High-value Products Research Articles

Theoretical investigation of sustainable CO2 electroreduction to high-value products utilizing N-doped/BN-modified Triphenylene-Graphdiyne catalysts

The potential of carbon-based triphenylene-graphdiyne (tpGDY) and its derivatives for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2R) was comprehensively explored using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Six variants were studied: pristine tpGDY, tpGDY-BN, tpGDY-N01, tpGDY-N02, tpGDY-N08, and tpGDY-BN-B01. Pristine tpGDY, tpGDY-BN, and tpGDY-N08 exhibited exceptional catalytic activity, efficiently converting CO2 into CO and HCOOH without external energy input. Significantly, N-doped tpGDY catalysts incorporating sp2-hybridized nitrogen atoms at the acetylenic sites (tpGDY-N01 and tpGDY-BN-N01) demonstrated remarkable electrocatalytic activity for the targeted conversion of CO2 to CH3OH. This outstanding performance is further corroborated by the low limiting potentials of −0.18 V and −0.27 V for tpGDY-N01 and tpGDY-BN-N01, respectively, highlighting their economic viability. Furthermore, the feasibility of C2 production (e.g., C2H5OH, C2H4 and C2H6) through C–C coupling of *CHO+*CO intermediate was investigated for tpGDY-N01 and tpGDY-BN-N01. DFT calculations suggest these pathways are achievable but require potentials of 0.84 V and 0.71 V for tpGDY-N01 and tpGDY-BN-N01, respectively. This study demonstrates the efficacy of N-doped tpGDY as a metal-free electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction, enabling the generation of both C1 and C2 products. This discovery holds significant promise for the advancement of sustainable CO2 conversion technologies.

Yarrowia lipolytica growth, lipids, and protease production in medium with higher alkanes and alkenes

Two strains of Yarrowia lipolytica (CBS 2075 and DSM 8218) were first studied in bioreactor batch cultures, under different controlled dissolved oxygen concentrations (DOC), to assess their ability to assimilate aliphatic hydrocarbons (HC) as a carbon source in a mixture containing 2 g·L−1 of each alkane (dodecane and hexadecane), and 2 g·L−1 hexadecene. Both strains grew in the HC mixture without a lag phase, and for both strains, 30 % DOC was sufficient to reach the maximum values of biomass and lipids. To enhance lipid-rich biomass and enzyme production, a pulse fed-batch strategy was tested, for the first time, with the addition of one or three pulses of concentrated HC medium. The addition of three pulses of the HC mixture (total of 24 g·L−1 HC) did not hinder cell proliferation, and high protease (> 3000 U·L−1) and lipids concentrations of 3.4 g·L−1 and 4.3 g·L−1 were achieved in Y. lipolytica CBS 2075 and DSM 8218 cultures, respectively. Lipids from the CBS 2075 strain are rich in C16:0 and C18:1, resembling the composition of palm oil, considered suitable for the biodiesel industry. Lipids from the DSM 8218 strain were predominantly composed of C16:0 and C16:1, the latter being a valuable monounsaturated fatty acid used in the pharmaceutical industry. Y. lipolytica cells exhibited high intrinsic surface hydrophobicity (> 69 %), which increased in the presence of HC. A reduction in surface tension was observed in both Y. lipolytica cultures, suggesting the production of extracellular biosurfactants, even at low amounts. This study marks a significant advancement in the valorization of HC for producing high-value products by exploring the hydrophobic compounds metabolism of Y. lipolytica.

Ultra-Narrow Alkane Product Distribution in Polyethylene Waste Hydrocracking by Zeolite Micropore Diffusion Optimization.

Plastic pollution poses a pressing environmental challenge in modern society. Chemical catalytic conversion offers a promising solution for upgrading waste plastics into valuable liquid alkanes and other high value products. However, the current methods yield mixed products with a broad carbon distribution. To address this challenge, we introduce a tandem catalytic system that features matched acidic sites and confined metals for the conversion of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into liquid alkanes. This system achieves a liquid alkane yield of 94.0%, with 84.8% of C5-C7 light alkanes. Combined with in situ FTIR and molecular dynamics simulation, the shape-selective mechanisms is elucidated, which ensures that only olefins of the appropriate size can diffuse to the encapsulated Pt sites within the zeolite for hydrogenation, resulting in an ultra-narrow product distribution. Furthermore, due to the rapid diffusion of olefins within the hierarchical zeolite, the catalyst exhibits higher catalytic efficiency and resistance to coking tendency. Our findings contribute to the design of efficient catalysts for plastic waste valorization.

RAFT unchained — Scalable manufacturing of thiocarbonyl chain transfer agents

Here, we report an efficient approach for the manufacturing of chain-transfer agents (CTA) for RAFT polymerization using non-volatile organic compounds (VOC) in one pot with only water-washing as a work-up. Although the RAFT process is scientifically mature, nearly all RAFT CTAs are still produced through multi-step syntheses involving material- and energy-intensive separations. Today’s commercially available RAFT agents are high-value specialty products available only from fine chemical vendors, limiting RAFT’s industrial success. The current work illustrates a single-step one-pot approach to synthesize ethyl (3-oxo-2-butyl) carbonotrithioate and O-ethyl S-(3-oxobutan-2-yl) carbonodithioate at up to 10 L scale in various non-VOC solvents with varied degrees of potential for cross-reactivity: diethyl succinate, tributyl acetyl citrate, castor oil glycidal ether, and glycerol triglycidyl ether. We studied the purity and yield of these CTAs using NMR and LC-MS, and then conducted rigorous polymerization and kinetic studies to evaluate the efficacy of these molecules in maintaining the RAFT equilibrium. We found that the use of these non-VOC solvents impedes neither the synthesis of these molecules nor the RAFT control, thus enabling scalable and low-impact pathways to RAFT CTA manufacturing.

Monolithic Polyepoxide Membranes for Nanofiltration Applications and Sustainable Membrane Manufacture.

The present work details the development of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy membranes with excellent rejection of small-molecule dyes. It is a proof-of-concept for a more sustainable membrane design incorporating carbon fibers, and their recycling and reuse. 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (MBCHA) polymerized with either bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) or tetraphenolethane tetraglycidylether (EPON Resin 1031) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used to make monolithic membranes reinforced by nonwoven carbon fibers. Membrane pore sizes were tuned by adjusting the molecular weight of the PEG used in the initial polymerization. Membranes made of BADGE-MBCHA showed rejection of Rose Bengal approaching 100%, while tuning the pore sizes substantially increased the rejection of Methylene Blue from ~65% to nearly 100%. The membrane with the best permselectivity was made of EPON-MBCHA polymerized in PEG 300. It has an average DI flux of 4.48 LMH/bar and an average rejection of 99.6% and 99.8% for Rose Bengal and Methylene Blue dyes, respectively. Degradation in 1.1 M sodium hypochlorite enabled the retrieval of the carbon fiber from the epoxy matrix, suggesting that the monolithic membranes could be recycled to retrieve high-value products rather than downcycled for incineration or used as a lower selectivity membrane. The mechanism for epoxy degradation is hypothesized to be part chemical and part physical due to intense swelling stress leading to erosion that leaves behind undamaged carbon fibers. The retrieved fibers were successfully used to make another membrane exhibiting similar performance to those made with pristine fibers.

Steel mill solid waste transformation: Optimizing converter sludge recycling through RHF technology

Current methods for treating converter sludge include reintroducing it into the sintering or pelletizing process. However, this method leads to the enrichment of zinc in the blast furnace, which affects the stability of the production operation. To solve this problem, a direct reduction process utilizing multi-solid waste collaborative rotary hearth furnace (RHF) has been implemented in steel plants to recover and safely dispose of valuable components in waste. The laboratory results show that the dezincization rate of the metallized pellets is 99.12 % and the metallization rate is 80.51 % under the premise of reducing 50 °C by calcination at 1200 °C for 15 min in the nitrogen atmosphere. In the industrial test conducted in RHF production line of Shagang from March 2022 to August 2023, the temperature in the high temperature zone was reduced by 50 °C, and the time in the high temperature zone was controlled to 15 min. The industrial test results showed that the residual zinc content in the metallized pellets was 0.63 %, and the metallization rate was about 75.12 %. These particles can be used as feedstock or coolant in the steelmaking process. The average grade of by-product zinc oxide coarse powder can reach 65.88 %, which can be further processed into zinc products with remarkable economic benefit. Through RHF integrated management of converter sludge and other solid waste in steel mills, metallized pellets and high-value products can be produced, which can effectively reduce solid waste in steel enterprises and improve resource utilization.

Non-Oxidative Coupling of Methane via Plasma-Catalysis Over M/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts (M = Ni, Fe, Rh, Pt and Pd): Impact of Active Metal and Noble Gas Co-Feeding

Plasma-catalysis has attracted significant interest in recent years as an alternative for the direct upgrading of methane into higher-value products. Plasma-catalysis systems can enable the electrification of chemical processes; however, they are highly complex with many previous studies even reporting negative impacts on methane conversion. The present work focuses on the non-oxidative plasma-catalysis of pure methane in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactor at atmospheric pressure and with no external heating. A range of transition and noble metals (Ni, Fe, Rh, Pt, Pd) supported on γ-Al2O3 are studied, complemented by plasma-only and support-only experiments. All reactor packings are investigated either with pure methane or co-feeding of helium or argon to assess the role of noble gases in enhancing methane activation via energy transfer mechanisms. Electrical diagnostics and charge characteristics from Lissajous plots, and electron temperature and collision rates calculations via BOLSIG+ are used to support the findings with the aim of elucidating the impact of both active metal and noble gas on the reaction pathways and activity. The optimal combination of Pd catalyst and Ar co-feeding achieves a substantial improvement over non-catalytic pure methane results, with C2+ yield rising from 30% to almost 45% at a concurrent reduction of energy cost from 2.4 to 1.7 \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\ ext{M}\ ext{J}\\:{\ ext{m}\ ext{o}\ ext{l}}_{\ ext{C}{\ ext{H}}_{4}}^{-1}$$\\end{document} and from 9 to 4.7 \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\ ext{M}\ ext{J}\\:\ ext{m}\ ext{o}{\ ext{l}}_{{\ ext{C}}_{2+}}^{-1}$$\\end{document}. Pd, along with Pt, further displayed the lowest coke deposition rates among all packings with overall stable product composition during testing.

Fine-tuning plant valuable secondary metabolite biosynthesis via small RNA manipulation: strategies and potential.

Plants produce secondary metabolites that serve various functions, including defense against biotic and abiotic stimuli. Many of these secondary metabolites possess valuable applications in diverse fields, including medicine, cosmetic, agriculture, and food and beverage industries, exhibiting their importance in both plant biology and various human needs. Small RNAs (sRNA), such as microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), have been shown to play significant roles in regulating the metabolic pathways post-transcriptionally by targeting specific key genes and transcription factors, thus offering a promising tool for enhancing plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize current approaches for manipulating sRNAs to regulate secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. We provide an overview of the latest research strategies for sRNA manipulation across diverse plant species, including the identification of potential sRNAs involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in non-model plants. We also highlight the potential future research directions, focusing on the manipulation of sRNAs to produce high-value compounds with applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, agriculture, cosmetics, and other industries. By exploring these advanced techniques, we aim to unlock new potentials for biotechnological applications, contributing to the production of high-value plant-derived products.

The Used of Variuos Biomass Waste as Raw Material Biogass Production using Cow Dung as Source of Microbe by Continuously-Anaerobic Fermentation on the 15 Liter Reactor

In Indonesia, there were some biomass wastes if there not treatment, will cause quality- environmental decreasing. It is need effort to minimalize negative effect of those biomass wastes by treating to higher value product. The organic materials in the biomass waste could be anaerobically fermentatation degradated to produce biogass. The anaerobic fermentation were depended on the use of raw materials and microorganism. The organic wastes that use as raw material on this research were (1) tapioca industrial wastewater,(2) tofu industrial wastewater, (3) fruits-peel wastes and (4) vegatable wastes. The source of microbe were found from cow dung The reaserch purpose were to know the influence of the kind of raw materials on the biogas production using cow dung as source of microbe. The research were done at Engineering Faculty Laboratry, Malahayati University Bandarlampung on the 15 liter continuously-anaerobic bioreactor with 15 days retention time. The influen were added 2 liter/2days continuously. The tested variable were COD and biogas composition. The research result showed that the COD in the tapioca industrial wastewater were reduced 71.00 – 89.5 %, in the tofu industrial wastewater reduced 70.00 – 75.00 %, in the fruit-peel waste reduced 7.00-86.00 % andin the vegetable waste reduced 65.00 – 67 %. The CH4 concentration in the produced biogas were 57.63 % ; 40,75 %; 41,41 % and 40.64 %. The C/N ratio effluent between 7.94 – 14.08 could be used directly as liquid organic fertilizer The research conclusion were the production biogas using tapioca industrial wastewater showed the best result . That cause tapioca industrial wasterawte contain high carbohydrate concentration. In the anaerobic digestion, the carbohydrate material were degradated to CH4 (methane)

Study on Ce-MOF-derived oxides as morphology-tunable catalyst supports for dry reforming of methane

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) using CH4 and CO2 as feedstocks to catalytically produce high-value synthesis gas products has great application prospects. However, as a high-temperature heterogeneous catalytic reaction, the challenge lies in preparing efficient and stable catalysts for long-term operation. To enhance the catalytic performance by optimizing support, this study proposed regulating the catalyst structure and properties using Ce-based metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives. Compared with the conventional Ni/CeO2, Ni/CeO2-MOF catalysts performed better in DRM. Especially, Ni/CeO2-UiO-66 demonstrated significant improvement in both catalytic activity and stability. It was also noticed that the Ni/CeO2-MOF catalysts had a potential benefit in limiting the conversion of carbon species to inactive forms given the relatively lower carbon gasification temperatures at their surfaces. The advantage of Ni/CeO2-MOF catalysts was attributed to their better void structure and reduction characteristics, as well as higher oxygen vacancy concentration and improved CO2 adsorption activation capability after pre-activation. This study revealed that MOF-derived supports had distinctive structural characteristics, which were manifested as an important component in high-temperature catalyst systems.

TOWARDS AN INFORMATIONAL UPCYLING: LEVERAGING COMPUTATION TO (RE)DESIGN BIOMATERIALS’ LIFE CYCLES

As the imperative to mitigate climate-altering emissions and curb natural resources exploitation intensifies, the fields of architecture and industrial design are compelled to explore alternative material practices. This imperative requires a transition from the traditional cradle-to-grave model to a cradle-to-cradle design paradigm, emphasizing upcycling, the process of repurposing waste into higher-value products. However, the definition of “value” in this context remains vague. In this paper, we posit value as an informational shift, denoting the “ecological intelligence” embedded within recycled materials compared to their prior life cycles. Amidst the concurrent ecological and digital transitions, the concept of “Informational Upcycling” (IU) emerges, bridging Circular Economy principles with the creative potential offered by digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in architectural and technological design. IU leverages computational methods to address the complexity, non-linearity, and unpredictability inherent in reclaimed materials, which pose challenges to their reuse and upcycling, thereby questioning established design methodologies and tools.This conceptual framework is informed by a case study analysis of international critical research practices and is articulated through a comprehensive digital workflow, pointing out the enabling technologies for IU, with a specific focus on wood waste. Finally, the paper illustrates the application of this theoretical framework through the FoRWARD (Furniture Waste for Circular Design) research project, funded under MICS – NextGenEU, PE11, Spoke 4. Led by the Department of Architecture at the University of Naples “Federico II”, this initiative aims to test this approach within the Italian furniture industry, showcasing practical implementations of IU principles.

Effective catalytic conversion of cellulose pyrolysis into D-Allose via Al1-Fe5 nano-catalysts

This research has made significant advancements in the field of high-value bio-oil production, specifically focusing on the synthesis of the rare sugar D-Allose. Notably, synthesizing D-Allose through cellulose pyrolysis has long been challenging due to its high synthetic difficulty, which has limited related studies. By employing a one-pot synthesis approach using Alx-Fey nano-catalysts prepared through a unique cellulose pretreatment method, this experiment successfully achieved efficient generation of D-Allose during rapid pyrolysis. Systematic experimentation demonstrated that at 330 °C with the Al1-Fe5 nano-catalyst, the yield of D-Allose from cellulose pyrolysis reached an impressive 50.69 %, accompanied by a detection of 14.35 % furfural in the bio-oil. This breakthrough not only significantly contributes to the high-value utilization of bio-oil but also provides robust support for further development in this area. Simultaneously, the success of this research extends beyond high-value bio-oil utilization and makes a substantial impact on both the scientific community and industry.

Merging semi-crystallization and multispecies iodine intercalation at photo-redox interfaces for dual high-value synthesis

The artificial photocatalytic synthesis based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for H2O2 production is evolving rapidly. However, the simultaneous production of high-value products at electron and hole sites remains a great challenge. Here, we use transformable potassium iodide to obtain semi-crystalline g-C3N4 integrated with the I-/I3- redox shuttle mediators for efficient generation of H2O2 and benzaldehyde. The system demonstrates a prominent catalytic efficiency, with a benzaldehyde yield of 0.78 mol g−1 h−1 and an H2O2 yield of 62.52 mmol g−1 h−1. Such a constructed system can achieve an impressive 96.25% catalytic selectivity for 2e- oxygen reduction, surpassing previously reported systems. The mechanism study reveals that the strong crystal electric field from iodized salt enhances photo-generated charge carrier separation. The I-/I3- redox mediators significantly boost charge migration and continuous electron and proton supply for dual-channel catalytic synthesis. This groundbreaking work in photocatalytic co-production opens neoteric avenues for high-value synthesis.

Synthesis of Accessible Triphenylamine End‐Capped Oligothiophene Emitters for Solution Processed and Printed OLEDs

AbstractDisplays have become ubiquitous in our modern and highly interconnected lives. Complex vacuum processed multi‐stacks are widely integrated into high tech, high value products such as smart phones, while solution processed large area single‐layer OLEDs appear more adequate for basic applications focusing on recyclability such as packaging, road signage, advertising, and single‐use health care products. In this context, we report herein the design, synthesis, and characterization of an accessible series of oligothiophenes end‐capped triphenylamines that were preprepared by atom‐economical direct (hetero)arylation reactions and successfully used as emitter in solution processed devices, from lab scale to large area printed and flexible demonstrator.

Experimental Verification of Low-Pressure Kinetics Model for Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate Over CeO2 Catalyst

AbstractDimethyl carbonate (DMC) has emerged as a promising candidate for sustainable chemical processes due to its remarkable versatility and low toxicity. From a green chemistry perspective, the direct synthesis of DMC has been considered the most promising route, as water is the only byproduct generated in the reaction between CO2 and methanol. However, this synthetic route has faced significant thermodynamic limitations, even at elevated pressure conditions. Therefore, a two-part study explored low-pressure synthesis of DMC via the direct route, and a low-pressure kinetic model for the CeO2 catalyst was developed based on the results. Proposed Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms were verified using experimental data generated in our labs. The investigation suggests that DMC formation in the direct synthetic route is a surface reaction of CO2 and methanol on the catalyst. The kinetic model predictions closely aligned with experimental data, demonstrating a 17% mean absolute percentage error and indicating a high level of predictability. Additionally, a rigorous assessment was conducted on CO2 fixations in DMC synthesis, quantifying CO2 capture and its conversion into stable or high-value products, formally designated as CO2 Fixation (CO2Fix). The CO2Fix analysis revealed that, at a conversion rate of 27%, the process can achieve a "net zero" state when operated at an approximate pressure of 30 bar, thereby supporting the viability of low-pressure synthesis. Increasing the conversion rate to levels exceeding 95% significantly enhances the CO2Fix metric, potentially surpassing 3.5 or higher.

Physicochemical characterisation of different drying methods on giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) processing waste

AbstractThe effect of different drying methods (oven drying, fluid bed drying, and freeze drying) on the fatty acid composition, astaxanthin content, antioxidant activity, and colour values of giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) processing wastes were investigated. These results showed that freeze drying was the most effective method in preserving the quality of shrimp processing waste (SPW), resulting in higher levels of EPA and DHA, astaxanthin content, antioxidant activity, and desired reddish colour characteristics compared to other methods. These findings highlight the potential of freeze drying as a suitable technique for converting SPW into high value products.

An Overview on the Use of Artificial Lighting for Sustainable Lettuce and Microgreens Production in an Indoor Vertical Farming System

With the global population projected to reach 8.6 billion by 2050 and urbanization on the rise, sustainable food production in cities becomes imperative. Vertical farming presents a promising solution to meet this challenge by utilizing space-efficient, controlled-environment agriculture techniques. In a vertical farming system, high quality, high nutritional value products can be produced with minimum water consumption, using LEDs as energy-efficient light sources. Microgreens are a new market category of vegetables among sprouts and baby leaf greens. The most critical challenge in their cultivation is the choice of growing medium, lighting, and light spectrum, which affect photosynthesis, plant growth, and yield. This review explores various cultivation methods, including hydroponics, within the context of vertical farming. Using current research, it investigates the effect of LED lighting on the physiological properties and growth of microgreens and baby leaf lettuce, but further research is needed to determine the response of the varieties and the optimal light spectrum ratios to meet their needs.

Transition Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Single-Atom Catalysts Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction Reaction: A Review.

As the global energy crisis and environmental challenges worsen, CO2 conversion has emerged as a focal point in international research. CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2ER) is a green and sustainable technology that converts CO2 into high-value chemicals, thereby achieving the recycling of carbon resources. However, the activity and selectivity are constrained by the performance of the catalyst. Although traditional N-doped carbon-based catalysts exhibit excellent performance toward CO2ER, the atomic utilization rate in these materials is far from 100%. Single atom catalysts (SACs) can attain nearly 100% atomic utilization efficiency because of the fully exposing metal atoms. Therefore, SACs have emerged as one of the hot research materials in the field of CO2ER. Recently, transition metal-nitrogen-carbon single-atom catalysts (TM-N-C SACs) have flourished because of their extraordinary catalytic activity, low cost, and excellent stability, demonstrating enormous application prospects in CO2ER. In this review, we concentrate on TM-N-C SACs thatelectrochemically reduce CO2 to high value products. A comprehensive and detailed discussion were conducted on the synthesis method, chemical structure, chemical characterization of TM-N-C SACs, as well as their catalytic performance, active sources, and mechanism exploration for CO2ER. Finally, challenges and prospects for commercial application of TM-N-C SACs catalysts suitable for CO2ER are proposed.

Use of microalgal-fungal pellets for hydroponics effluent recycling and high-value biomass production

Hydroponic effluent (HE), enriched with inorganic nutrients, presents a viable, low-cost cultivation medium for microalgal biomass production and subsequent resource recovery. However, downstream processing, particularly biomass harvesting, remains a critical challenge for microalgal biorefineries. Therefore, the present study explored the potential of microalgal-fungal pellets (MAFP) in HE recycling for the production of biochemical-rich biomass. The optimized fungi-to-microalgae ratio (F:A) of 1:3 resulted in 100 % microalgal pelletization within 6 h. Surface characteristics suggested that metabolically active fungi with opposite charges facilitate microalgal pelletization. Further, MAFP exhibited a packed porous structure that was resilient to shear forces and had a high capacity for nutrient uptake. MAFP cultivation in HE demonstrated complete removal of ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) within 7–9 days. The produced biomass was rich in biomolecules, including lipids (18.36 ± 0.12 % TS), protein (52.06 ± 2.1 % TS), and carbohydrates (28.95 ± 0.05 % TS). Besides, the high methane potential of MAFP (SMP ≈ 502.74 ± 19.1 mL CH4 g−1 VS, and TMP ≈ 817.68 ± 12.5 mL CH4 g−1 VS) indicated its suitability for biogas production. In essence, MAFP offers efficient HE recycling and biochemically rich biomass production, advancing towards a green and circular bioeconomy.

Interface-based kinetic model considering the integral stereoselectivity of lipases on tricapryloylglycerol in a reverse micelle system

Lipases are essential enzymes with unique selectivity, making them valuable in industrial applications. Understanding the integral stereoselectivity of lipases during triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis is crucial for producing high-value products, such as structured lipids. This study developed an analytical method and an interface-based kinetic model to determine integral stereoselectivities on tricapryloylglycerol (TCG), a medium-chain TAG. The analytical method used an HPLC system that simultaneously separated TCG and its hydrolysates with resolution factors of >2.4 and relative standard deviation of retention times <0.3 % within 15 min. The interface-based kinetic model was established to determine the integral stereoselectivities according to the characteristics of the reaction system. The model provided better fitting results for TCG and trioleoylglycerol hydrolysis than a previous model, indicating the successful application in both medium- and long-chain TAGs. This study expanded our understanding of integral stereoselectivity and could facilitate the development of various structured lipid syntheses.