High Voltage Research Articles

Enhancing Electrocatalytic Kinetics via Synergy of Co Nanoparticles and Co/Ni-N4-C- and N-Doped Porous Carbon.

Transition-metal species embedded in carbon have sparked intense interest in the fields of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, improvement of the electrocatalytic kinetics remains a challenge caused by the synergistic assembly. Here, we propose a biochemical strategy to fabricate the Co nanoparticles (NPs) and Co/Ni-N4-C co-embedded N-doped porous carbon (CoNPs&Co/Ni-N4-C@NC) catalysts via constructing the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)@yeast precursor. The rich amino groups provide the possibility for the anchorage of Co2+/Ni2+ ions as well as the construction of Co/Ni-ZIF@yeast through the yeast cell biomineralization effect. The functional design induces the formation of CoNPs and Co/Ni-N4-C sites in N-doped carbon as well as regulates the porosity for exposing such sites. Synergy of CoNPs, Co/Ni-N4-C, and porous N-doped carbon delivered excellent electrocatalytic kinetics (the ORR Tafel slope of 76.3 mV dec-1 and the OER Tafel slope of 80.4 mV dec-1) and a high voltage of 1.15 V at 10 mA cm-2 for the discharge process in zinc air batteries. It provides an effective strategy to fabricate high-performance catalysts.

Molecular dynamics study on the influence of thermal aging on the mechanical properties of epoxy resins for high voltage bushing.

Thermal aging significantly deteriorates the mechanical properties and service performance of epoxy resins used for the high-voltage bushing. Current studies on the thermal aging behavior of epoxy resins mainly focus on experimental observations. However, an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of thermal aging of epoxy resins requires the monitoring of structural evolution of epoxy resins during thermal aging at the molecular level. To thoroughly analyze the intrinsic factors affecting structural evolution and the effect of thermal aging on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin for high-voltage bushing, epoxy resin models with different crosslinking degrees were established and thermal aging treatments at various temperatures and time periods were carried out by molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that the tensile strength of the epoxy resin was enhanced with the increase of the crosslinking degree, which was related to the elevation of the proportion of C-N and O-H bonds in its structure. With the increase of thermal aging temperature, the tensile strength of the epoxy resin decreased, which was related to the formation of weak bonds. At the early stage of thermal aging and after a period of high-temperature thermal aging, the strength of epoxy resin significantly decreases. The thermal aging of the epoxy resin is accelerated under external loading. In addition, the crosslinking degree and curing agent also affect the thermal aging resistance of epoxy resins. The results of this study can provide guidance for predicting and improving the thermal aging resistance of epoxy resins. Materials Studio was used to construct molecular models and complete crosslinking reactions. DGEBA and 44DDS (or 33DDS) were mixed at a ratio of 2:1, followed by crosslinking reaction. During this process, the Nose method was used to control temperature, the Berendsen method was used to control pressure, and the polymer consistent force field (PCFF) was used to control the motion and force of atoms. Isobaric-isothermal ensemble (NPT ensemble) was used to heat up epoxy resin models to various thermal aging temperatures of 400K, 500K, 600K and 700K. The models were maintained at these temperatures for different thermal aging times of 100ps, 200ps, 300ps, 400ps, 500ps, 600ps, 700ps and 800ps. Afterwards, the models were cooled down to 300K and subjected to uniaxial tensile testing at this temperature with a strain rate of 1 × 109s-1. The structural configurations and stress-strain data during the tensile process were recorded. The flow stress of the material was derived by counting the average stress in the 20-50% strain interval.

A Dielectric MXene-Induced Self-Built Electric Field in Polymer Electrolyte Triggering Fast Lithium-Ion Transport and High-Voltage Cycling Stability.

Quasi-solid polymer electrolyte (QPE) lithium (Li)-metal battery holds significant promise in the application of high-energy-density batteries, yet it suffers from low ionic conductivity and poor oxidation stability. Herein, a novel self-built electric field (SBEF) strategy is proposed to enhance Li+ transportation and accelerate the degradation dynamics of carbon-fluorine bond cleavage in LiTFSI by optimizing the termination of MXene. Among them, the SBEF induced by dielectric Nb4C3F2 MXene effectively constructs highly conductive LiF-enriched SEI and CEI stable interfaces, moreover, enhances the electrochemical performance of the QPE. The related Li-ion transfer mechanism and dual-reinforced stable interface are thoroughly investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics, COMSOL, XPS depth profiling, and ToF-SIMS. This comprehensive approach results in a high conductivity of 1.34 mS cm-1, leading to a small polarization of approximately 25 mV for Li//Li symmetric cell after 6000 h. Furthermore, it enables a prolonged cycle life at a high voltage of up to 4.6 V. Overall, this work not only broadens the application of MXene for QPE but also inspires the great potential of the self-built electric field in QPE-based high-voltage batteries.

Scalable Precise Nanofilm Coating and Gradient Al Doping Enable Stable Battery Cycling of LiCoO2 at 4.7 V.

The quest for smart electronics with higher energy densities has intensified the development of high-voltage LiCoO2 (LCO). Despite their potential, LCO materials operating at 4.7 V faces critical challenges, including interface degradation and structural collapse. Herein, we propose a collective surface architecture through precise nanofilm coating and doping that combines an ultra-thin LiAlO2 coating layer and gradient doping of Al. This architecture not only mitigates side reactions, but also improves the Li+ migration kinetics on the LCO surface. Meanwhile, gradient doping of Al inhibited the severe lattice distortion caused by the irreversible phase transition of O3-H1-3-O1, thereby enhanced the electrochemical stability of LCO during 4.7 V cycling. DFT calculations further revealed that our approach significantly boosts the electronic conductivity. As a result, the modified LCO exhibited an outstanding reversible capacity of 230 mAh g-1 at 4.7 V, which is approximately 28% higher than the conventional capacity at 4.5 V. To demonstrate their practical application, our cathode structure shows improved stability in full pouch cell configuration under high operating voltage. LCO exhibited an excellent cycling stability, retaining 82.33% after 1000 cycles at 4.5 V. This multifunctional surface modification strategy offers a viable pathway for the practical application of LCO materials.

Scalable Precise Nanofilm Coating and Gradient Al Doping Enable Stable Battery Cycling of LiCoO2 at 4.7 V

The quest for smart electronics with higher energy densities has intensified the development of high‐voltage LiCoO2 (LCO). Despite their potential, LCO materials operating at 4.7 V faces critical challenges, including interface degradation and structural collapse. Herein, we propose a collective surface architecture through precise nanofilm coating and doping that combines an ultra‐thin LiAlO2 coating layer and gradient doping of Al. This architecture not only mitigates side reactions, but also improves the Li+ migration kinetics on the LCO surface. Meanwhile, gradient doping of Al inhibited the severe lattice distortion caused by the irreversible phase transition of O3‐H1‐3‐O1, thereby enhanced the electrochemical stability of LCO during 4.7 V cycling. DFT calculations further revealed that our approach significantly boosts the electronic conductivity. As a result, the modified LCO exhibited an outstanding reversible capacity of 230 mAh g‐1 at 4.7 V, which is approximately 28% higher than the conventional capacity at 4.5 V. To demonstrate their practical application, our cathode structure shows improved stability in full pouch cell configuration under high operating voltage. LCO exhibited an excellent cycling stability, retaining 82.33% after 1000 cycles at 4.5 V. This multifunctional surface modification strategy offers a viable pathway for the practical application of LCO materials.

Developing a High‐Performing Spinel LiMn2O4 Cathode Material with Unique Morphology, Fast Cycling and Scaled Manufacture

AbstractHigh power application of Li‐battery remains a challenge due to the lack of stable fast‐charging cathode materials. Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) cathode is very promising due to its high operating voltage and fast charging ability; however, the associated Mn‐dissolution is one of the main hindrances to its practical applicability. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the use of a commercially scalable method through a proprietary Calix flash calcination (CFC) technology to develop high‐performance electrode materials where a novel CXL LMO material was manufactured and tested. CXL LMO|Li metal cell showed a reversible specific capacity of 110 mAh/g with 99 % retention after 100 cycles and showed excellent rate performance up to 20 C current rate (~20 mA/cm2 current density). CXL LMO|Graphite cell (areal capacity 1 mAh/cm2) was also reported with 86 % capacity retention over more than 500 cycles. Cross‐section morphology revealed a unique multi‐layered structure that was retained at the core of the novel LMO material. It obtained lesser Mn dissolution compared to commercial LMO. The scalable synthesis procedure through CFC technology, can be broadly applicable to produce unique electrode morphology as demonstrated here for the CXL LMO representing a promising pathway for electrode manufacturing for high‐power Li‐batteries.

“Exploration of Photovoltaic Behavior of Bithiophene-functionalized Dispiro-oxepine based Hole-transporting Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells”

Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have got great attention from researchers due to their superior photovoltaic properties, high efficiency, and low cost. In this study, bithiophene dispiro-oxepine based five hole-transporting materials (DDOF1, DDOF2, DDOF3, DDOF4, and DDOF5) are designed by the substitution of end-capped acceptors via thiophene-based bridge to enhance the photovoltaic properties of PSCs. The results showed that designed HTMs have deeper HOMO levels (-4.88 eV to -5.04 eV), high solubility, and compatible stability with low band gaps (2.04 eV to 2.59 eV) than the reference molecule (EHOMO = -4.55 eV, Eg = -3.49 eV), which improved hole extraction and the open-circuit voltage in the PSCs. Moreover, the binding energy (0.41 eV to 0.46 eV) and TDM analysis indicated that DDOF1-DDOF5 HTMs have high charge mobility compared to the reference molecule DDOF (0.61 eV). The DDOF1-DDOF5 HTMs indicated anticipated high power conversion efficiency and open-circuit voltage than the reference molecule. Overall, our findings proved that designed molecules are efficient HTMs for the manufacture of high-efficiency PSCs in the solar industry.

A Dielectric MXene‐Induced Self‐Built Electric Field in Polymer Electrolyte Triggering Fast Lithium‐Ion Transport and High‐Voltage Cycling Stability

AbstractQuasi‐solid polymer electrolyte (QPE) lithium (Li)‐metal battery holds significant promise in the application of high‐energy‐density batteries, yet it suffers from low ionic conductivity and poor oxidation stability. Herein, a novel self‐built electric field (SBEF) strategy is proposed to enhance Li+ transportation and accelerate the degradation dynamics of carbon‐fluorine bond cleavage in LiTFSI by optimizing the termination of MXene. Among them, the SBEF induced by dielectric Nb4C3F2 MXene effectively constructs highly conductive LiF‐enriched SEI and CEI stable interfaces, moreover, enhances the electrochemical performance of the QPE. The related Li‐ion transfer mechanism and dual‐reinforced stable interface are thoroughly investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics, COMSOL, XPS depth profiling, and ToF‐SIMS. This comprehensive approach results in a high conductivity of 1.34 mS cm−1, leading to a small polarization of approximately 25 mV for Li//Li symmetric cell after 6000 h. Furthermore, it enables a prolonged cycle life at a high voltage of up to 4.6 V. Overall, this work not only broadens the application of MXene for QPE but also inspires the great potential of the self‐built electric field in QPE‐based high‐voltage batteries.

Engineering strategies for high‐voltage LiCoO2 based high‐energy Li‐ion batteries

AbstractTo drive electronic devices for a long range, the energy density of Li‐ion batteries must be further enhanced, and high‐energy cathode materials are required. Among the cathode materials, LiCoO2 (LCO) is one of the most promising candidates when charged to higher voltages over 4.3 V. However, high‐voltage LCO materials are confronted with severe surface and bulk issues inducing poor cyclic stability. To completely unleash the potential of LCO cathodes, a more comprehensive theoretical understanding of the underlying issues is necessary, along with active exploration of previous modifications. This paper mainly presents the degradation mechanisms of LCO under high voltage, the formation and evolution mechanisms of the cathode electrolyte interface, and the surface engineering strategies employed to enhance the cell performance. By organizing and summarizing these modifications, this work aims to establish associations among common research issues and to suggest future research priorities, thus facilitating the rapid development of high‐voltage LCO.

The Silent Threat of Hypokalemia after High Voltage Electrical Injuries: A Case Study and Review of the Literature

High-voltage electrical injuries, especially from lightning strikes, can cause life-threatening complications due to extreme temperature and voltage exposure. While burns and cardiac complications have been widely described, the documentation of metabolic imbalances, particularly hypokalemia, has not been as prevalent. This report focuses on a patient with profound transient hypokalemia following a lightning strike, alongside a review of three similar cases of transient hypokalemia from the literature. Our patient, a previously healthy young man, was struck by lightning and subsequently suffered transient hypokalemia with lower extremity sensory changes, which resolved after the normalization of serum potassium levels. While the exact underlying mechanisms of transient hypokalemia following high-voltage electrical injuries are unknown, we propose a multifactorial mechanism, which includes massive intracellular shifts of potassium due to elevated epinephrine levels and the prevention of potassium efflux through the electrical disruption of voltage-gated potassium channels. Our report underscores the importance of recognizing hypokalemia in patients with high-voltage electrical injuries and contributes to the understanding of the complex mechanisms involved. Further research is necessary to understand the connection between cellular changes induced by high-voltage exposure and their effects on metabolism, particularly in relation to hypokalemia.

Sandwich-structured SrTiO3/PEI composite films with high-temperature energy storage performance

Dielectric capacitors are widely used in aerospace and power systems due to their non-polluting, high power density and fast charge/discharge rates. Polyetherimide (PEI) exhibits excellent temperature tolerance, high withstand voltage and low dielectric loss. However, its relatively low dielectric constant restricts its energy storage density. In this paper, a sandwich-structured composite film with the outer layer of pure PEI and the middle layer of strontium titanate (SrTiO3)/PEI is prepared by the solution casting method. At room temperature, the composite film with 5 vol% two-dimensional (2D) SrTiO3 plates achieves an outstanding energy storage density of 19.46 J cm−3 and an ultra-high energy storage efficiency of 97.05% under an electric field of 630 MV m−1. Furthermore, this composite film exhibits a maximum energy storage density of 10.34 J cm−3 and an energy storage efficiency of 88.13% at 150 °C. Combined with finite element simulation results, it confirms that the synergistic effect of 2D SrTiO3 plates and sandwich-structured can effectively hinder the development of electric trees. This work presents a sophisticated approach to design and preparation of dielectric composites suitable for the applications of high-temperature energy storage.

A non-isolated extended voltage gain quadratic boost converter with reduced device voltage stress and continuous input current

ABSTRACT This article presents an improved model of a high voltage gain DC-DC converter topology. The voltage gain of the proposed topology is extended using a newly structured cascaded boost converter with voltage doubler cells along with the Super Luo structure in the network. The ultimate aim is to improve the output voltage gain of the proposed converter to a higher level with a lower duty cycle. Additionally, the design considerations minimize the voltage stress of the components (diodes, capacitors, and semiconductor switches) compared to the conventional topology. Moreover, the proposed topology ensures a continuous input current to the structure. Mathematical modeling is developed using steady-state analysis, and the results are analyzed using the MATLAB/Simulink. Finally, the proposed converter provides a high gain, that is, 10, at a lower duty cycle of 0.32 with reduced voltage stress on the components.

Stabilizing High-Voltage Performance of Nickel-Rich Cathodes via Facile Solvothermally Synthesized Niobium-Doped Strontium Titanate.

Ni-rich layered ternary cathodes are promising candidates thanks to their low toxic Co-content and high energy density (∼800 Wh/kg). However, a critical challenge in developing Ni-rich cathodes is to improve cyclic stability, especially under high voltage (>4.3 V), which directly affects the performance and lifespan of the battery. In this study, niobium-doped strontium titanate (Nb-STO) is successfully synthesized via a facile solvothermal method and used as a surface modification layer onto the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode. The results exhibited that the Nb-STO modification significantly improved the cycling stability of the cathode material even under high-voltage (4.5 V) operational conditions. In particular, the best sample in our work could provide a high discharge capacity of ∼190 mAh/g after 100 cycles under 1 C with capacity retention over 84% in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V, superior to the pristine NCM811 (∼61%) and pure STO modified STO-811-600 (∼76%) samples under the same conditions. The improved electrochemical performance and stability of NCM811 under high voltage should be attributed to not only preventing the dissolution of the transition metals, further reducing the electrolyte's degradation by the end of charge, but also alleviating the internal resistance growth from uncontrollable cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) evolution. These findings suggest that the as-synthesized STO with an optimized Nb-doping ratio could be a promising candidate for stabilizing Ni-rich cathode materials to facilitate the widespread commercialization of Ni-rich cathodes in modern LIBs.

Rational Regulation of High-Voltage Stability in Potassium Layered Oxide Cathodes.

Layered oxide cathode materials may undergo irreversible oxygen loss and severe phase transitions during high voltage cycling and may be susceptible to transition metal dissolution, adversely affecting their electrochemical performance. Here, to address these challenges, we propose synergistic doping of nonmetallic elements and in situ electrochemical diffusion as potential solution strategies. Among them, the distribution of the nonmetallic element fluorine within the material can be regulated by doping boron, thereby suppressing manganese dissolution through surface enrichment of fluorine. Furthermore, in situ electrochemical diffusion of fluorine from the surface into the bulk of the materials after charging reduces the energy barrier of potassium ion diffusion while effectively inhibiting irreversible oxygen loss under high voltage. The modified K0.5Mn0.83Mg0.1Ti0.05B0.02F0.1O1.9 layered oxide cathode exhibits a high capacity of 147 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 and a long cycle life of 2200 cycles at 500 mA g-1. This work demonstrates the efficacy of synergistic doping and in situ electrochemical diffusion of nonmetallic elements and provides valuable insights for optimizing rechargeable battery materials.

Destabilization of Oxidized Lattice Oxygen in Layered Oxide Cathode.

Integrating anion-redox capacity with orthodox cation-redox capacity is deemed as a promising solution for high-energy-density battery cathodes surmounting the present technical bottlenecks. However, the evolution of oxidized oxygen species during the electrochemical or chemical process easily jeopardizes the reversibility of oxygen redox and remains poorly understood. Herein, we showcase the gradual conversion of the π-interacting oxygen (localized hole states on O) to the σ-interacting oxygen upon resting at a high voltage for P3-type Na0.6Li0.2Mn0.8O2 with nominally stable ribbon-like superstructure, accompanied by the O-O dimerization and the local structural reorganization. We further pinpoint an abnormal Li+ migration process from the alkali-metal layer to the transition-metal layer for desodiated P3-Na0.6Li0.2Mn0.8O2, thereby leading to a partial reconstruction of the ribbon superstructure. The high-voltage plateau of oxygen-redox cathodes is concluded to be exclusively controlled by the oxygen stabilization mechanism rather than the superstructure ordering. In addition, there exists a kinetic competition between π and σ interaction during the uninterrupted electrochemical process.

Recent Advanced Ultra‐Wide Bandgap β‐Ga2O3 Material and Device Technologies

AbstractGallium oxide (Ga2O3) is an emerging ultra‐wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor material that has gained significant attention in the field of high voltage and high frequency power electronics. Its noteworthy attributes include a large bandgap (Eg) of 4.8 eV, high theoretical critical breakdown field strength (EC) of 8 MV cm−1, and saturation velocity (νs) of 2 × 107 cm s−1, as well as high Baliga figures of merit (BFOM) of 3000. In addition, Ga2O3 has the advantages of large‐size substrates that can be achieved by low‐cost melt‐grown techniques. This review provides a partial overview of pivotal milestones and recent advancements in the Ga2O3 material growth and device performance. It begins with a discussion of the fundamental material properties of Ga2O3, followed by a description of substrate growth and epitaxial techniques for Ga2O3. Subsequently, the contact technologies between Ga2O3 and other materials are fully elucidated. Moreover, this article also culminates with a detailed analysis of Ga2O3‐based high voltage and high frequency power devices. Some challenges and solutions, such as the lack of p‐type doping, low thermal conductivity, and low mobility are also presented and investigated in this review.

Reviving Cost-Effective Organic Cathodes in Halide-Based All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

The evolution of inorganic solid electrolytes has revolutionized the field of sustainable organic cathode materials, particularly addressing the dissolution problems in traditional liquid electrolytes. However, current sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium-organic batteries still face challenges such as high working temperatures, high costs, and low voltage. Here, we design an all-solid-state lithium battery based on a cost-effective organic cathode material phenanthrenequinone (PQ) and a halide solid electrolyte Li2ZrCl6. Thanks to the good compatibility between PQ and Li2ZrCl6, the PQ cathode achieved a high specific capacity of 248 mAh g-1 (96% of the theoretical capacity), a high average discharge voltage of 2.74 V (vs. Li+/Li), and a good capacity retention of 95% after 100 cycles at room temperature (25 °C). Furthermore, the interaction between the high-voltage carbonyl PQ cathode and both sulfide and halide solid electrolytes, as well as the redox mechanism of PQ cathode in all-solid-state batteries, were carefully studied by a variety of advanced characterizations. We believe such a design and the corresponding investigations for the underlying chemistry give insights into the further development of practical all-solid-state lithium-organic batteries.

Piezoelectric breeze energy harvester with mechanical intelligence mechanism for smart agricultural monitoring systems

Abstract In this paper, a piezoelectric breeze energy harvester with a mechanical intelligence mechanism for smart agricultural monitoring systems (G-PBEH) is proposed. Different from the conventional magnetically coupled piezoelectric cantilever beam harvesters where the end magnet is mostly fixed, the G-PBEH has movable magnets in a fixed cylindrical channel. Which could achieve a mechanical intelligence mechanism with the tuned magnets on the shell, contributing to increasing voltage frequency and widening wind bandwidth. The effects of cylindrical channel length (L) and tuned magnet diameter (D) on performance were investigated. The experimental findings reveal that when L is 10 mm and D is 8 mm, the prototype starts at 2 m/s, and the highest voltage and power are 17.9 V and 944.07 μW (150 kΩ) at 8 m/s. Compared to L is 5 mm (magnet fixed), the voltage waveform has a 28.6% increase in the quantity of peaks. Besides, the voltage is larger than 3 V occupying 91.6% of the experimental wind bandwidth. The application experiment demonstrates that the G-PBEH can be used as a reliable power supplier, which can facilitate the progress of smart monitoring systems for simplified greenhouses in remote areas.

4 inch Gallium Oxide Field‐Effect Transistors Array with High‐k Ta2O5 as Gate Dielectric by Physical Vapor Deposition

Field‐effect transistors (FETs) with ultra‐wide bandgap semiconductor Ga2O3 have been fabricated by physical vapor deposition with advantages of low cost, wafer scale, and rapid production. The insulator‐like pristine Ga2O3 is converted to semiconductor by co‐sputtering Sn with post‐annealing, which demonstrates a 5.6 × 107 times higher on‐state current. Importantly, this Sn‐doped Ga2O3 sample shows a high breakdown voltage near 500 V. Furthermore, a 4 inch array of Sn‐doped Ga2O3 FETs with high‐k Ta2O5 gate dielectric has been fabricated on a silicon substrate, successfully showing a large on‐current density of 1.3 mA mm−1, a high ION/IOFF of 2.5 × 106, and a low threshold voltage of 3.9 V, which are extracted from the average 350 devices. This work paves a promising way for Ga2O3‐based nanoelectronics to serve medium‐high voltage with low cost, rapid, and wafer‐scale production.

Filtered spectrum modeling of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells: Tailoring absorber properties and electron/hole transport layers for 31.55 % efficiency

In this study, the perovskite tandem solar cell (TPSC) has been accomplished using SCAPS-1D. The present study focuses on comprehensive exploration and detailed optimization using various strategies constructing a tandem device. To calculate high photovoltaic power conversion efficiency (PCE), the numerical analysis has been carried out for a wide-bandgap halide (WBH) FA0.75Cs0·25Pb(I0·8Br0.2)3 of bandgap 1.67eV and a Pb–Sn based narrow-bandgap halide (NBH) FA0.7MA0.3Pb0·5Sn0·5I3 of bandgap 1.22eV as absorber layer in top-cell (TCELL) and bottom-cell (BCELL) respectively. The WBH has huge potential as a front light absorber and the NBH based BCELL provides stability and high performance by accepting high and low energy photons respectively. This method mitigates thermalization and non-absorbed photon loss which results in the growth in PCE. The proposed work demonstrates the impact of active-layer thickness along with defect density on the solar-cell parameters. It has been observed that defect density is low for the optimal performance. An investigation for various electron transport medium (ETMs) and hole transport medium (HTMs) has been done to secure an optimum performing TCELL as well as BCELL. Using filtered-spectrum study along with current-matching method, every PV metric parameter has been analyzed after their deployment into tandem configuration. The numerical investigation has shown promising photovoltaic parameters with aa high open circuit voltage (VOC) of 2.33 V, a short circuit current density (JSC) of 17.07 mA/cm2, a fill factor (FF) of 79.34 % and PCE of 31.55 % in tandem configuration.