High-voltage Exposure Research Articles

Effect of Stray and High Voltage Exposure on Livestock: An Overview

Electricity is essential to dairy farming and electrically powered machines are used for milking, automatic feed dispensers and heated water bowls. Leakage of current from these equipments, high voltage lines or faulty connections between the electrical circuit and the earth can lead to an undesirable electrical phenomenon called stray voltage. Stray voltage is a small voltage (<10V) that can be measured between two possible contact points. Cows can sense voltages at approximately one-tenth of a human being. Humans have inherently higher body resistance than cows and generally have shoes or boots while working in barns, which further increases resistance. Consequently, humans do not feel what animals feel. Stray voltages less than 0.5 volts are considered normal. Stray voltages vary, depending on the circuits used and the amount of moisture in the soil around the grounding rod. Impact of stray currents on livestock at current 1 - 3 mA: At current 4 - 6 mA: common behavioral response such as flinching or delaying drinking water. At current > 6 mA (up to 10): Feed intake is reduced, resulting in lower meat and milk production. Common symptoms of stray voltage in cows include hesitation to enter the parlor, they may stampede or rush out of the parlor when released, cows dance or step around constantly while in the milking parlor, Normal milk letdown is interrupted, Increased milking time, Udder irritation caused by residual milk and increased somatic cell count which increases the incidence of mastitis.

The Silent Threat of Hypokalemia after High Voltage Electrical Injuries: A Case Study and Review of the Literature.

High-voltage electrical injuries, especially from lightning strikes, can cause life-threatening complications due to extreme temperature and voltage exposure. While burns and cardiac complications have been widely described, the documentation of metabolic imbalances, particularly hypokalemia, has not been as prevalent. This report focuses on a patient with profound transient hypokalemia following a lightning strike, alongside a review of three similar cases of transient hypokalemia from the literature. Our patient, a previously healthy young man, was struck by lightning and subsequently suffered transient hypokalemia with lower extremity sensory changes, which resolved after the normalization of serum potassium levels. While the exact underlying mechanisms of transient hypokalemia following high-voltage electrical injuries are unknown, we propose a multifactorial mechanism, which includes massive intracellular shifts of potassium due to elevated epinephrine levels and the prevention of potassium efflux through the electrical disruption of voltage-gated potassium channels. Our report underscores the importance of recognizing hypokalemia in patients with high-voltage electrical injuries and contributes to the understanding of the complex mechanisms involved. Further research is necessary to understand the connection between cellular changes induced by high-voltage exposure and their effects on metabolism, particularly in relation to hypokalemia.

Are Perovskite Solar Cell Potential‐Induced Degradation Proof?

Potential‐induced degradation (PID) is a solar cell‐related degradation mechanism due to high potential difference in a photovoltaic (PV) module between the solar cells and its grounded frame. This type of degradation is well known for silicon PV; however, for perovskites it has not been thoroughly researched yet. Herein, the PID of perovskite solar cells is investigated for bias voltages of ±500 V, half of the currently used system voltage, and ±1000 V with regular I–V and electroluminescence measurements during the test. The devices show a high PID resistance under applied bias of ±500 V, far exceeding the recommended guidelines for silicon PV. However, for the bias voltage of –1000 V a rapid degradation is observed due to the ingress of sodium ions from the glass substrate as confirmed by the time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements of spatial and depth distribution of elements in solar cells. Positively biased devices show no degradation due to high voltage exposure. These results show promising signs that perovskite solar cells are PID proof for current PV system designs.

Reconstruction of the Upper Extremity High-Voltage Electrical Injury: A Pediatric Burn Hospital's 13-Year Experience.

High-voltage electrical injury is a rare yet destructive class of burn injury that persists as a serious public health issue. High-voltage exposure is commonly associated with complex wounds to the upper extremities, which can be a significant challenge for burn and plastic surgeons to reconstruct. This intensive and multistage reconstructive process is especially difficult in the growing child. Maximizing upper extremity function is a top priority, as it can have a significant impact on a patient's quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective review was to describe lessons learned during a 13-year experience at a specialized pediatric burn hospital with reconstruction of the upper extremity after severe high-voltage injury in 37 children. We found that adherence to the following principles can help promote meaningful functional recovery. These include 1) frequent assessment during early acute care for the evolving need of decompression or amputation; 2) serial surgical debridement that follows a tissue-sparing technique; 3) wound closure by skin grafting or use of flaps (particularly groin or abdominal pedicled flaps) when deep musculoskeletal structures are involved; 4) early multidisciplinary intervention for contracture prevention and management, including physical and occupational therapy, splinting, and fixation; 5) reconstructive care that focuses on the simplest possible techniques to repair chronic skin defects such as laser therapy, local tissue rearrangements, and skin grafting; 6) complex reconstruction to address deeper tissue contractures or tendon and peripheral nerve deficits; and 7) amputation with preservation of growth plates, tissue transfer, and long-term prosthetic management when limb salvage is unlikely.

Assessment of X-Ray Tube Technical Factors: Tube Voltage and Exposure Time in Erbil Medical Imaging Centers

Background: An evaluation of certain radiographic factors affecting patient exposure during medical imaging was carried out. Factors considered included selection of tube kilovoltage and time exposure combination. An increase in X-ray tube voltage increases the amount of radiation coming out of the X-ray tube, as well as the amount of skin dose in the image. This study aimed to assess the possibility of reducing the voltage and exposure time in medical imaging centers. The study indeed intended to protect patients from the risk of developing cancer with excessive radiation dose. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in Erbil hospitals, Iraq. NOMEX multimeter (Finland, PTW) was used to measure radiation dose (mGy), total voltage, current (mA), exposure time (s), and total filtration in 150 patients undergoing different X-ray examinations. Results: The results showed that the highest output was obtained in the age group of 42-70 years (dose range: 52.43–19.46 mGy), followed by the age group of 50-70 years (dose range: 39.9–25.63 mGy) and the age group of 10–40 years (dose range: 30.35–10.55 mGy). Conclusion: The high voltage (kVp) and high exposure time to be important factors to increase patient doses via increasing the exposure dose. Thus, optimization of exposure time and voltage is recommended for all cancer patients undergoing medical imaging with high voltage and long exposure time.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Mg-Substituted Ni/Mn-Based High-Voltage Spinel Oxides

1. Introduction Currently, research on layered and rocksalt Li-rich materials is being actively conducted as a high-capacity positive electrode material for lithium ion batteries, and now it is widely accepted that large capacity originates from oxygen redox reaction.[1] Oxygen redox is proposed to be activated for oxygen ions with a Li-O-Li configuration.[2] It was also reported that oxygen redox is activated for Li-rich manganese spinel-type oxides, i.e., Li[Li x Mn2–x ]O4.[3] Nevertheless, its origin of activation of anionic redox for spinel-type oxides is not known. In this study, LiMg y Ni0.5-y Mn1.5O4, which is solid solution samples between LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiMg0.5Mn1.5O4, is targeted as positive electrode materials with anionic redox for spinel-type oxides. Mg ions have a high ionic bonding nature with oxygen, and thus better reversibility for anionic redox is anticipated.[1] We report the impact of Mg substitution on reversibility of Ni cationic and O anionic redox in the spinel framework structure, and the possibility of 5 V-class high-voltage electrode materials with excellent capacity retention is discussed. 2. Experimental LiMg y Ni0.5-y Mn1.5O4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) were synthesized from mixtures of Li2CO3, Mg(OH)2, Ni(OH)2 and Mn2O3 by two-step solid-state reaction at 950 oC for 6 h to 700 °C for 48 h in air atmosphere. Characterization of LiMg y Ni0.5-y Mn1.5O4 were conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the evaluation of electrochemical properties, composite electrodes consisting of 80 wt% active material, 10 wt% AB, and 10 wt% PVdF, and were casted on aluminum foil. 1.0 M LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (3/7 by volume) solution was used as electrolyte. 3. Results and Discussion XRD patterns of LiMg y Ni0.5-y Mn1.5O4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) are assigned into the spinel structure with space group of Fd-3m. From SEM images, particle sizes of LiMg y Ni0.5-y Mn1.5O4 are estimated to be ~4 μm. No difference in particle sizes regardless of chemical compositions is observed. Figure 1 compares charge/discharge curves of LiMg y Ni0.5-y Mn1.5O4. After 5 cycles, the non Mg-substituted sample, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, delivers 135 mAh g−1 of the discharge capacity in a lithium cell when the cut-off voltage is set to 5.3 V. After 50 cycles test, discharge capacity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is decreased to 125 mAh g-1. On the other hand, significant improvement of cyclability is evidenced for the partially Mg-substituted samples. No capacity fading and no increase in polarization is observed for LiMg0.06Ni0.44Mn1.5O4 even charge to 5.3 V vs. Li for 50 cycles at a rate of 10 mA g-1. On the basis of these findings, Mg substitution is proposed to be effective to reduce electrolyte decomposition and improve structural stability upon high-voltage exposure. Nevertheless, the further enrichment of Mg ions in the structure results in loss of reversible capacity, and anionic redox seems to be inactive for LiMg0.5Mn1.5O4. From these results, factors affecting electrode performance of high voltage spinel with cationic/anionic redox will be discussed in detail.References(1) N. Yabuuchi, Chem. Rec., 19, 703 (2019).(2) D.-H. Seo, Nature Chem., 8, 692 (2016).(3) E. Iwata et al., and T. Ohzuku, Electrochemistry, 71,1187 (2003). Figure 1

Multifunctional Films Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition for Tailored Interfaces of Electrochemical Systems

A new strategy for electrochemical interfaces that utilizes multilayer films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is introduced. Manganese-rich and nickel-rich cathode oxides were coated with a novel bilayer film of metal fluorides. Subsequent exposure to prolonged, high-voltage electrochemical cycling vs graphite electrodes revealed that the bilayer film can greatly enhance the high-voltage stability of cathode oxides. In particular, in manganese-rich cells, capacity fade due to manganese dissolution was substantially reduced and impedance rise was virtually eliminated. Furthermore, in nickel-rich NMC-811 cells, impedance rise was reduced by ∼80%, compared to the NMC-811 baseline, after ∼300 h of high-voltage exposure during cycling. The multilayer film strategy presents an exciting opportunity for tailoring designs and materials for electrochemical interfaces in advanced lithium-ion batteries and beyond.

The use of enhancement material in grounding system: a review

<p>This paper reviews the improvement of grounding impedance in grounding system by means of enhancement materials. Various enhancement materials for the past 20 years will be reviewed according to their advantages and disadvantages, followed by a focus on the technique for proper measurement set up based on the standard. In addition to that, the condition of enhancement materials under high voltage exposure is reviewed. Many researchers claim that soil resistivity, moisture content, and surrounding environment are the most contributed to the grounding system specifically on the grounding impedance. Hence, the utilization of enhancement materials is essential in order to maintain the grounding system performance.</p>

A 0.9-μm² 1T1R Bit Cell in 14-nm High-Density Metal Fuse Technology for High-Volume Manufacturing and In-Field Programming

This paper introduces the first high-volume manufacturable (HVM) metal-fuse technology in a 14-nm trigate high-k metal-gate CMOS process. A high-density array featuring a 0.9-μm² bit cell with an efficient bit level redundancy scheme is presented. An array efficiency of over 53% is achieved through hierarchical bitline design by minimizing the impact of parasitic resistance on fuse programming through short local bitline and sharing sense amplifier through longer global bitline. A power gating-based scheme is adopted to reduce leakage current consumption and high-voltage exposure to minimize reliability concern. Program conditions can be optimized for HVM and in-field programming to achieve close to 100% unit level yield with the proposed redundancy scheme.

Measuring the Parasitic Heat Flow of Lithium Ion Pouch Cells Containing EC-Free Electrolytes

A recent study has shown that removing ethylene carbonate (EC) from electrolytes in Li[Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2]O2/graphite lithium ion pouch cells significantly increases the cycle life and lifetime at high voltage operation. This work investigates the performance of EC-free electrolytes by adding small amounts of electrolyte additives to 1 M LiPF6 ethyl-methyl carbonate in Li[Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2]O2/graphite pouch cells and measuring the parasitic heat flow during high voltage operation. EC-free electrolytes yielded higher parasitic heat flow at lower voltages but performed better than EC-containing electrolyte above 4.3 V. Additionally, EC-free electrolytes were able to recover to a lower parasitic heat flow after high voltage exposure than those containing EC. Most EC-free electrolytes had lower impedance and acceptable gas evolution compared to electrolytes containing EC throughout the experiment. EC-free electrolytes shed light on a new area of high voltage electrolyte development, using a simple and cost effective chemistry.

Evolution of various quantum transport properties in a suspended disordered graphene device by the high bias voltage exposure

We investigated the evolution of the electronic transport properties of a suspended disordered graphene device by systematically controlling the bias voltage. Previously, the application of high bias voltage resulted in the sudden constriction of a graphene device. During the high bias voltage process, we utilized an electronic feedback loop to prevent the sudden change in resistance to ensure that the constriction proceeded sufficiently slowly. We performed a total of 137 sequential steps of a controlled high bias voltage exposure on the device in a cryostat. After each exposure, we measured the electronic transport properties and observed the transformation between various intriguing quantum transport phenomena. When the overall conductance was suppressed below approximately 10% of the single quantum conductance, superimposed Coulomb diamond patterns appeared at low temperatures, exhibiting parallel double quantum dot behaviors. We also found that the parallel double quantum dots were transformed into a single quantum dot and then into a single tunnel barrier as the high-voltage exposure was applied repeatedly. The transformation of the electronic transport properties along with the high bias voltage exposure processes can be attributed to the gradual reduction of the graphene width.

Electrochemical Properties of LiCoO2 Electrodes with Latex Binders on High-Voltage Exposure

Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is applied as a water-dispersible binder for LiCoO2 particles, and electrochemical behavior on high-voltage exposure in non-aqueous Li cells is compared with that of a conventional PVdF binder. LiCoO2 electrode with SBR/CMC binder (LiCoO2 : AB : SBR : CMC = 80 : 10 : 0.5 : 1.5 in weight ratio) delivers approximately 180 mAh g−1 of initial discharge capacity with high cutoff voltage of 4.5 V. Moreover, excellent capacity retention, without increase in the polarization, is achieved even with 4.5 V cutoff whereas capacity degradation is observed for the PVdF electrode. The mechanism of improvement for the LiCoO2 electrodes with SBR/CMC are examined by peel test, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and results are compared with those of the PVdF electrode. The composite electrode with the SBR/CMC binder shows much higher adhesive strength than that with the PVdF binder even though SBR is found to be electrochemically oxidized above 4.2 V. In addition, formation of phosphorus- and fluorine-containing layer on active material, which is presumably derived by electrolyte decomposition, is suggested to be responsible for the excellent capacity retention on high-voltage cycles.

活性炭電極を用いた電気二重層キャパシタの高電圧作動下における劣化機構

活性炭電極を用いた電気二重層キャパシタの高電圧作動下における劣化機構

Ritmo nodal secundario a descarga eléctrica de alto voltaje: Report of one case

Electrical shock can cause a direct myocardial damage and different types of arrhythmias, which are uncommon and occur more often when there is a high voltage exposure. We report a 19-year-old male that received a high voltage shock, falling thereafter from an altitude of four meters. On admission to the emergency room, he had second and third degree burns in the right hand and the left thigh. The electrocardiogram showed a nodal rhythm of 72 beats per minute. After four hours of monitoring, sinus rhythm returned spontaneously.

Sympathetic skin response in electrical burn injury

BackgroundElectrical burn has been reported to be highly associated with peripheral neuropathy. This study was designed to evaluate the sympathetic skin response (SSR) of electrical burn patients to determine whether the sympathetic nervous system is involved in these patients. Materials and methodsThe sympathetic skin response of 28 patients, suffering from electrical burn injury (divided into two groups of high voltage and low voltage exposure) was compared with that of 28 matched subjects, who had never experienced electrical burn. Bilateral palmar and plantar latency and amplitude of SSR were recorded in response to Median and Tibial nerve electrical stimulation. ResultsSSR in all recording sites of the electrical burn patients compared showed significantly more prolonged latencies and reduced amplitudes, with their counterparts in the control group with no significant difference between the high voltage and low voltage electrical burns. There was no significant difference in SSR latency, between the entry and exit sites of the electrical current. The SSR amplitude however, showed more reduction in right hand than the left one, in whom the electrical current had entered the body from the right hand. The time lapse between the electrical burn and the SSR study was shown to play no role in the results. DiscussionIncreased SSR latency in electrical burn injury may be a sign of autonomic nervous system involvement, through systemic responses to electrical burn.

Ｔｈｒｅｅ‐ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌ Ｒｏｔａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ（３Ｄ‐ＲＡ）の画質に影響する撮影条件の検討

Because the imaging qualities of three-dimensional rotational angiography(3D-RA)are influenced by various imaging parameters, it is difficult to obtain high-quality images from 3D-RA. In this study, we compared two methods of 3D-RA, the propeller rotation technique(PRT)and the roll rotation technique(RRT)by changing image intensifier(I.I.)sizes(5, 7 and 9 inches)using a test chart and handmade phantom. The results of this study demonstrated that one of the factors determining the image quality of 3D-RA was spatial resolution. Therefore, it was important to choose an optimum I.I. size that was similar in size to collimating the region of interest(ROI)in clinical use. Another factor influencing image quality was radiographic condition, especially the setting of tube voltage. This factor was indispensable in obtaining good image contrast, but the use of high-voltage exposure was one of the reasons for lower image contrast. Therefore, if image contrast was insufficient, the image qualities of 3D-RA became worse with increasing tube voltage because the tube voltage in this study was automatically changed according to scanning method and I.I. size. In addition, because the spatial resolution of PRT was similar to that of RRT, we thought it better to use PRT because the data acquisition time(scan time)of this technique was 4 seconds shorter than that of RRT, whereas, if PRT was used, it was necessary to set a suitable rate of injection of contrast medium because the setting of the tube voltage of PRT was 10 kV higher than that of RRT. In conclusion, to improve the image qualities of 3D-RA, we considered it necessary to obtain sufficient image contrast not influenced by high tube voltage and to choose an optimum I.I. size suitable for the spatial resolution of ROI.

High voltage water treatment in recirculating systems

Water recirculation systems may require disinfection to reduce levels of bacteria that grow in the system. The levels often need to be maintained below maximum values specified by local or National government standards. Residual chemical disinfection methods are usually used to achieve this. An alternative method is to apply a high voltage to the water to reduce levels of bacteria in the recirculation stream. A theoretical model for the bacterial levels using this technique is presented. The model shows that a treatment device need not be highly effective in reducing bacteria levels in one pass. A lysing rate of 99% works as well as one of 100%. The most efficient system is one with a high recirculation flow rate rather than a high individual lysing rate. These ideas are validated by experimental testing on the bacteria E. coli using a point-of-use treatment device energised by a switch-mode power supply (SMPS). Levels of these bacteria in a closed-loop system were reduced by nearly 5 log within 15-20 min of operation. Also, the effectiveness of high voltage on the viability of Legionella was tested using a 50 Hz AC supply. In this case the high voltage exposure reduced the viability by 99.7%. Hence this high voltage treatment method may have applications in air conditioning systems.

Changes in skin structure and electrical properties following high voltage exposure.

Human skin experiences extensive alterations when exposed to a strong electric field. In high voltage electric shocks, tissues in the current path undergo large-scale changes; the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin, loses its barrier function against ionic transport. The primary mechanism of electric field interaction with the skin is the creation of aqueous pathways, which increase the permeability of the skin to ions and macromolecules. Changes in skin structure and electrical properties were characterized by measuring the transport of fluorescent molecules in an in vitro preparation of human cadaver skin in a permeation chamber. Application of high voltage pulses (Uskia > 150 V, tau pulse = 1 ms) decreased the skin resistance per unit area by three orders of magnitude from its initial value of 100 k omega-cm-2. The resistance reached a quasi-steady state after about 20 pulses. After the cessation of pulsing, Rskin recovered immediately to about 4 k omega-cm-2 and remained low for 2 h thereafter. Transport of fluorescent molecules by high voltage pulses occurs in highly localized transport regions (LTRs), with diameters not exceeding 100 microns for short pulses (tau pulse < 5 ms).

Early predictors of myoglobinuria and acute renal failure following electrical injury

Myoglobinuria-induced acute renal failure (ARF) is a potentially lethal consequence of electrical injury. We describe clinical variables that can predict the risk of myoglobinuria and ARF following electrical injury. This was a retrospective multivariate analysis of risk factors among electrically injured patients over a 26-year period. Urine myoglobin status was documented in 162 patients; 14% had myoglobinuria. No patient developed ARF. Multivariate modeling revealed that high-voltage exposure, prehospital cardiac arrest, full-thickness burns, and compartment syndrome were associated with myoglobinuria. Using a prediction rule defined as positive when a patient had ≥ 2 risk factors yielded a sensitivity of 96% and negative predictive value of 99%. Electrical injury patients with myoglobinuria have little risk of developing ARF. A prediction rule can be used to screen out patients at low risk for myoglobinuria and identify high-risk patients who warrant early aggressive treatment and a more definitive myoglobin test.

Equivalence criteria among man and animals in experimental investigations of high voltage power frequency exposure hazards

The analysis presented is concerned with the equivalence among biological bodies of different shapes and dimensons in quasi-static field conditions by means of appropriate ellipsoidal models. The results are useful in order to assess the applicability of the power frequency high voltage exposure hazards on animals to man.