Higher Viscosity Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Effect of diesel-B20-pentanol and diesel-B20-butonal blends on diesel engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyze the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engines fuelled with diesel-B20-pentanol and diesel-B20-butonal blends without engine modification. Higher viscosity of biodiesel causes poor fuel atomization during the spray process and more energy is needed to pump the fuel. To overcome those problems, biodiesel was blended with alcohols. There are two types of combinations that has been presented, they are biodiesel-diesel-pentanol and biodiesel-diesel-butanol without modifying the engines. Based on the fuel characterization, D75-B20-PN5, D70-B20-PN10, D75-B20-BU5, and D70-B20-BU10 were selected for further experimental investigation. It is utilized for the reduction of calorific value due to the presence of oxygen in the molecular structure of biodiesel. The highest brake thermal efficiency of 31.7% was obtained for the D75-B20-BU5 blend. The lowest brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.12(kg/kW-h) was obtained for the D75-B20-BU5 blend. The D75-B20-BU5 fuel has a heat release rate of 4.8 J/°CA. The lowest carbon monoxide emission of 0.0055% vol. was obtained from the D75-B20-BU5 blend. At 100% load, the least unburned hydrocarbon emission of 38 ppm was obtained in the D75-B20-BU5 blend. The nitric oxide emission of 47.4 ppm was obtained in D75-B20-BU5. The lowest filter smoke number of 34 ppm was obtained in D75-B20-BU5. Among the above-mentioned blends, D75-B20-BU5 blend has the minimum emission of CO, Unburned Hydro Carbon(ppm), and Filter Smoke NumberFSN. Thus, this paper discusses the viability of recommending biodiesel-diesel-alcohol blends to fulfil the future energy demands of the world.

Multi-objective optimization based grey relational analysis and investigation of using the waste animal fat biodiesel on the engine characteristics

In the present work, biodiesel has been produced from waste chicken fat, and its usability test as an alternative fuel has been comprehensively discussed. A diesel engine has been tested at varying engine speeds (from 1800 to 3400 prm with the interval of 400 rpm) under full load condition. Esterification and transesterification of waste chicken fat were used to produce chicken methyl ester. Then this produced biodiesel has been blended into the conventional diesel fuel volumetrically from 25 to 100 %, and the main properties of these test fuels have been determined. In the results, it is noticed that the addition of waste chicken biodiesel to petroleum diesel fuel declines the engine brake power and thermal efficiency by 28 and 23 % due to the low calorific value, and high viscosity of biodiesel, but increases the EGT and BSFC by 29 and 25 %, respectively. Thanks to the high oxygen content of biodiesel fuel, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke concentrations have been dropped by approximately 47, 12, and 48 %, respectively but the concentration of nitrogen oxides has shown an increment to be 25 % when chicken methyl esters (B100) have been completely used instead of diesel fuel. On the other hand, significant combustion parameters such as heat release rate, ignition delay, and peak in-cylinder pressure have been recorded less than those of methyl ester by 8, 10, and 19 %, respectively as compared to those of conventional diesel fuel. Multi-criteria decision-making with grey relational analysis has been also conducted in this work. Based on the optimization results, The blending ratio range between 0 and 20 % and the speed range between 2600 and 3000 rpm is recommended because of the improvement in engine combustion and emission characteristics. In the conclusion, the present work reported that the waste chicken methyl ester can be utilized as a substitute fuel at the modest blending ratios for diesel engines without any modification on the vehicular system.

Influences of hydrogen addition from different dual‐fuel modes on engine behaviors

AbstractCompression ignition (CI) engines have good performance but more exhaust emissions. Dual fuel (DF) engines have better performance and lower emissions compared to CI mode. Also, the scarcity of fossil fuels made the researchers to find alternative fuels to power CI engines. Therefore, the present work aims to use hydrogen (H2) and honne oil biodiesel (BHO) to investigate the performance of CI engines in DF mode. Also, it aims to compare the performance of CI engines in various DF modes, namely induction, manifold injection, and port injection. First, the CI engine was fuelled completely by diesel fuel and BHO. The data were gathered when the engine ran at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and at 80% load. Second, the CI engine was operated in various DF modes and data were generated. CI engine operation in DF mode was smooth with biodiesel and H2. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32% and 31.1% was reported with diesel and biodiesel, respectively, for manifold injection due to low energy content and high viscosity of biodiesel. These values were higher than CI mode and other DF modes. Fuel substitution percentage for DF manifold injection was 60% and 57% with diesel and biodiesel, respectively. Smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were lower than conventional mode, but a reverse trend was observed for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. Heat release rate (HRR) and peak pressure (PP) were higher than conventional mode due to the fast combustion rate of hydrogen. The shortest ignition delay (ID) period was noticed for traditional diesel fuel, but it was longer for BHO biodiesel due to its higher viscosity and lower cetane number. On the contrary, the presence of hydrogen led to an increment in the combustion duration (CD) owing to the scarcity of oxygen in CD. Consequently, the paper clearly showed that the injection way of hydrogen plays a respectable role in the engine characteristics.

Korelasi Propertis Biodiesel Terhadap Emisi Gas Buang dan Performa Mesin Diesel

Biodiesel is a priority program to reduce dependence on diesel fuel. B20 biodiesel is proven to be used as fuel without modifying diesel engine specifications. The development of biodiesel with a higher percentage of palm oil need to be developed continuously, therefore dependence on diesel fuel is lower. However, the high viscosity of biodiesel becomes an obstacle, so alcohol is added to reduce problems in the fuel injection process. This research aims to observe the biodiesel properties of a solar-palm cooking oil-methanol/ethanol/butane mixture which is correlated with the potential exhaust emissions and performance produced by a diesel engine. Palm cooking oil used is 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 85%, while methanol/ ethanol/ butane alcohol used is 15%. Based on the results of physical and chemical tests, the higher the content of palm cooking oil means the worse the biodiesel properties will be. Biodiesel blended of palm-methanol solar-cooking oil has the potential of the same exhaust emissions and engine performance as diesel fuel.

Evaluation of Performance and Emissions of Ceramic Coated Turbocharged Direct Injection Diesel Engine operated with Diesel and Biodiesel Blends

It is evident that the main derivatives of biodiesel obtained from the transesterification of vegetable oils are identified as a best suitable alternate fuel for conventional diesel fuel. However higher viscosity and poor volatility of biodiesel causes engine problems for long-term use in diesel engines. Preheating of biodiesel is one of the technique reducing the problems associated with the higher viscosity of biodiesel in diesel engines. The positive effect of increased operating temperature of ceramic-coated engine concept is incorporated to avoid the preheating and maximize the effective heat release of biodiesel. The combination of increased operating temperature associated with LHR engine and oxygenated nature of biodiesel ensure nearly complete combustion. The experiment was conducted on a four cylinder four stroke direct injection turbocharged diesel engine and the combustion chamber was coated with partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) of 0.35 mm thickness over 0.15 mm thickness of NiCrAl bond coat. The performance and emissions of conventional turbocharged engine and ceramic coated turbocharged engine were analyzed using diesel and biodiesel blends.

Renewable diesel fuel and FT-fuel as alternative to diesel fuel

Biodiesel or biodiesel fuel is the most commonly used diesel alternative fuel. The high viscosity of biodiesel and the increase in nitrogen oxide emissions in comparison with diesel fuel restrict its use in diesel engines of the car. A promising prospect are renewable diesel and synthetic fuels. A detailed analysis of the properties, spray parameters and emissions for different types of alternative fuels for diesel engines has been made, based on experimental data.The results of modeling the spray parameters of alternative fuels show that the formulas that were proposed for biodiesel can be used for renewable diesel and synthetic fuels. Based on the spray characteristics the closest fuel to diesel can be considered as renewable diesel fuel.

An Experimental Optimization Research of Methyl and Ethyl Esters Production from Safflower Oil

Abstract Nowadays, biodiesel is drawing attention as a renewable and clean alternative to fossil diesel fuel because of numerous advantages such as higher flash point, cetane number and density. However, the high viscosity of biodiesel is one of the critical shortcomings and it causes poor atomization, decrease in engine performance and increase in exhaust emissions. To overcome this shortcoming, in this study, the effects of main transesterification reaction variables on the viscosities of produced safflower oil methyl and ethyl esters (biodiesel) were investigated as a full factorial experimental design, and optimum parametric values giving the lowest viscosity were determined. Density and viscosity were measured according to ISO 4787 and DIN 53015 standards. Sodium ethoxide (C2H5ONa) was utilized as a catalyst, and 90 and 120 minutes of reaction duration were kept constant for methanolysis and ethanolysis reactions. According to the results, the optimal reaction parameters were determined as: 0.75 % catalyst concentration, 8:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio and 56 °C reaction temperature for methanolysis; 1.00 % catalyst concentration, 12:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio and 70 °C reaction temperature for ethanolysis. Based on the reaction parameters, the methyl and ethyl esters were produced with the lowest viscosities of 3.989 mm2/s and 4.393 mm2/s, respectively. In the light of results obtained in this study, similar studies on production of biodiesels from different oils and alcohols can be performed.

Analysis of performance and emissions of diesel engine using sunflower biodiesel

The world consumption of fossil fuels is increasing rapidly and it affects the environment by green house gases causing health hazards. Biodiesel is emerging as an important promising alternative energy resource which can be used to reduce or even replace the usage of petroleum. Since is mainly derived from vegetable oil or animal fats can be produce for large scale by local farmers offering a great choice. However the extensive utilization of the biofuels can lead to shortages in the food chain. This paper analyzed the sunflower methyl ester (SFME) and its blends as an alternate source of fuel for diesel engines. Biodiesel was prepared from sunflower oil in laboratory in a small biodiesel installation (30L) by base transesterification. A 4 cylinder Deutz F4L912 diesel engine was used to perform the tests on various blends of sunflower biodiesel. The emissions of CO, HC were lower than diesel fuel for all blends tested. The NOx emissions were higher due to the high volatility and high viscosity of biodiesel.

Performance Emission and Economic Analysis of Preheated CNSL Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel for a Diesel Engine

In the present work, CNSL (cashew nut shell liquid), a byproduct of cashew industry, has been considered as an economically viable alternate source for producing biodiesel. Further, the feasibility and economic viability of using CNSLME (cashew nut shell liquid methyl ester or CNSL biodiesel) directly in a diesel engine has been analyzed. CNSL is trans-esterified in double stages due to its high free fatty acid content and instead of using produced CNSLME in blend with diesel; it was directly used in a single cylinder diesel engine by preheating it. By this measure, the higher viscosity of biodiesel is reduced and the experimental investigation tends to show that both the performance and emission of preheated CNSLME has been improved. At an inlet fuel temperature of 80°C, the CNSLME discerns a 20% increase in BTE (brake thermal efficiency), 66% and 52% decrease in CO and HC emission, respectively, than unheated CNSLME. To purport the economic viability of CNSL, a detailed economic analysis has been conducted. From the analysis, it is inferred that CNSL is a low cost feedstock for biodiesel production among the other existing edible and non-edible oils considered so far.

Biodegradation of Soybean and Castor Oil Biodiesel: Implications on the Natural Attenuation of Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons in Groundwater

The potential groundwater impacts of biodiesel releases have received limited attention despite the increasing probability of such events. In this work, microcosms were prepared with unacclimated sediment and groundwater from the Ressacada Experimental Site (Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil) and spiked with 54.8 mg/L of pure soybean or castor oil biodiesel (B100). Oxygen was purged from the microcosms to mimic commonly anoxic and hypoxic conditions at fuel‐impacted sites; low background concentrations of nitrate (1.2 to 2.5 mg/L) and sulfate (2.2 to 3.0 mg/L) were present. Biodegradation was assessed by the removal of fatty acid methyl esters and hydrocarbon components relative to sterile controls. Approximately 80% of soybean biodiesel was biotransformed in 41 d, compared to only 40% of castor oil biodiesel removed in 90 d. The higher persistence of castor biodiesel was attributed to its higher viscosity and lower bioavailability. Additional microcosms were prepared similarly to assess the impact of biodiesel on hydrocarbon degradation. These microcosms were spiked with benzene (2.9 mg/L) and toluene (0.8 mg/L) with or without soybean biodiesel (54.8 mg/L). The biodiesel had an inhibitory effect, increasing the time required to remove toluene from 25 to 34 d. Similarly, 45% of benzene was removed in the presence of biodiesel within 34 d, compared to 90% in the absence of biodiesel. Overall, we postulate that the relatively high viscosity of biodiesel is conducive to limited migration potential and a smaller but longer lasting inhibitory region of influence, compared to that exerted by more soluble, more mobile, and readily degradable biofuels such as ethanol. However, controlled release studies are needed to test this hypothesis and characterize the complex dynamics of such releases.

Computational investigation of the effect of biodiesel fuel properties on diesel engine NOx emissions

A detailed numerical spray atomization, ignition, combustion and nitrogen oxides (NOx) formation model was developed for direct injection diesel engines by using KIVA3V code. Several modified or recalibrated sub-models including a Kelvin-Helmholtz Rayleigh-Taylor (KH-RT) spray breakup model, a Shell ignition model, a single-step kinetic combustion model and a Zel’dovich NOx formation model were incorporated into KIVA3V. This modified model was validated by experimental data obtained from a John Deere 4045T direct injection diesel engine that was fueled with a natural soybean methyl ester, a yellow grease methyl ester, a genetically modified soybean methyl ester and No.2 diesel fuel. Errors between predictions of the brake-specific NOx and measured values were less than 1% at full load. For biodiesel fuels, either the Zel’dovich mechanism overpredicted NOx emissions, the ratio of NO to NOx should be less than diesel fuel, or both. As observed from the modeling results, the higher latent heat of vaporization and higher surface tension of biodiesel relative to diesel fuel did not result in increased NOx emissions. The higher viscosity of biodiesel could be one of the reasons for increased NOx, but its effect was relatively small compared with the effect of decreased spray cone angle and advanced start of injection timing on NOx. Decreased spray cone angle and advanced start of injection were the main reasons for increased NOx emissions of biodiesel. Keywords: biodiesel, diesel engine modeling, NOx emissions DOI: 10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.2009.02.041-048 Citation: Yuan W, Hansen A C. Computational investigation of the effect of biodiesel fuel properties on diesel engine NOx emissions. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2009; 2(2): 41