High Water Volume Research Articles

Using transanal irrigation in the management of low anterior resection syndrome: a service audit.

Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) is a collection of symptoms that can occur as a result of a low anterior resection for bowel cancer. Transanal irrigation (TAI) can be used to manage these symptoms. This article describes a retrospective audit of 15 patients who were using TAI to manage symptoms of LARS. The aim of the audit was to ascertain whether the use of TAI improved outcomes for these patients. The data suggest that TAI has reduced both the frequency of bowel movements and episodes of faecal incontinence. Those patients using higher volumes of water seem to have experienced more benefit than those patients using lower volumes of water. These findings are consistent with current literature around TAI for LARS and suggest research into optimum volume of water would be beneficial.

Application of Sentinel 2 Satellite Imagery for Sustainable Groundwater Management in Agricultural Areas—Chtouka Aquifer, Morocco

In semi-arid regions that are characterized by large agricultural activities, a high volume of water is needed to cover the water requirements for agricultural production. Due to low precipitation and the associated limited availability of surface water, aquifers often represent the main source of irrigation water in these regions. Especially in coastal aquifers, high groundwater abstraction rates may change the flow dynamics of the aquifer and may lead to saltwater intrusion. In this study, within the framework of German–Moroccan international cooperation, the agricultural areas for the summer period 2019 of the Chtouka coastal aquifer in southern Morocco are classified using optical and multi-spectral Sentinel 2 data. Based on the developed land use maps, the groundwater abstraction for irrigation is then quantified by referring to local farmers’ irrigation practices. Following this approach, the total amount of groundwater abstraction is estimated at 157 million m3 for the summer period 2019 in the Chtouka aquifer.

Catalyst Recovery, Regeneration and Reuse during Large-Scale Disinfection of Water Using Photocatalysis

The deployment of photocatalysis for remediation of water has not yet been realized, although laboratory-scale studies have demonstrated promise. Accomplishing this requires the development of photocatalysis as a process, including studying its efficiencies in remedying water when high volumes of water are processed, and addressing the recovery, possible regeneration and reuse of the photocatalysts. To that end, this work is aimed at demonstrating the use of a custom-built mobile platform for disinfecting large quantities of water. The benchtop platform built is capable of processing 15.14 L (4 gallons) per minute of water, with possibility for further scale-up. Preliminary studies on the catalyst recovery, regeneration and reuse via gravity-assisted settling, centrifugation and air plasma treatment indicated that 77% of Aeroxide® P25 titania (TiO2) nanoparticle and 57% of porous TiO2 nanowire photocatalysts could be recovered and regenerated for further use. Overall, this study indicated that process improvements, including increasing the kinetics of the photocatalysis, and optimization of the efficacies of the catalyst recovery and regeneration processes will make it useful for water remediation on any scale. More importantly, the portable and flexible nature of the benchtop photocatalysis system makes it amenable for use in conjunction with existing technologies for remedying large quantities of water.

Congener- and isomer-specific Perfluorinated compounds in textile wastewater from Southeast China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are largely used in textile auxiliaries for the water/oil repellent finishing and have been listed as substances of very high concerns globally. Quantifying the generations and emissions of PFCs from textile and dyeing enterprises is of great significance to realizing the cleaner production management. In this study, congener- and isomer-specific PFCs were measured in regulation tank influent and final effluent from 48 textile plants in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The median ∑17 PFC concentrations in influent and effluent were 428.5 and 268.0 ng/L, respectively. Short- and medium-chain homologues accounted for three-quarters of the total PFCAs in these wastewater samples. Isomeric fingerprints showed an overwhelming occurrence of linear isomers rather than branched ones for PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS. This implied that PFCs in textile wastewater might not be exclusively from a 3M electrochemical fluorination (ECF) source. Raw materials played an important role in PFCs distributions since significantly higher levels of PFHpA, PFHxA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and PFTrDA were found in wastewater from chemical fibre manufacturing than from manufacturing of other materials. There was no significant discrepancy in PFCs removal rates between different treatments techniques. Although ecological risk assessment revealed an absent health risks of PFCs from effluent in the short term, the implement of textile cleaner production warrants concern due to the high volumes of water per unit fabric for processing. The widespread PFCs occurrence in textile wastewater highlighted the urgency of PFCs removal and disposal. We also encouraged the replacement of synthetic substances with natural materials, adoptions of technical improvements, and innovations such as life cycle analysis or cluster process management in the development of the textile industry.

Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of mineral dissolution rates in fractured media

Physical heterogeneity in the subsurface creates preferential flowpaths that have the potential to impact mineral dissolution rates. Previous studies using numerical simulations have found that physical heterogeneity can reduce the mineral dissolution rate by an order of magnitude relative to homogeneous simulations. These findings indicate that the long-studied difference between laboratory dissolution rates, and field dissolution rates could be the result of processes caused by heterogeneity in the subsurface, specifically variable fluid flowpaths controlling the approach to fluid saturation. In this study, we investigate the behavior of mineral dissolution rates in heterogeneous fractured rock domains through time. Domains containing albite and non-reactive quartz evolve through 1 million years as rainwater percolates through the system and allows for albite dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation. Fracture density and orientation vary in the domains to determine the importance of fracture topology on mineral dissolution rates. In addition, the volumetric flow rate through each domain is systematically varied to determine the impact of changing flow conditions relative to reaction rates.Temporal analysis of the simulation results indicates that domain-averaged dissolution rates decrease with time, similarly to what has been observed in field systems and long-term laboratory experiments. Spatial analysis of the mineral dissolution rates throughout the simulations, indicates that fractures remain reaction limited through most of the simulation, while the matrix is transport limited. Since most of the domain consists of matrix, the domain is transport limited as a whole. However, speciation of the flux-weighted fluid leaving the domain indicates that the fluid is undersaturated with respect to albite, potentially leading to an interpretation that dissolution within the domain is not transport limited. The direct comparison of the spatial distribution of rates and the integrated flux signal appears contradictory, however, this approach reveals that the transport-limited signal that persists through most of the domain is diluted by the higher volume of water that leaves the system through fast-flowing fracture pathways compared to the mass of solutes diffusing out of disconnected portions of the domain. This parsing of the domain into transport-limited regions and kinetic-limited regions, induced by physical heterogeneity, has the potential to further explain the differences between laboratory dissolution rates and field dissolution rates. It is possible that mineral weathering is dominated by transport-limited conditions in many field systems with disconnected fluid pathways where reaction rates are slow due to a buildup of solutes, despite integrated signals in streams indicating far-from equilibrium conditions for dissolution reactions of primary minerals.

Colombian water sources polluted by car-washgenerated sludge

The fact that Colombian hydric sources, despite their great importance, can contain microorganisms, led this study to categorize sludge from car wash, because this activity results in high volume of residual water that fluctuates, according to wash demand, between 0.5 and 1.0lt/sec. Detergents, fats, oil, fuels and sediment, among many others, produce very high pollution levels. A three-period experimental design carried out taking random samples of sludge found presence of Salmonella, somatic phages, helminth eggs and fecal coliforms coming from three car wash locations around metropolitan Bucaramanga, Colombia. Sludge analyzed was classified as category B, apt for different uses in forest plantations, as precursor material in production of construction materials, and energy-valorization processes.

Multiple adverse effects of textile effluents and reactive Red 239 dye to aquatic organisms.

Textile dyeing consumes high volumes of water, generating proportional number of colored effluents which contain several hazardous chemical. These contaminants can implicate in significant changes in aquatic environmental, including several adverse effects to organisms in different trophic levels. The present study was developed to assess the ecotoxicological effects of textile effluent samples and reactive Red 239 dye (used in cotton dyeing) to aquatic organisms Vibrio fischeri bacteria, Daphnia similis crustacean, and Biomphalaria glabrata snail (adults and embryos). Chronic assays with lethal and sublethal effects for Daphnia similis were included and performed only for textile effluents samples. The mutagenicity was also evaluated with Salmonella/microsome assay (TA98, TA100, and YG1041 strains). V. fischeri bacteria was the most sensitive to reactive Red 239 dye (EC50 = 10.14 mg L-1) followed by mollusk embryos at all stages (EC50 = 116.41 to 124.14 mg L-1), D. similis (EC50= 389.42 mg L-1), and less sensitive to adult snails (LC50= 517.19 mg L-1). The textile effluent was toxic for all exposed organisms [E(L)C50 < 15%] and B. glabrata embryos showed different responses in the early stages of blastulae and gastrulae (EC50 = 7.60 and 7.08%) compared to advanced development stages trochophore and veliger (EC50 = 21.56 and 29.32%). Developmental and sublethal effects in B. glabrata embryos and D. similis were evidenced. In the chronic assay with effluent, the EC10/NOEC = 3% was obtained. Mutagenic effects were not detected for dye aqueous solutions neither for effluents samples. These data confirmed the importance of evaluating the effects in aquatic organisms from different trophic levels and reinforce the need for environmental aquatic protection.

Volume Rate Adjustment for Pesticide Applications against Aonidiella aurantii in Citrus: Validation of CitrusVol in the Growers’ Practice

Aonidiella aurantii is one of the most damaging armored scales in citrus crops worldwide. To control this pest, high water volume rates are conventionally used. In order to rationalize the pesticide applications in citrus, IVIA developed CitrusVol, a tool that recommends the optimal volume rate based on the vegetation, the pest or disease and the active ingredient. In this study the objectives were: (i) validate CitrusVol as a tool to adjust the spray volume to control A. aurantii and (ii) quantify its environmental and economical advantages. For this, the spray volume adjusted with CitrusVol was compared with the one conventionally used by farmers in 18 applications in seven orchards during two years. The following parameters were evaluated: (i) spray distribution in the canopy, (ii) A. aurantii males trapped per day, and (iii) number of scales per fruit at harvest. CitrusVol reduced the spray volume and the amount of pesticide by 35% on average. Despite this reduction, a satisfactory spray distribution was achieved, and the volume was found to control the pest in a comparable way to the conventional volume. Moreover, CitrusVol saved per application and on average 31.25 h/100 ha of spray operating time, 241.83 L/100 ha of fuel consumption and consequently, the reduction of emissions of CO2 was 631.18 kg/100 ha. Therefore, CitrusVol allows for efficient, low-input and low-impact pesticide applications.

Using surrogate data to assess risks associated with microbial peak events in source water at drinking water treatment plants

A monitoring strategy was implemented at two drinking water treatment plants in Quebec, Canada, to evaluate microbial reduction performances of full-scale treatment processes under different source water conditions. β-D-glucuronidase activity in source water was automatically monitored in near-real-time to establish baseline and event conditions at each location. High-volume water samples (50–1,500 L) were collected at the inflow and the outflow of coagulation/flocculation, filtration, and UV disinfection processes and were analysed for two naturally occurring surrogate organisms: Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Source water Cryptosporidium data and full-scale C. perfringens reduction data were entered into a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to estimate daily infection risks associated with exposures to Cryptosporidium via consumption of treated drinking water. Daily mean E. coli and Cryptosporidium concentrations in source water under event conditions were in the top 5% (agricultural site) or in the top 15% (urban site) of what occurs through the year at these drinking water treatment plants. Reduction performances of up to 6.0-log for E. coli and 5.6-log for C. perfringens were measured by concentrating high-volume water samples throughout the treatment train. For both drinking water treatment plants, removal performances by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation processes were at the high end of the range of those reported in the literature for bacteria and bacterial spores. Reductions of E. coli and C. perfringens by floc blanket clarification, ballasted clarification and rapid sand filtration did not deteriorate during two snowmelt/rainfall events. QMRA results suggested that daily infection risks were similar during two rainfall/snowmelt events than during baseline conditions. Additional studies investigating full-scale reductions would be desirable to improve the evaluation of differences in treatment performances under various source water conditions.

Investigations on the impact of handwash and laundry softener on microfiber shedding from polyester textiles

This research aims to analyse the impact of hand wash, laundry softener, water volume in the laundry process, and mechanical action on the microfiber release from the polyester knitted fabric. The results of the experiments revealed that the delicate hand wash and machine wash processes shed a similar amount of microfibers from the polyester textiles. Whereas, the harsh hand wash sheds significantly higher microfibers compared to the machine washing (p < 0.05). The findings of the analysis revealed that both hand wash and machine wash have a similar influence on microfiber shedding. The second section of the results showed that an increment in the number of steel balls and water volume significantly increased the microfiber shedding (p < 0.05). Higher mechanical action due to the increased number of steel balls and increased drag force exerted at higher water volume are noted as the main reasons for increased microfiber shedding. In the case of laundry softener, the use of softener during the laundry process along with the detergent reduces microfiber shedding drastically, irrespective of the softener brands used. When the influence of different concentrations of softener was analysed, there is a poor correlation found between the microfiber shedding and softener concentration. However, at two different concentrations namely at 0.5 grams per litter (gpl) and 2.5 gpl, a maximum reduction of 77.62% and 72.48% of shedding is evident respectively compared to the control sample.

Life Cycle Assessment of Biomass Production from Lignocellulosic Perennial Grasses under Changing Soil Nitrogen and Water Content in the Mediterranean Area

Low iLUC risk feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic no-food crops, have been indicated as sustainable crops for the transition to a bio-based economy. Given the high output to input ratio and the environmental benefits that can be obtained from renewable heat production replacing fossil fuels, the present study addressed the biomass yield, CO2-sequestration, and life cycle assessment of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) and miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deuter) growing under different soil water availability and nitrogen fertilization for three consecutive growing seasons in a semiarid Mediterranean environment. Giant reed outperformed miscanthus, showed a higher CO2-sequestration and a lower overall environmental impact. In case of both crops, the irrigation effect was significant, while the one of nitrogen fertilization was not apparent. While giant reed responded positively to reduced irrigation, compared to its highest level, as the plantation became older, miscanthus needed high water volume to get most out its potential yield. Nonetheless, the growing season had also a significant effect on both crops, mainly when low yields were achieved following the establishment year. Unlike the environmental benefits in the impact categories “non-renewable energy use” and “global warming potential”, environmental burdens concerning ozone depletion, acidification, and eutrophication were observed, indicating that further improvements of the evaluation of impact assessment associated with bioenergy production might be necessary.

Assessing the impact of climate change on wheat and sugarcane with the AquaCrop model along the Indus River Basin, Pakistan

Pakistan is among the most vulnerable regions to climate change impacts, in particular the agricultural areas found in the worlds’ largest contiguous irrigation system, the Indus River Basin (IRB). This study assesses the impacts of two climate change scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways-RCPs 4.5 and 8.5) on soil evaporation and transpiration rates, crop water productivity (CWP) and wheat and sugarcane yields over the 21st century, under two irrigation schedules (less/more frequent irrigation and higher/lower volume) for six locations along the Sindh and Punjab provinces. Maximum and minimum temperatures are projected to increase across the study area over the course of the 21st century. Additionally, precipitation is projected to increase (decrease) along the southernmost (northernmost) areas during the summer rainy season from June to September. To evaluate the crop-water productivity of wheat and sugarcane, we used the AquaCrop model in the six selected locations. For assessing the goodness of model validation and calibration, different statistical indicators are considered for comparing simulated and observed inter-annual yield variability (e.g. NRMSE of 12.4% and 12.1% for wheat and sugarcane, average values of the calibration and validation process). Our results show that wheat yields are likely to remain constant over time across the study areas, whereas sugarcane yields are expected to experience a decline in the Sindh province and an exponential increase in the Punjab province up to 2080, then yields will start to decline. In addition, our results reveal that both crops perform better, in terms of CWP, under low frequent irrigation and higher volumes of water. Overall, the findings of this work also support policymakers and project developers to implement adaptation strategies to cope with changing environmental conditions in a country where pressure on water resources is expected to continue to grow.

Enhancing secondary metabolite production by Chlorella sorokiniana using an alternative medium with vinasse

Microalgae production is expensive and requires high volumes of water and energy. The use of sugar cane vinasse as an alternative medium, has gained attention for microalgae cultivation. In this study, we compared the biomass yield and secondary metabolite production by Chlorella sorokiniana grown in a commercial medium (Sueoka) and versus those grown in a medium prepared with cane vinasse (0.1%) supplemented with N:P:K (20-5-20 g.L-1). Microalgae reached the maximum growth point 14 days faster in the alternative medium. Increased average phenolic compound levels and flavonoid content were found in the vinasse medium (15.28 ± 0.32 mg GAE.g-1 and 72.30 ± 5.28 mg QE. g-1, respectively) compared to that of the commercial medium (6.02 ± 0.13 mg GAE .g-1 and 13.12 ± 1.33 mg QE g-1, respectively). The maximum antioxidant activity (AOA) of C. sorokiniana grown in vinasse medium was 88.05% with an extract concentration of 1500 µg.mL-1, and an IC50 of 357.7 ± 27.35 µg.mL-1. Different factors, such as stress due to chemical oxygen demand (COD), and vinasse-added ions, may have induced variances in secondary metabolite synthesis. Further investigations are needed to explore natural and low cost alternatives to increasing flavonoid yield for the bioprospection of microalgae.

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials.

ObjectiveThe absorption, distribution and elimination of oral semaglutide, the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist for treating type 2 diabetes, was investigated using a population pharmacokinetic model based on data from clinical pharmacology trials.MethodsA previously developed, two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, based on subcutaneous and intravenous semaglutide, was extended to include data from six oral semaglutide trials conducted in either healthy volunteers or subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. Five trials employed multiple doses of oral semaglutide (5–10 mg) and one was a single-dose (10 mg) trial. In a separate analysis, the model was re-estimated using data from a trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes.ResultsThe model accurately described concentration profiles across trials. Post-dose fasting time, co-ingestion of a large water volume, and body weight were the most important covariates affecting semaglutide exposure. Bioavailability was 0.8% when oral semaglutide was dosed using the recommended dosing conditions (30 min post-dose fasting time, administered with ≤ 120 mL of water), increasing with a longer post-dose fasting time and decreasing with higher water volume. Within-subject variability in bioavailability was 137%, which with once-daily dosing and a long half-life translates into 33% within-subject variability in steady-state exposure. There was no significant difference in oral bioavailability of semaglutide in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsThe updated model provided a general characterisation of semaglutide pharmacokinetics following oral, subcutaneous and intravenous administration in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Within-individual variation of oral bioavailability was relatively high, but reduced considerably at steady state.ClinicalTrials.gov identifiersNCT01572753, NCT01619345, NCT02014259, NCT02016911, NCT02249871, NCT02172313, NCT02877355.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40262-021-01025-x.

Nutritional status in older patients with acute coronary syndrome and comorbidity

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Older patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) require a special management, taking into account comorbidity and gerontological syndromes. Obesity paradox and nutritional status as a factor of poor prognosis need further study. The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional statusin older patients with ACS and comorbidity. Materials and methods 90 older patients (51 males and 39 females, mean age was 67.0 ± 6.2 years) admitted to hospital with ACS were studied. ACS with ST-segment elevation (STE-ACS) and without ST segment elevation (NSTE-ACS) were diagnosed according to ESC Guidelines (2017 and 2015, respectively). STE-ACS was diagnosed in 17 (18.9%) patients, NSTE-ACS - in 73(81.1%) patients. All patients had cardiovascular pathology before hospitalization: 86 (95.6%) patients had arterial hypertension, 71 (78.9%) - coronary artery disease, 37 (41.1%) patients - myocardial infarction in history. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was estimated. Comorbidity was regarded as high at index ≥ 6 scores. Nutritional status was assessed: the presence of obesity, type of obesity, body composition, including percentage of lean and fat tissue. Quality of life, frailty syndromeand personal characteristics were evaluated. Results The CCI was 5.9 ± 1.9 scores. 50 (55.6%) older patients with ACS had high comorbidity. Half of patients (43; 47.8%) had frailty syndrome.Obesity was observed in33 (36.7%) patients, 52 (57.8%)hadoverweight,62 (68.9%)- abdominal obesity. 85 (94.4%) - had a higher percentage of fat tissue.Patients with ACS and high comorbidityhad lowertotal water volume (37.9 ± 5.1and40,8 ± 5.8 liters resp., p = 0,01) and lean body mass (51.9 ± 7.0and55,9 ± 7.5 kg resp., p = 0,01)and higherthe percentage of body fat(40.9 ± 8.9and35,8 ± 6.7 % resp., p = 0,01)compared to patients with low comorbidity. Olderpatientswith ACS andfrailty syndrome had higherthe percentage of body fat(43.9 ± 9.4and31,9 ± 6.3 % resp., p = 0,002)andlowerthe percentage of leanbody(62.9 ± 6.4and71,3 ± 4.9 % resp., p = 0,00008)compared to patients without frailty syndrome. There was a direct relationship between the level of anxiety and depression and the percentage of body fat( r = 0.45, p &amp;lt; 0.0001; r = 0.36, p = 0.001 resp.) and negative relationship with physical functioning (r=-0.46, p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Older patients withACS are characterized byhigh comorbidity and frailty. Body composition is dependent on comorbidity: patients with ACS and high comorbidityhadlowertotal water volume, lean body massandhigher percentage of body fat(sarcopenic obesity)compared to patients with low comorbidity.

Acid stimulation: Fracking by stealth continues despite the moratorium in England

The UK government's policy of support for shale gas extraction ended in November 2019 with the imposition of a moratorium on fracking (hydraulic fracturing) in England, and an admission that the policies to manage induced seismicity were insufficient. However, ambiguities remain regarding its scope, despite attempts at clarification. The concept of fracking to improve hydrocarbon production has evolved from defining a specific engineering process, using high volumes of water, to encompass other ‘unconventional’ methods to achieve the same end. We resolve the various definitions in a scientific, technical, regulatory and legislative context, robustly define unconventional extraction methods (circumventing the need to identify and quantify the various technologies available), and advocate the precautionary principle in drafting and interpreting regulations. Policy should be driven by the engineering of the bulk physical characteristics of the target rock, rather than by the current definitions based on injected fluid volume. To meet climate change concerns, the moratorium should be converted into a ban. In the interim, we argue that, in order to comply with the government's policy of ensuring safe and sustainable operations, the moratorium should be extended to all well stimulation treatments for unconventional hydrocarbon extraction, including acid stimulation.

Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatment with Decentralized Biological Treatment Methods

Food processing consumes high volumes of water, making agro-industries the third biggest industrial user of water after oil refineries, primary metals and chemicals industries [...]

Sustainable Ammonia Production Processes

Due to the important role of ammonia as a fertilizer in the agricultural industry and its promising prospects as an energy carrier, many studies have recently attempted to find the most environmentally benign, energy efficient, and economically viable production process for ammonia synthesis. The most commonly utilized ammonia production method is the Haber-Bosch process. The downside to this technology is the high greenhouse gas emissions, surpassing 2.16 kgCO2-eq/kg NH3 and high amounts of energy usage of over 30 GJ/tonne NH3 mainly due to the strict operational conditions at high temperature and pressure. The most widely adopted technology for sustainable hydrogen production used for ammonia synthesis is water electrolysis coupled with renewable technologies such as wind and solar. In general, a water electrolyzer requires a continuous supply of pretreated water with high purity levels for its operation. Moreover, for production of 1 tonne of hydrogen, 9 tonnes of water is required. Based on this data, for the production of the same amount of ammonia through water electrolysis, 233.6 million tonnes/yr of water is required. In this paper, a critical review of different sustainable hydrogen production processes and emerging technologies for sustainable ammonia synthesis along with a comparative life cycle assessment of various ammonia production methods has been carried out. We find that through the review of each of the studied technologies, either large amounts of GHG emissions are produced or high volumes of pretreated water is required or a combination of both these factors occur.

ANALYSIS OF DRAINAGE CHANNEL CAPACITY IN CIREMAI RAYA, LARANGAN SUB-DISTRICT OF CIREBON CITY

The perumnas gunung area is one of the areas in the Larangan sub-district, Harjamukti Subdistrict, Cirebon City, whose drainage system greatly disturbs the activities of the population in Cirebon City because when heavy rain causes the high volume of water in the drainage so that it comes out to the highway and is very disturbing it can also cause congestion.To solve the problem of inundation and flooding, it requires maximum rainfall data, population density data and hydraulic data from direct observation at the research location. From the rainfall data, the intensity of the rainfall is calculated, then the standard deviation is calculated to get the return period value using the Gumble formula. From the calculation of the Return Period, the calculation of the flood discharge is carried out using a rational method and calculating the discharge of the existing channel. Calculation of the capacity of the existing channel discharge is carried out by calculating the discharge of rainwater and discharge of household wastewater.From the calculation of Hydrology and Hydraulics, the value of Rainfall Intensity is 46.632 mm / day, the overall channel discharge = 0.603 m3 / s, the calculation of the total discharge from household wastewater and rainwater discharge for the 2-year return period is 0.0076 m3 / s. . From the calculation results, the authors conclude that the dimensions of the existing canal can still accommodate the flow of rainwater and household wastewater. The solution to overcome flood inundation on Jalan Ciremai Raya, it is necessary to normalize the drainage channel so that the drainage channel can function properly.

Phytoplankton assessment and Non-Indigenous species monitoring through eDNA metabarcoding in marine ecosystems

Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are one of the most contributing constituents of biodiversity loss with the distribution range of an increasing number of IAS being artificially re-shaped by human activities. Rapid and effective tools are therefore needed in order to monitor changes in biodiversity and the dispersal of IAS. Molecular tools such as environmental DNA metabarcoding are being progressively included in the tool kit for IAS monitoring, however, the literature is largely focused on metazoans markers targeting regions such as COI and 18S and scarce studies include a marker for plants or algae. Here, we have tested a marker in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase chloroplast region to assess phytoplankton through environmental DNA metabarcoding. Several sample types (low and high-volume water filtration, sediment grabs, net tows) were deployed at twelve study sites along the Irish coast to determine which technique would perform better for the targeted group. A total of eleven NIS were detected during the study. Low-volume surface water filtering exceeded in NIS detection and recovered the highest diversity with 123 species detected. High volume samplers were the ones recovering the lowest number of OTUs (N= 53). Western sites (Galway Bay) had greater diversity and the highest number of total NIS compared to eastern sites in Carlingford, Dublin and Waterford. These results have shown the need for a specific IAS surveillance and has served as a basis to implement the use of eDNA metabarcoding and algae markers in future monitoring programs.