High-value Utilization Research Articles

Microwave pyrolysis of Choerospondias axillaris seeds with their derived biochar for comprehensive utilization of the biomass

Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising resource for producing biofuels with improved properties and has been extensively utilized in microwave pyrolysis. This study explores the use of Choerospondias axillaris seeds for bio-oil production, with the derived biochar serving as both a microwave absorber and in-situ catalyst. The research characterized the biochar including SEM, BET, NH3-TPD, FTIR, etc, and investigated the impact of different heating modes and types of microwave absorbers on the composition and distribution of pyrolysis products. The results demonstrated that the biochar exhibits excellent microwave absorption properties and catalytic performance. The biochar exhibits a dielectric loss tangent of 0.23 and a specific surface area of 154.54 m2·g−1, characterized by a rich hollow porous structure and surface functional groups. It contains metal elements such as Na, K, and Ca, along with Lewis acid sites, making it an excellent microwave absorption catalyst. Furthermore, the study investigated the effects of microwave power and pyrolysis temperature, revealing that optimal conditions of 700 W and 500 °C result in a fast heating rate of 77.7 °C·min−1, a bio-oil yield of 34.5 wt%, and an aromatics relative content of 61.0 %. The stability of the biochar as a microwave absorption catalyst was evaluated through a reuse study, demonstrating its relatively excellent warming characteristics and product distribution even after five cycles. In summary, this paper proposed an innovative method that employs the derived biochar to enhance biomass pyrolysis, thereby achieving the comprehensive and high-value utilization of Choerospondias axillaris seeds and providing a viable pathway for their sustainable development.

Mechanical Motion and Color Change of Humidity-Responsive Cellulose Nanocrystal Films from Sunflower Pith.

Nanocellulose has prompted extensive exploration of its applications in advanced functional materials, especially humidity-responsive materials. However, the sunflower pith (SP), a unique agricultural by-product with high cellulose and pectin content, is always ignored and wasted. This work applied sulfuric acid hydrolysis and sonication to sunflower pith to obtain nanocellulose and construct film materials with humidity-responsive properties. The SP nanoparticle (SP-NP) suspension could form a transparent film with stacked layers of laminated structure. Due to the tightly layered structure and expansion confinement effect, when humidity increases, the SP-NP film responds rapidly in just 0.5 s and completes a full flipping cycle in 4 s, demonstrating its excellent humidity-responsive capability. After removing hemicellulose and lignin, the SP cellulose nanocrystals (SPC-NC) could self-assemble into a chiral nematic structure in the film, displaying various structural colors based on different sonication times. The color of the SPC-NC film dynamically adjusted with changes in ambient humidity, exhibiting both functionality and aesthetics. This research provides a new perspective on the high-value utilization of sunflower pith while establishing a practical foundation for developing novel responsive cellulose-based materials.

Effects of Red Vinasse on Physicochemical Qualities of Blue Round Scad (Decapterus maruadsi) During Storage, and Shelf Life Prediction.

A fish processed with red vinasse is a type of Fujian cuisine with regional characteristics. In order to monitor the effect of red vinasse on storage quality and shelf life of blue round scad (Decapterus maruadsi) during storage, the changes in fat content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), pH value, texture, and sensory quality were studied at different storage temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C). By analyzing the correlation between changes in sensory qualities and physical and chemical indexes, a first-order kinetic model and the Arrhenius equation were used to build a shelf-life prediction model for blue round scad during storage. The results showed that processing with red vinasse can significantly reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) production and the decrease in PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (p < 0.05) during storage. Based on partial least squares regression (PLSR), the storage temperature and time have a significant impact on the PUFA composition in blue round scad, which changed less when the samples were stored at 4 °C and 25 °C, and they had better nutritional composition of fatty acids at lower temperatures. Among the PUFAs, DHA (C22:6n-3) and EPA (C20:5n-3) had higher relative contents and significantly decreased during storage (p < 0.05). Additionally, the processing with red vinasse can slow down the increase in total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value and pH of blue round scad, maintain the appropriate hardness, elasticity, cohesion and chewability, and improve the overall sensory quality of the fish. In addition, according to the results of model prediction based on TBARS value, the storage shelf life of blue round scad with red vinasse added was 55 d, 2.7 d and 28 h at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C, respectively. The accuracy of the forecast model was high, and the relative errors of the measured values and predicted values were less than 10%. Thus, it not only provided a theoretical basis for the processing and application of red vinasse to Chinese traditional food, but also provided innovative ideas for the safe storage and high-value utilization of blue round scad.

Reusing waste glass fines to substitute cement and sand for recycled ultra-high performance strain-hardening cementitious composites (UHP-SHCC)

Using waste glass fines (WGF) as cement and silica sand replacement for recycled ultra-high performance strain-hardening cementitious composites (UHP-SHCC) provides an effective method for the high-value utilization of waste glass while reducing its carbon emissions and preparation cost. This study investigated the feasibility of preparing recycled UHP-SHCC by simultaneously substituting both cement and silica sand with WGF. WGF, abundant in amorphous components, exhibited favorable pozzolanic activity and filling effect. Substituting high-volume cement with WGF negatively impacted the hydration reaction and micro-properties of UHP-SHCC matrix, while replacing silica sand with WGF improved hydration reaction and micro-structure. Generally, substituting WGF for both silica sand and cement decreased the maximum cumulative hydration heat of UHP-SHCC. The drying shrinkage resistance of UHP-SHCC is improved with WGF replacing an appropriate dosage of cement and silica sand. The compressive and flexural strengths of UHP-SHCC declined as the high-volume replacement of cement with WGF, but improved with an increase in the proportion of silica sand substituted. Simultaneously substituting cement and silica sand with WGF can yield recycled UHP-SHCC with mechanical strengths comparable to those of reference UHP-SHCC. The ductility of UHP-SHCC exhibits a trend of first increasing and then decreasing as the proportion of cement substituted by WGF increases, while it decreases with the addition of WGF as silica sand replacement. Simultaneously substituting both cement and silica sand with WGF can obtain more sustainable UHP-SHCC with high strength and ductility. The tensile strength and tensile strain capacity of recycled UHP-SHCC containing WGF substituting 100 % silica sand and 75 % cement are 10.3 MPa and 7.2 %, respectively.

Research progress of paclitaxel in the field of antitumor

Abstract. Cancer is the second leading cause of human death globally, and its incidence is still increasing year by year. How to prevent and treat cancer is currently the focus of attention. Paclitaxel is a natural anti-tumor drug that has multiple important applications in tumor diseases due to its interactions with various cells and molecules. Although paclitaxel has shown high utility value and significant advantages in tumor treatment, it has limitations such as low solubility, fast metabolism, and poor targeting. This article focuses on the mechanism of action and drug resistance of paclitaxel in anti-tumor applications, as well as the research progress in the treatment of various tumor diseases.

Upgrading pyrolysis carbon black by recyclable ferrate/alkaline treatment with the assistance of ultrasound

The recycling of pyrolysis carbon black (CBp) from waste tires is crucial in consideration of the conservation of secondary resources and the alleviation of potential hazardous effects on the environment. However, the high ash content, low surface activity and big particle size limit its high-value utilization, such as the reinforcing of tires. In this work, a novel approach of upgrading CBp derived from waste tires has been developed by a combination of recyclable ferrate/alkaline treatment and ultrasound. In this approach, the ferrate/alkaline is used to remove impurities of CBp and introduce oxygen groups with high activities, and the ultrasound can break the agglutinated CBp particles and accelerate the impurities reduction effectively. Upgrading conditions including temperature, reaction time, and reagent ratio were explored and optimized. Compared with non-upgraded CBp (n-CBp), the upgraded CBp (u-CBp) had a much lower content of impurities (1.74%) and a comprehensive promotion in physicochemical properties. The u-CBp exhibited superior in-rubber performance to the commercial carbon black (N550/N660). Furthermore, the ferrate can be recycled to upgrade CBp several times. This method offered a promising solution of CBp upgrading and waste tire recycling and contribute to the closed-loop recycling of waste tires and environmental sustainability.

High-Value Resource Utilization of Steel Waste to Prepare Uniform Micronano LiFePO4/C Cathode Material.

Steel slag is a promising secondary resource necessitating recycling and high-value utilization. This study innovatively converted steel slag into micronano FePO4 and well-performing LiFePO4/C through a selective two-step leaching process followed by fast coprecipitation in HMCRR under superior mass transfer, and a subsequent in situ carbothermal reduction afterward, thereby realizing a waste-to-resource conversion pathway. Besides, a metal leaching mechanism was proposed based on comprehensive slag composition analysis, affirming the process selectivity. Thermomechanical analysis for precipitation underscored the importance of controlling reaction pH to prevent the formation of impure sediments. Leveraging efficient leaching and superior mass transfer during precursor preparation, the further-made carbon-coated LiFePO4/C derived from steel slag exhibited favorable morphology and enhanced discharge capacity, especially at high rates, owing to fast ion diffusion kinetics, minimized Li+ migration distance, and improved structure stability. Notably, the discharge capacity could reach 167.44, 153.56, and 119.62 mAh/g at 0.1, 1, and 10 C, respectively.

Enhancing the Hypolipidemic and Functional Properties of Flammulina velutipes Root Dietary Fiber via Steam Explosion.

Flammulina velutipes is an edible mushroom widely cultivated in China. As a by-product of Flammulina velutipes, the roots are rich in high-quality dietary fiber (DF). In order to obtain high-quality soluble dietary fiber (SDF), steam explosion (SE) is used as an effective modification method to improve the extraction rate and avoid the loss of active substances. Mounting evidence shows that SDF alleviates lipid metabolism disorders. However, it is not well understood how the influence of SDF with SE pretreatment could benefit lipid metabolism. In this study, we extracted a soluble dietary fiber from Flammulina velutipes root with an SE treatment, named SE-SDF, using enzymatic assisted extraction. The physicochemical and structural properties of the SE-SDF were investigated, and its hypolipidemic effects were also analyzed using oleic-acid-induced HepG2 cells. In addition, the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of SE-SDF were investigated using a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model. The results indicate that SE treatment (1.0 MPa, 105 s) increased the SDF content to 8.73 ± 0.23%. The SE-SDF was primarily composed of glucose, galactose, and mannose. In HFD-fed mice, SE-SDF significantly reduced weight gain and improved lipid profiles, while restoring liver function and reducing injury. This work provides an effective method for the processing of fungi waste and adds to its economic value. In future studies, the structural characteristics and the anti-obesity and gut microbiota regulation mechanisms of SE-SDF will be explored in depth, supporting its high-value utilization in healthcare products.

Engineering the Non-catalytic Domain to Enhance Catalytic Activity and Thermal Stability of a Nκ2-Producing κ-Carrageenase.

κ-Carrageenases play an important role in achieving the high-value utilization of carrageenan polysaccharides. They can be used in the preparation of even-numbered κ-neocarrageenan oligosaccharides by degrading κ-carrageenan (KC). We previously identified and characterized a κ-carrageenase, CaKC16B, with high specificity for producing a single κ-neocarrabiose. It can produce a single κ-neocarrabiose from degrading KC. However, they also exhibited poor thermal stability and catalytic efficiency. To improve these properties, we introduced noncatalytic domains (nonCDs) from a heat-resistant κ-carrageenase, MtKC16A, into the C-terminus of CaKC16B to construct CaKC16BUN and CaKC16BUNB. Compared to the original CaKC16B, both of them exhibited improved enzymatic properties, including optimal reaction temperature, thermal stability, substrate affinity, and catalytic efficiency. Remarkably, the kcat/Km values of 16BUN and 16BUNB increased by 127 and 290 times, respectively. Importantly, the addition of nonCDs did not alter the final products of degrading KC, retaining the high product specificity of CaKC16B. Interestingly, the addition of nonCDs changed CaKC16B's substrate specificity for hydrolyzing KC and βκ-carrageenan, with mutants exhibiting higher relative activity for βκ-carrageenan. We further observed through biolayer interferometry that the binding and dissociation process between MtUN nonCD and βκ-carrageenan is faster compared to that of KC. This may explain the change in the substrate specificity observed in the mutants of CaKC16B.

Antifungal mechanism and application to phytopathogenic fungi after anaerobic fermentation of Gracilaria agar wastewater

Agar production is accompanied by a large amount of wastewater, which threatens the ecological environment and wastes biomass resources. The high-value utilization of biomass resources in wastewater is one of the key factors in wastewater treatment. We investigated the conversion process and antifungal mechanism of large molecule polysaccharides in wastewater into small molecule substances with antifungal activity through anaerobic fermentation. The results indicated that anaerobic fermentation of GAW achieved inhibition rates of 91.06 % and 88.94 % against Alternaria alternata and Alternaria spp. 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics revealed that dominant species such as Blautia, Agathobacter and Sphingomonas converted polysaccharide into phenolic acids like procyanidin C and columbidin. These substances disrupted the integrity of fungal cells, leading to their death. The preparation of composite antifungal agents using fermentation products effectively inhibited cherry tomato spoilage and toxin production. This study provided reliable technical support for the reuse of seaweed waste resources.

Catalytic Production and Upgrading of Furfural: A Platform Compound.

Furfural is a renewable platform compound that can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass. The highly functionalized molecular structure of furfural enables us to prepare a variety of high value-added chemicals, which will help realize biomass high-value utilization, and alleviate energy and environmental problems. This paper reviews the research progress on furfural production and upgrading to C5 chemicals from the catalyst perspective. The emphasis is placed on summarizing and refining the catalytic mechanism and in-depth analysis of available data. Specifically, the reaction mechanism of furfural production and upgrading is summarized firstly from the perspective of reaction pathways and reaction kinetics. Then, the available data are further processed to evaluate the actual reaction efficiency of different catalytic systems from multiple dimensions. Finally, based on statistical analysis, the challenges and opportunities of furfural-based research are proposed.

Characteristics of Solid Mineral Phase Transitions During Sulfuric Acid Production from Gaseous-Sulphur-Reduced Gypsum

The acid co-production of cement is a prominent research focus for the large-scale, high-value utilization of phosphogypsum in the context of dual-carbon strategies. This paper builds on extensive research conducted by its authors on the co-production of sulphoaluminate cement clinker through acid production from gaseous-sulphur-reduced phosphogypsum. The solid mineral phase transformations occurring in the kiln during this process are systematically studied, and the effects of various calcination regimes (temperature, time, and atmosphere) on the evolution of clinker mineral phases are elucidated. This paper provides basic data support for the gas-sulfur-reduced phosphogypsum-acid cogeneration of sulfoaluminate cement clinker processes, and promotes the realization of the large-scale high-value utilization of phosphogypsum resources. The generation of the clinker mineral phase anhydrous calcium sulphoaluminate (C4A3S̅) begins at 1100 °C. Increasing the calcination temperature and extending the calcination time promote C4A3S̅ formation. However, when the calcination temperature exceeds 1350 °C, C4A3S̅ decomposes, leading to the formation of low-activity C2AS. In a CO atmosphere, the main mineral phases in the clinker transform into C2AS and 12CaO·7Al2O3, owing to the decomposition of CaSO4, which inhibits C4A3S̅ formation. At calcination temperatures exceeding 1300 °C, a significant amount of C2AS appears in the calcined material, and 12CaO·7Al2O3 begins to form.

Amino acid functionalized carboxymethyl cellulose-based crosslinked aerogels for efficient removal of dye and metal ion from aqueous solution

In order to protect water resources and maintain sustainable development of society, it is crucial to design the adsorption materials with high adsorption capacity and environmental friendliness to effectively remove the pollutants in wastewater. In this study, amino acid functionalized carboxymethyl cellulose-based aerogels were successfully prepared by combining grafting, blending, freeze-drying and crosslinking technologies. The aerogels exhibited outstanding adsorption properties for methylene blue (MB) and lead ions (Pb (II)) with adsorption capacities of 461.68 and 304.60 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption experiment showed that the adsorption process of aerogels for MB conformed to Freundlich adsorption isotherm model and quasi-second-order kinetics model, and the adsorption process for Pb (II) conformed to Langmuir model and quasi-second-order kinetics model. Furthermore, the aerogels displayed excellent recyclability, with the removal efficiency of over 90.0 % for MB and only 14.0 % reduction for Pb (II) after 6 cycles. It is evident that the aerogels hold great potential for application in wastewater treatment, which has important practical significance for environmental protection and high-value utilization of natural polymers.

Recent Advances in Depolymerization and High-Value Utilization of Lignin: A Review

Recent Advances in Depolymerization and High-Value Utilization of Lignin: A Review

Vapor-phase conversion of waste silicon powders to silicon nanowires for ultrahigh and ultra-stable energy storage performance

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have been used in a wide variety of applications over the past few decades due to their excellent material properties. The only drawback is the high production cost of SiNWs. The preparation of SiNWs from photovoltaic waste silicon (WSi) powders, which are high-volume industrial wastes, not only avoids the secondary energy consumption and environmental pollution caused by complicated recycling methods, but also realizes its high-value utilization. Herein, we present a method to rapidly convert photovoltaic WSi powders into SiNWs products. The flash heating and quenching provided by carbothermal shock induce the production of free silicon atoms from the WSi powders, which are rapidly reorganized and assembled into SiNWs during the vapor-phase process. This method allows for the one-step composite of SiNWs and carbon cloth (CC) and the formation of SiC at the interface of the silicon (Si) and carbon (C) contact to create a stable chemical connection. The obtained SiNWs-CC (SiNWs@CC) composites can be directly used as lithium anodes, exhibiting high initial coulombic efficiency (86.4%) and stable cycling specific capacity (2437.4 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 165 cycles). In addition, various SiNWs@C composite electrodes are easily prepared using this method.

Hydrothermal co-carbonization of medium-density fiberboard with N-rich compounds to produce N-containing compounds and N-doped biochar: Product distribution, nitrogen transformation pathway and electrochemical performance

High-value utilization of waste resources has received widespread attention. In this study, N- containing chemicals (NCCs) and nitrogen-enriched hydrochars were prepared by co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) of waste medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and various nitrogen carriers. The influence of the nitrogen carrier type (chitosan, urea, or melamine) and the MDF: nitrogen carrier mass ratio on yield and production distribution were investigated. The formation mechanism and possible reaction pathways of NCCs in bio-oil and N-doped biochar were elucidated, and the electrochemical performance of N-rich hydrochar as a precursor for supercapacitor materials was explored. The results indicated that the introduction of an ammonia source during hydrothermal carbonization obviously increased the NCC content via the Maillard reaction and decreased the hydrochar yield, resulting in structures disordered and poor microporosity. The introduction of chitosan significantly promoted pyridine (35.50 %) and hydrochar (36.95 %) generation owing to the nitrogen fixation effect (N: 6.27 ∼ 15.56 %). Urea addition facilitated the formation of NCCs (89.92 %) and imidazoles/pyrazines (39.46 %). The addition of melamine, which has the most amino functional groups, significantly increased aniline compound formation. Moreover, the activated hydrochar derived from the ammonia source Co-HTC exhibited great electrochemical performance, and the prepared electrode material derived from MDF: chitosan = 1:5 achieved highest reversible specific capacitance of 174.5F/g at 0.5 A/g and 96.46 % initial capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g due to developed mesoporosity, high specific surface area and enriched N/O functional groups. This study provides a novel sustainable strategy for the efficient and high-value utilization of waste MDF and improved the economic viability of MDF biorefineries.

Depolymerization of Lignosulfonate Catalyzed by Different Solid Base Oxides to Prepare Phenolic Compounds

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic renewable polymer in nature. However, its very stable structure limits its widespread application. To achieve high-value utilization of lignin, this study used solid base oxides to depolymerize calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) for the synthesis of phenolic compounds. The catalyst precursors were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, and the corresponding mesoporous metal oxides NiO, MgCoOx, and NiMgCoOx were obtained after calcination. MgCoOx and NiMgCoOx had similar but stronger basicity compared to NiO. While all oxides promoted the depolymerization of CLS, NiMgCoOx was identified as the best catalyst, achieving a maximum liquid product yield of 74.3 wt.% and a selectivity of phenolic compounds of 74.52% in the liquid product. In addition, NiMgCoOx showed satisfactory structural and catalytic stability. The experimental results indicated that solid base oxides can capture the active hydrogen in CLS, causing the hydrolysis reaction of ether bonds, and the resulting products continuously depolymerize or polymerize; Co present in the catalyst promotes the adsorption of hydrogen by Ni, while NiO in NiMgCoOx facilitates the adsorption of both reactants and hydrogen. The combination of Ni and Co improves hydrogenation performance.

Lithium iodide promoted CO2 hydrogenation towards ethanol via biphasic lewis-acid-base pairs synergistic catalysis

Ethanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation is of great importance in view of its high-value utilization. Herein, combining with heterogeneous and homogenous catalysis, we have developed an efficient biphasic Lewis-acid-base pairs synergistic catalysis strategy from CO2 hydrogenation. Apart from conventional heterogeneous ethanol synthesis route, it was surprisingly found that LiI homogenous promoter significantly enhanced CO2 conversion, ethanol selectivity, and productivity. LiI promoted CO2 dissolution in pure water and accelerated reaction intermediates consumption, favoring CO2 conversion. In detail, it can weaken C-O bond of CH3OH intermediate through Li+-I- Lewis-acid-base catalysis. The formed CH3I* with lower bond energy for C-I was more facile to dissociate into CH3*, favoring its subsequent coupling with CO* to form ethanol. In combination of Rh1/CeTiOx catalyst, LiI promoter, and methanol as solvent, a record-breaking ethanol yield was achieved (223.1 mmol·g−1·h−1). The obtained ethanol yield was about 18.7 times of that reported the best result in literatures. Especially, the established catalyst system could also be applied for synthesis of higher-carbon-number alcohols by the CO2 hydrogenation with other alcohols solvent (CnH2n+1OH, n = 2,3…).

Cobalt-modified digestate-derived biochar enhances kitchen waste anaerobic dry digestion: Performance, microbial mechanisms, and metabolic pathways

To achieve simultaneous in-situ high-value utilization of digestate and efficient resource recovery of kitchen waste (KW). In this work, Co-modified digestate-derived biochar (DDB-Co) was prepared for the first time, the effects of DDB-Co on KW mesophilic dry anaerobic digestion were investigated, and the underlying mechanisms were elucidated. The results showed that the specific surface area of DDB-Co increased to 98.7 m2/g, which was 37.4 % higher than that of the unmodified group (DDB). DDB-Co exhibited a dose-dependent effect on biogas production from the KW dry digestion, with the optimal dose of 4.0 g/L (calculated on a solid content) DDB-Co yielding 205.3 mL/(g·VS) of biogas, representing an 80.9 % increase compared to the CK group. However, higher doses, such as 8.0 g/L DDB-Co, reduced the cumulative biogas production. Mechanistic analysis indicated that 4.0 g/L DDB-Co facilitated the dissolution of particulate organic matter and accelerates the conversion process of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in KW, thereby preventing excessive acidification. Microbial community structure analysis revealed that DDB-Co reduced microbial richness and diversity but selectively enriched microorganisms such as Lactobacillus and Methanothrix, accelerating the direct interspecific electron transfer (DIET) reaction rate and increasing biogas production. Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that DDB-Co primarily upregulated the relative abundances of key enzymes in the acetate decarboxylation methanogenesis pathway, such as acetate kinase (ackA), phosphate acetyltransferase (pta), and acetyl-CoA synthetase (acs), enhancing biogas yield and maintaining system stability. The findings of this work expand the high-value utilization pathways for digestate and provide an alternative solution for the efficient resource recovery of KW.

Study on whitening of fly ash coated by three precipitation coating methods

This study investigates the high-value comprehensive utilization of fly ash (FA) through a whitening process using three precipitation coating methods, namely BaSO4, CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2. Various key parameters were investigated, including titration method, coating amount, solid-liquid ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature, and the relevant theories and mechanisms were systematically analyzed. The experimental results showed that the highest whiteness of the coated powders was obtained when pretreated with 5 mol/L hydrochloric acid for iron removal and 600°C for carbon removal, dripping with salt and alkali at the same time, a coating amount of 100%, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 g/mL, respectively, a reaction time of approximately 30-40 minutes, and a reaction temperature of 60°C. Characterization results obtained by XRD, XRF, BET and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed that the precipitated crystals nucleated and grew on the FA surface during the cladding experiments, thus increasing its whiteness.