Using the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, we enrolled 12 514 women, at 0-24 months postpartum, from 55 sites in 30 provinces of China (excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region). Questionnaires were used to collect data on basic characteristics, physical activity, lifestyle, food intake, pre-pregnancy weight, weight before delivery, disease history during pregnancy, delivery date, delivery mode, parity and breastfeeding information. Current body weight and height of each subject were measured. Postpartum weight retention in each subject was calculated as the difference between pre-pregnancy and current weights. High postpartum weight retention was defined as ≥5 kg. Survey sample weights were calculated according to the sampling design and number of children under 2 years old from 2010 population census data of China. Associated factors of high postpartum weight retention were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 9 972 women were included in this study. P50 (P25-P75) of weight retention for participants was 3.6 (0.2-7.3) kg and high weight retention accounted for 41.5% of the subjects (4 134/9 972). The weighted means (SE) of weight retention was 3.5 (0.1) kg, and it was at 0 to <3, 3 to <6, 6 to <9, 9 to <12, 12 to <18 and 18 to <24 months postpartum were 5.3 (0.2), 4.5 (0.2), 3.8 (0.2), 3.1 (0.2), 2.8 (0.2) and 3.0 (0.2) kg, respectively. The weighted proportion of high postpartum weight retention was 37.4% (95%CI: 36.0%-38.9%). Compared with women aged under 25 years old, the odds ratio of high postpartum weight retention was 1.31 for women over 30 years old. Compared with women at 18 to <24 months postpartum, the odds ratio of high postpartum weight retention was 2.67, 1.61 and 1.31 for women at 0 to <3, 3 to <6 and 6 to <9 months postpartum, respectively. Compared with women having a pre-pregnant BMI from 18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2, the odds ratio of high postpartum weight retention was 1.30 and 0.67 for women having pre-pregnant BMI <18.5 kg/m2 and ≥25.0 kg/m2, respectively. Compared with women having appropriate gestational weight gain, the odds ratio of high postpartum weight retention was 0.47 and 2.24 for women having low and excessive gestational weight gains, respectively. Compared with farmers, the odds ratio of high postpartum weight retention was 1.44 for housewives. (P<0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion: Postpartum weight retention in Chinese lactating women is at an intermediate level. High postpartum weight retention is primarily associated with age, postpartum period, pre-pregnant BMI, gestational weight gain and career. The key control factor for weight retention is gestational weight gain, and 1 year postpartum is critical period for weight recovery.

Postpartum weight trajectories in overweight and lean women

Backgroundoverweight and obesity in women of reproductive age are increasing and are often linked with excessive weight gain in pregnancy and weight retention after birth. Studies on spontaneous maternal weight trajectory after childbirth are scarce. Objectivewe describe women's spontaneous weight trajectory during the first six weeks of the postpartum period and its relationship between Body Mass Index and socio-demographical, behavioural and psychological variables. Designdata from 212 women who gave birth in three regional hospitals were collected prospectively between December 2015 and February 2016. Potential determinants were examined during pregnancy and the postpartum period at four and six weeks after childbirth. Descriptive statistics and a linear multivariate regression model were used. Early postnatal weight retention (PWR) was defined as the difference between the maternal weight six weeks after childbirth and the pre-pregnancy weight (kg). Measurements and findingsmean PWR at six weeks after childbirth was 3.3kg (SD 4.1), with a range between −7 and +16.2kg; 81% reported some weight retention (PWR>0kg), and 36% showed a high weight retention (PWR≥5kg). Women with a BMI <25kg/m2 showed a significantly higher mean PWR six weeks after childbirth compared to women with a BMI ≥25kg/m2 (4.0kg versus 1.6kg, p=0.002). There was a significant correlation between maternal weight retention and gestational weight gain (GWG) (B=0.65, p<0.001) and pre-pregnancy body mass index <25kg/m2 (B=1.12, p=0.017), six weeks after childbirth. Key conclusionsweight retention six weeks after childbirth is associated with pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG, but contrary to expectations, lean women with excessive GWG tended to retain most weight after childbirth. No significant associations with several socio-demographical, behavioural and psychological variables were found. Implications for practiceweight management strategies around pregnancy should not be limited to overweight and obese mothers. Women with pre-pregnancy BMI <25kg/m2 require equal attention to prevent postnatal weight retention.

Effects on postpartum weight retention after antenatal lifestyle intervention - a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

High weight retention after pregnancy is related to an increased risk of future obesity. The objective was to evaluate whether an antenatal intervention, compared with standard care, could reduce postpartum weight retention (PPWR). Women with body mass index >19, age ≥18 years, knowledge of Swedish, and pregnancy ≤16 weeks' gestation were randomized. Standard care was compared with a composite intervention including a personalized weight graph, education on recommended weight gain, prescription of exercise, and monitoring of weight until 1 year after delivery. Mean (kg) PPWR was compared between the groups and risk estimates (odds ratio) for excessive weight retention were calculated. Of 445 women randomized, 267 remained for analysis at ≤16 weeks postpartum and 168 at 1 year postpartum. The intervention group had a significantly lower mean PPWR at ≤16 weeks [1.81 kg (standard deviation, SD, 4.52) vs. 3.19 kg (SD 4.77), p = 0.016]. At one year postpartum, mean retention was still 0.7 kg lower in the intervention group [0.30 kg (SD 5.52) vs. 1.00 kg (SD 5.46)]; the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.414). Gestational weight gain above Institute of Medicine recommendations was a significant risk factor for excessive weight retention (>5 kg) one year after delivery (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.08-5.52, p = 0.029). A composite lifestyle intervention during pregnancy reduced short-term weight retention, but the effect of the intervention did not remain at 1 year postpartum. A gestational weight gain above Institute of Medicine recommendations increases the risk of excessive long-term weight retention.

A importância do peso na gravidez: antes, durante e depois

AimFor women of reproductive age, pregnancy is a potential risk factor for obesity development.Our aim was to study the association between gestational weight gain and post‐partum weight retention 6 to 12 months after delivery. Type of studyRetrospective cohort study. SettingOndas Health Family Unit. PopulationWomen pregnant in 2010 or 2011. MethodsWe included women who got pregnant in 2010 or 2011, with pregnancy followed at our Family Health Unit and whose delivery occurred until August 15th 2012. We excluded women with twin pregnancy, pregnants without clinical records or those who could not be contacted by telephone.Data were obtained from SAM® software and by telefone (weight at the end of pregnancy and breastfeeding length). For the analysis of the results three categories were considered: below (1), according to (2) and above (3) the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine. Statistical analysis: SPSS® 20.0, considering p<0,05 as a statistical significant value. Results96 women were included, with a mean age of 28,96 years; 52,08% were nulliparous and 96,88% had breastfed. 42,71% of them were overweight or obese, and 29,17% gained weight above the recommended for their body mass index.Women placed in category 1 gained on average 0,53kg, those in category 2 gained 1,05kg and those in category 3 gained about 3,86kg (statistically significant difference between the latter two categories). ConclusionsWe observed an association between weight gain above recommendations in pregnancy and a higher weight retention 6 to 12 months after delivery.

Developmental trajectories of postpartum weight 3 years after birth: Norwegian Mother And Child Cohort study.

This study explored the developmental trajectories of postpartum weight from 0.5 to 3years after childbirth, and aimed to determine the associations between postpartum weight trajectories and prepregnancy body mass index and adequacy of gestational weight gain (GWG). Data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study were used, following 49,528 mothers 0.5, 1.5, and 3years after childbirth. Analyses were performed using latent growth mixture modeling. Three groups of developmental trajectories of postpartum weight were found, with most women (85.9%) having a low level of weight retention initially and slight gain over 3years, whereas 5.6% of women started at a high postpartum weight retention (on average 7.56kg) at 0.5years but followed by a marked weight loss over time (2.63kg per year on average), and the third trajectory represented women (8.5%) who had high weight retention high initially (on average 4.67kg at 0.5years) and increasing weight over time (1.43kg per year on average). Prepregnancy overweight and obesity and excessive GWG significantly predicted a high postpartum weight trend. Women had substantial variability in postpartum weight development-both initially after birth and in their weight trajectories over time. Early preventive interventions may be designed to assist women with prepregnancy overweight and obesity and excessive GWG, which helps to reduce the increasing trend for postpartum weight.

Application of PEO/Cofactor System on Papermaking Process for Recycled Fibers

Ionic trash in furnish decreases retention and drainage performance of the microparticle retention system using recycled fibers in closed papermaking system. Two retention systems, such as the microparticle system and the PEO/cofactor system, were compared and analyzed to improve retention. The PEO/cofactor system achieved similar retention performance at low addition level as the microparticle system. Optimum ratio of PEO/cofactor dual polymer system was 1:10. Ash retention was increased when using the fixing agent. As the TMP ratio increased, the PEO/cofactor system was more efficient in retention and drainage than the other system. The high molecular weight and non-ionic polymer retention system had less effect on flocculation hindrance than the traditional electrostatic retention system.

Sociodemographic, perinatal, behavioral, and psychosocial predictors of weight retention at 3 and 12 months postpartum.

Postpartum weight retention plays an important role in the pathway leading to obesity among women of childbearing age. The objective of this study was to examine predictors of moderate (1-10 pounds) and high (>10 pounds) postpartum weight retention using data from a prospective pregnancy cohort that followed women into the postpartum period; n = 688 and 550 women at 3 and 12 months, respectively. Analysis included descriptive statistics and predictive modeling using log-binomial techniques. The average weight retained at 3 and 12 months postpartum in this population was 9.4lb (s.d. = 11.4) and 5.7lb (s.d. = 13.2), respectively. At 3 months postpartum, prepregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, and hours slept during the night were associated with moderate or high weight retention, whereas having an infant hospitalized after going home and scoring in the upper 75th percentile of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) were associated only with high weight retention. At 12 months postpartum, prepregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, and maternal education were associated with moderate weight retention; and gestational weight gain, maternal age, race, employment status, and having an infant hospitalized at birth were associated with high weight retention. The results of this study illustrate the importance of prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain in predicting postpartum weight retention. Furthermore, given the lack of successful intervention studies that exist to date to help women lose weight in the postpartum period, the results of this study may help to inform future interventions that focus on such aspects as hours of sleep, dealing with stress associated with a hospitalized infant, and nonclinical eating disorder symptomatology.

Prenatal and postnatal factors associated with high weight retention in young Mexican women

The objective was to explore prenatal and postnatal factors associated with weight retention (WR) at 3 months postpartum (pp) in Mexican women. Women were recruited as part of a randomized supplementation trial &lt; 26 wks of pregnancy and followed to 3 m pp. We studied 415 women. Weight gain (WG) and weight retention were calculated from recruitment to each follow‐up period, representing an underestimation of true weight change. High WR at 3 m pp was defined as &gt; 2.2 kg. Mean age at recruitment was 27.4±5.8 y, gestational age 20.7±5.7 wks. At 3 m pp, mean WR was −0.1±4.0 kg, and 25% of women had high WR. Nearly 40% of women were overweight (25.0–29.9) and 21% obese (&amp;#8805;30) at 3 m pp. Compared to women with lower WR, women with high WR were younger, had higher WG in the second half of pregnancy, had higher WG from the 1st to 3rd m pp and were more sedentary. In multivariate analysis, every kg of WG during pregnancy and from 1 to 3 mo pp, the risk of having a high WR increases by 43% (95% CI 1.3–1.6) and 66% (95% CI 1.4–1.9), respectively. The risk of having a high WR increased for every hour of sitting in the day by 13% (95% CI 1.001–1.3). The results of this study underscore the importance of appropriate WG during pregnancy and in early pp to avoid excess WR. The Oportunidades program is an ideal venue to promote healthy weight gain and physical activity during and after pregnancy.Founding: Oportunidades program, holding the rites to the data presented.

Television, Walking, and Diet: Associations With Postpartum Weight Retention

Excessive weight that is retained after giving birth tends to be deposited in central rather than peripheral sites. Reported postpartum weight retention averages 0.5-1 kg at 12 months, but as many as one-fourth of women reportedly retain 5 kg or more of weight gained during pregnancy at 6-12 months postpartum. Weight gain during pregnancy is the strongest predictor of postpregnancy weight retention. This prospective cohort study of 902 women sought associations between postpartum television viewing, walking, and trans fat intake on the one hand and, on the other, weight retention of 5 kg or more 12 months postpartum. Data collected in the years 1999-2003 were analyzed in 2005-2006. At 6 months postpartum, participants reported hours per week of TV viewing and the time and intensity of physical activity, and also completed a food frequency questionnaire. Weight retention 12 months postpartum averaged 0.6 kg in this study, with 12% of mothers retaining 5 kg or more. These women were heavier before pregnancy and were more likely than those who retained less than 5 kg to be nonwhite, unmarried, and primiparous. They also had relatively low incomes and were likelier to have gained excessive weight while pregnant. Based on unadjusted findings, postpartum walking, more vigorous activity, time to return to work, breast feeding, and depression could not be related to high weight retention. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusting for numerous possible confounding factors including maternal sociodemographics, parity, prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, breast feeding, and smoking status, the odds ratio (OR) of retaining 5 kg or more was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.46) per daily hour of TV viewing. The OR was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.46-0.94) per daily hour of walking and 1.33 (95% CI, 1.09-1.62) for every 0.5% increment in daily energy intake from trans fat. For women who watched less than 2 hours of TV a day, walked for at least 30 minutes, and consumed less than the median amount of trans fat, the OR for retaining 5 kg of more of gestational weight gain was 0.23 (95% CI, 0.08-0.66).

Identification of women at risk of adverse weight development following pregnancy

It has been known for long time that pregnancy associated with weight problems women but few important factors have been identified, except for weight gain during pregnancy itself. To identify cutoffs for weight gain during pregnancy for identification of women at risk of high weight retention after pregnancy. A longitudinal analysis of 563 women who gave birth in 1984-1985 was used. Weight development during pregnancy was used as diagnostic test for high weight retention at 1 and 15 years follow-up. True positives for high weight retention were defined as > 90th percentile at 1 and 15 years. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to derive cutoffs minimizing the absolute and relative number of misclassifications. The average weight retention at 1 year (WR1y) and 15 years (WR15y) was 1.1 +/- 3.6 and 7.6 +/- 7.4, respectively. There was a moderately strong correlation between weight gain during pregnancy and weight retention at 1 and 15 years follow-up (r2 = 0.13 and r2 = 0.05, respectively; both P < 0.001) and weight gain during pregnancy as diagnostic test to find high weight retainers performed better than chance both for WR1y (AUC = 0.76 +/- 0.04, P < 0.01) and WR15y (0.63 +/- 0.04, P < 0.05). To minimize the absolute number of misclassifications of high weight retention, a highly specific and insensitive cut-off of around 24 kg weight gain during pregnancy was needed. The best trade-off between sensitivity and specifity, minimizing the relative number of misclassifications, was at a cutoff of around 16 kg, but this resulted in three times as many absolute misclassifications. Weight gain during pregnancy was found to be a moderately strong diagnostic test for weight retention after pregnancy. In order to implement weight gain recommendations for clinical practice larger studies need to be conducted and the demands on the reference values specified, since decisions about the trade-offs between types and extent of misclassifications need to be made.