Higher BMI Values Research Articles

大学生活における骨密度と食生活の関係について

With the arrival of the aged society, osteoporosis has become a large public health issue in developed nations.Because the time of university student life is the most crucial period for the substantiality of the bone density, the relationship between bone density and dietary habits in this age should be examined. In this study, the bone densities of the examinees were measured longitudinally by ultra sound bone densitometer, and then, the relationship between these measured values and nutritional values calculated based on the contents of their meals were investigated. We also researched theire ating habits and body conditions using a questionnaire. As a result, it was concluded that maintaining an exercise habit and appropriate dietary habits were very important. On average, the bone density of the examinee on entrance into university surpassed the normal range.However, most examinees should markedly lowered bone density after 4 years of university life. Examinees with high BMI value tended to show high bone density, while low BMI examinees showed low bone density. Examinees who maintained bone density for university life ate a high energy diet, while examinees, who consumed dairy products, also showed a high bone density.

Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women.

Measurement of waist circumference alone as a proxy of abdominal fat mass has been suggested as a simple clinical alternative to BMI for detecting adults with possible health risks due to obesity. From 1993 to 1997, 27,178 men and 29,875 women, born in Denmark, 50 to 64 years of age, were recruited in the Danish prospective study Diet, Cancer and Health. By the end of the year 2000, 1465 deaths had occurred. We evaluated the relationship between waist circumference and BMI (simultaneously included in the model) and all-cause mortality. We used Cox regression models to estimate the mortality-rate ratios and to consider possible confounding from smoking. Waist circumference among both men and women showed a strong dose-response type of relationship with mortality when adjusted for BMI, whereas the low range of BMI was inversely associated with mortality when adjusted for waist circumference. A 10% larger waist circumference corresponded to a 1.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.36 to 1.61) times higher mortality over the whole range of waist circumference. The associations were independent of age and time since baseline examination. Restriction to never smokers showed a similar pattern, but a weakening of the associations. Despite the high correlation between waist circumference and BMI, the combination may be very relevant in clinical practice because waist circumference for given BMI was a strong predictor of all-cause mortality. The inverse association between BMI and mortality for given waist circumference was diminished in never smokers, particularly for high values of BMI.

The National Diabetes Register in Sweden: an implementation of the St. Vincent Declaration for Quality Improvement in Diabetes Care.

To monitor glycemic control, treatable risk factors, and treatment profile for quality assessment of diabetes care on a national scale. Four samples of 23,546, 32,903, 30,311, and 29,769 patients with diabetes (1996-1999) were studied based on a repeated national screening and quality assessment of diabetes care by the National Diabetes Register, Sweden, with participation of both hospitals and primary health care. Clinical characteristics included were age, sex, diabetes duration and treatment, glycemic control (HbA(1c)), office blood pressure (BP), BMI, smoking habits, and use of lipid-lowering drugs in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Favorable decreases of mean HbA(1c) and BP values were registered during the 4-year study period for both type 1 (HbA(1c) 7.5-7.3% and BP 130/75-130/74 mmHg) and type 2 diabetic patients (HbA(1c) 7.0-6.7% and BP 151/82-147/80 mmHg). Treatment aims of HbA(1c) and BP levels were also achieved in increasing proportions for type 1 (HbA(1c) <7.5%: 50-58% and BP </=140/85 mmHg: 77-79%), and type 2 diabetic patients (HbA(1c) <7.5%: 66-73% and BP </=140/85 mmHg: 32-42%). The use of lipid-lowering drugs increased for type 1 (4-11%) and type 2 diabetic patients (10-22%). In type 2 diabetic patients, treatment with oral agents alone decreased, but combination therapy (insulin and oral agents) increased during the study period. Mean BMI increased during 1996-1999 in type 2 diabetic patients. High HbA(1c) and BP values in 1999 were predicted by high BMI values 1996 and by high increase of BMI during the period, independent of diabetes duration, age, and sex. Decreasing mean HbA(1c) and BP levels and the wider use of lipid-lowering drugs during the late 1990s in patients with diabetes in a national sample from Sweden should translate into clinical benefits regarding micro- and macrovascular complications as well as diabetes-related mortality.

Low-density-lipoprotein peak particle size in a Mediterranean population.

The predominance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles ('LDL phenotype B') has been associated with a three-fold increased risk of myocardial infarction, but the feasibility of the identification of small, dense LDL as independent predictors of coronary artery disease risk in population studies remains questioned. Design We evaluated the LDL peak particle size and its relation with other established risk factors for coronary heart disease in a group of 156 randomized subjects living on the Mediterranean island of Ustica (71 males and 85 women, range of age 20-69 years), representing approximately 30% of the total population. The prevalence of LDL phenotype B subjects was low (approximately 15% in both men and women) and there was a clear trend for both genders in reducing the LDL peak particle size with age. Moreover, LDL phenotype B subjects had higher BMI values, prevalence of diabetes and plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and lower plasma HDL-C concentrations in comparison with LDL phenotype A individuals; in a multivariate analysis, plasma TG levels were the only variable independently associated with LDL peak particle size. In this population, which appears to be somewhat protected by premature coronary artery disease, a low prevalence of the LDL pattern B was found in both men and women, and plasma TG could have a key role in regulating the LDL peak particle size. The follow up, still ongoing, will provide useful information on the predictive role of LDL peak particle size on cardiovascular risk, at least in a low-risk population.

Diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese: evidence for familial clustering and parental effects.

To investigate transmission patterns of diabetes and their relationships with clinical characteristics in Hong Kong Chinese patients with late-onset (age > or =35 years) type 2 diabetes. This study involved 2,310 patients consecutively selected from a hospital clinic-based diabetes registry. These patients all reported the diabetes status of their parents as well as siblings. Approximately 36% of the 2,310 patients reported at least 1 affected parent or sibling (25 and 21% reported at least 1 diabetic parent and sibling, respectively). These patients, irrespective of their sex, were more likely to have a diabetic mother than a diabetic father (17 vs. 13% of the male patients and 18 vs. 9% of the female patients, P<0.01). The male patients were more likely than the female patients to have a diabetic father (13 vs. 9%, P<0.01). The female patients with a diabetic mother were found to have higher levels of plasma total cholesterol compared with the female patients with a diabetic father in multiple comparisons with adjustment for significance (5.56+/-1.30 vs. 5.09+/-0.95 mmol/l, P<0.05). In 2-group comparisons, there was also evidence that the male patients with a diabetic father had higher BMI values than the male patients with a diabetic mother (25.9+/-3.5 vs. 25.0+/-3.5 kg/m2, P<0.05). We found familial clustering of diabetes in the Hong Kong Chinese population as well as a significant maternal influence and a male sex-specific paternal effect. We suggest that both maternal and paternal factors may be implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population.

Tracking of body mass index in children in relation to overweight in adulthood

Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) values at or above the 75th percentile are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood, and there are significant correlations between BMI values in childhood and in adulthood. The present study addresses the predictive value of childhood BMI for overweight at 35 +/- 5 y, defined as BMI >28 for men and BMI >26 for women. Analyses of data from 555 white children showed that overweight at age 35 y could be predicted from BMI at younger ages. The prediction is excellent at age 18 y, good at age 13 y, but only moderate at ages <13 y. For 18-y-olds with BMIs above the 60th percentile, the probability of overweight at age 35 y is 34% for men and 37% for women. A clinically applicable method is provided to assign an overweight child to a group with a known probability of high BMI values in adulthood.

Impact of body mass index on coronary heart disease risk factors in men and women. The Framingham Offspring Study.

Increased body weight has been associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) in several populations. We studied the distribution of body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) in men (n = 1566; mean age, 49 +/- 10 years) and women (n = 1627; mean age, 49 +/- 10 years) participating in the third examination cycle of the Framingham Offspring Study and the association of BMI with known CHD risk factors. In men, BMI increased with age until age 50 years, when it reached a plateau. In women, there was a trend toward an increase in BMI with age up to the seventh decade of life. Seventy-two percent of men and 42% of women had a BMI > or = 25.00, the cutoff point for the definition of overweight. In age-adjusted analyses, BMI was significantly and linearly associated with systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose levels, plasma total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels and was inversely and linearly associated with HDL cholesterol levels (P < .001) in nonsmoking men and women. The association between BMI and apolipoprotein B and A-I was similar to that of LDL and HDL cholesterol, respectively. LDL size was also linearly associated with BMI: subjects with higher BMI had smaller LDL particles. Lipoprotein(a) levels were not associated with BMI in this population. Of all these risk factors for CHD, reduced HDL cholesterol levels and hypertension were those more strongly associated with higher BMI in both men and women. Elevated triglyceride levels and small LDL particles, and diabetes in women, were also strongly associated with higher BMI values in this population. Our results indicate that a high prevalence of adult Americans are overweight and support the concept that increased BMI is associated with an adverse effect on all major CHD risk factors. These results emphasize the importance of excess body fat as a public health issue.

Lewis phenotypes and the insulin resistance syndrome in young healthy white men and women

An increased risk of ischemic heart disease in men with the Lewis blood group phenotype Le(a-b-) has been reported. It has been suggested that the Le(a-b-) phenotype is a genetic marker of the insulin resistance syndrome. To examine whether Le(a-b-) confers the insulin resistance syndrome, we studied a random sample of unrelated healthy young white men and women living in Copenhagen (n = 380, 18 to 32 years). All individuals had their insulin sensitivity estimated using Bergman's minimal model (intravenous glucose in combination with tolbutamide) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured with a London School of Hygiene Sphygmomanometer. A number of anthropometric measurements including body mass index (BMI, kilograms/meters squared) and biochemical characteristics were performed. The Lewis blood group typing was carried out on erythrocytes. Twenty-one men had the Le(a-b-) phenotype. Compared to all other men (N = 165), the Le(a-b-) men had a significantly higher SBP (6 mm Hg, P = .0024). They also had higher values of BMI (8%, P = .016), total body fat mass (25%, P = .015), fasting values of serum insulin (32%, P = .006), serum C-peptide (20%, P = .029), and plasma glucose (8%, P = .003). The fasting values of serum lipids, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, and insulin sensitivity did not differ between Le(a-b-) men and men with other Lewis phenotypes. Altogether 194 women participated in the study of which 21 women had the Le(a-b-) phenotype. Except for a lower PAI-1 activity (45%, P = .044), no values differed between Le(a-b-) women and women with other Lewis phenotypes. The women were also stratified according to use of oral contraceptives. Le(a-b-) women using oral contraceptives (N = 8) had a significantly lower plasma level of fasting PAI-1 activity (P = .029) and t-PA antigen (P = .004) compared to women using oral contraceptives without the Le(a-b-) phenotype (N = 42). Our data support the hypothesis that Le(a-b-) men exhibit features of the insulin resistance syndrome, including higher levels of BMI, SBP, and fasting levels of serum insulin and plasma glucose. In young women no signs of the insulin resistance syndrome were found in subjects with the Le(a-b-) phenotype.

The predictive value of childhood body mass index values for overweight at age 35 y

Larger body mass index values (BMI in kg/m2) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood and there are significant correlations between BMI values in childhood and in adulthood. The present study addresses the predictive value of childhood BMI for overweight at 35 +/- 5 y, defined as BMI > 28 for men and > 26 for women. Analyses of data for 555 white children indicated that overweight at 35 y can be predicted from BMI at younger ages. The prediction is excellent at age 18 y, good at 13 y, but only moderate at ages younger than 13 y. For 18-y-olds with a BMI value exceeding the 60th percentile, the odds of overweight at 35 y are 34% for men and 37% for women. A clinically applicable method is provided to assign an overweight child to a group with a known probability of high BMI values in adulthood.