Higher Energy Values Research Articles

An Experimental Assessment Using Acoustic Emission Sensors to Effectively Detect Surface Deterioration on Steel Plates

Acoustic emission (AE) testing is used for the continuous evaluation of structural integrity and the monitoring of damage evolution in structural components and materials. During operation, the environmental and loading conditions of metal structures can result in corrosion and surface wear damage. The early detection of surface degradation flaws is crucial, as they can serve as local stress concentration points, leading to crack initiation and failure. In this work, the effectiveness of AE in monitoring corrosion and surface wear flaw formation was experimentally evaluated. AE sensors were installed on steel test plates during the artificial induction of corrosion and surface wear in order to detect and record the generated AE signals. Corrosion-related AE signals typically exhibit low amplitude, count, and energy values. The direct detection of active corrosion can be challenging in noisy environments, but it can be carried out under certain conditions using dedicated AE sensor groups. Surface-wear-related AE signals exhibit high amplitude, energy, and count values, with long duration values that are associated with wear and grinding conditions. It was found that AE sensors can be utilised to detect corrosion and surface degradation events. The effectiveness of the AE method in detecting surface degradation in noisy environments can be improved by implementing a filtering methodology. This will limit the recording of noise-related signals that can mask out actual surface degradation AE events.

Biosorbent treatment of fluorene using activated carbon derived from the pyrolysis process of date pit wastes

Activated carbon (AC) derived from Date pits (DP) wastes was used as an eco-friendly and effective biosorbent for the removal of fluorene (FLU) from organic wastes. The maximum capacity of DP was 6.71 mg g−1, compatible with the Freundlich model. FLU adsorption's chemisorption performance on DP was involved in following a superior linear fit for the pseudo-2nd-kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity from the pseudo-2nd order kinetic model fitted with the experimental findings and found to be 3.73 g, 2.62, 1.13, 0.955, 0.749, 0.591, and 0.665 mg g−1 at 25, 3, 35, 4, 45, 5 and 55 °C, respectively. The negative value of the spontaneous nature of the adsorption corresponds to the exothermic nature however, + ΔS corresponds to an increase in the degree of freedom for FLU adsorption. The relatively high value of activation energy (Ea) demonstrates that the adsorption of FLU onto DP is classified as chemical adsorption, and found to be 84.8 kJ mol−1. Also, the result of XRD shows that the prepared DP was re-used four times without substantially decreasing performance. In addition, it appears that AC prepared from DP is a promising adsorbent with a low cost for removing many organic pollutants.

The Determination of Woody Biomass Resources and Their Energy Potential from Hazelnut Tree Cultivation

The aim of this study was to estimate the shoot weight of four selected hazelnut cultivars and to see if the morphological characteristics of the cultivar and the age of the shoots affect their quality when used as fuel. This study shows that the cultivar ‘Olga’ generated the highest amounts of woody biomass (6507 t·ha−1), while ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’ generated the lowest (3843 t·ha−1). ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’ had the highest calorific values (HHVs) (18.08 MJ·t·ha−1 for annual shoots and 18.03 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots) and ‘Olga’ had the lowest calorific values (16.64 MJ·kg−1 for annual shoots and 16.39 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots). The age of the shoots had a minimal effect on the chemical and energy parameters. Emissions were the highest for ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’ (CO: 57.74 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots, CO2: 1414.05 MJ·kg−1) and lowest for ‘Olga’ (CO: 50.57 MJ·kg−1, CO2: 1238.46 MJ·kg−1). The cultivar ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’, which generated the least amount of biomass compared to the other cultivars, stands out for its high energy value due to its low moisture and ash contents and its high carbon and hydrogen contents, making it attractive for the purposes of biofuel production and supporting sustainable agriculture. The practical implications of the research findings include the selection of suitable varieties for biofuel production, the management of biomass moisture content, and the optimisation of combustion techniques to reduce emissions. The potential for using hazelnut shoots as a biofuel highlights the importance of sustainable agriculture and renewable energy production. The results provide valuable information that can support decisions regarding the cultivation and use of hazelnut shoots for biofuel production while minimising negative environmental impacts.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea and the influence mechanism of Eddy Kinetic Energy

This paper uses 28 years of satellite altimeter fusion data from 1993 to 2020 to identify and track the mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea based on the Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) closed contour method, with the goal of improving our overall understanding of mesoscale eddy activities in the South China Sea and further investigating the ocean dynamic processes in the region, so as to provide fundamental data for climate change studies. The study examined the spatiotemporal distribution, generation and demise, and movement trajectories of the eddies. Furthermore, key parameters including velocity, vortex radius, amplitude and Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) were analyzed, with a particular emphasis on the seasonal changes and mechanisms that influence EKE in two areas of the South China Sea with high energy values. The South China Sea has more cyclonic eddies than anticyclonic eddies, according to the study, and its eastern region is primarily home to high-frequency generating areas. However, the majority of the vortices will eventually dissipate in the western and central areas of the South China Sea. Furthermore, vortices usually flow farther to the west. With decreasing latitude, the eddy radius and EKE distribution gradually increase, whereas the amplitude is contrary. EKE is caused by the interaction of factors including wind field driving, seawater movement, and circulation. Seasonal changes in the EKE occur near the Luzon Strait, and the sea area east of the south in Vietnam exhibits clear characteristics.

Cheminformatics-based analysis identified (Z)-2-(2,5-dimethoxy benzylidene)-6-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethoxy) benzofuran-3(2H)-one as an inhibitor of Marburg replication by interacting with NP

The highly pathogenic Marburg virus (MARV) is a member of the Filoviridae family, a non-segmented negative-strand RNA virus. This article represents the computer-aided drug design (CADD) approach for identifying drug-like compounds that prevent the MARV virus disease by inhibiting nucleoprotein, which is responsible for their replication. This study used a wide range of in silico drug design techniques to identify potential drugs. Out of 368 natural compounds, 202 compounds passed ADMET, and molecular docking identified the top two molecules (CID: 1804018 and 5280520) with a high binding affinity of −6.77 and −6.672 kcal/mol, respectively. Both compounds showed interactions with the common amino acid residues SER_216, ARG_215, TYR_135, CYS_195, and ILE_108, which indicates that lead compounds and control ligands interact in the common active site/catalytic site of the protein. The negative binding free energies of CID: 1804018 and 5280520 were −66.01 and −31.29 kcal/mol, respectively. Two lead compounds were re-evaluated using MD modeling techniques, which confirmed CID: 1804018 as the most stable when complexed with the target protein. PC3 of the (Z)-2-(2,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)-6-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethoxy) benzofuran-3(2H)-one (CID: 1804018) was 8.74 %, whereas PC3 of the 2′-Hydroxydaidzein (CID: 5280520) was 11.25 %. In this study, (Z)-2-(2,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)-6-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethoxy) benzofuran-3(2H)-one (CID: 1804018) unveiled the significant stability of the proteins' binding site in ADMET, Molecular docking, MM-GBSA and MD simulation analysis studies, which also showed a high negative binding free energy value, confirming as the best drug candidate which is found in Angelica archangelica which may potentially inhibit the replication of MARV nucleoprotein.

Using Household Fruit and Vegetable Waste in Recipes to Reduce Kitchen Food Waste and their Nutritional and Functional Values

The formation of food waste brings numerous issues such as inefficient use of nutrients, social injustice, and economic and ecological losses. The aim of this study is to reduce fruit and vegetable waste, which are among the most common kitchen wastes, with new recipes, and to explore the advantages they provide to human health. The study developed 20 different recipes using parts typically considered waste in the kitchen, like stems, stalks, and peels from 11 fruits and 9 vegetables, and calculated their nutritional values using the BEBIS program (Nutrition Information System). Additionally, the functional properties of the fruit and vegetable waste used in the study were examined in light of scientific literature. Results showed that parts of fruits and vegetables considered as waste might have valuable nutritional properties, such as being a good source of dietary fiber, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Among the recipes created with fruit waste, the chocolate balls with pomegranate peel powder had the highest energy value (4255.3 kcal), the sweet chicken with orange flavor had the highest protein content (122.1 g), and the watermelon dessert had the highest fiber content (25.3 g). Among the recipes made with vegetable waste, the puff pastry with leek leaves had the highest energy value (2740 kcal), and the savory cake with cauliflower and potatoes contained the most protein (222.2 g) and fiber (184.1 g). Using parts like stems, peels, and leaves considered food waste in recipes also imparts functional properties to the recipes. The food waste used in this study possesses properties in the literature such as anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, prevention of neurological disorders, and anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and anti-aging effects.

Storage capacity plan and transition of heterogeneous energy at regional strategic level: A financial derivative perspective

Energy storage plays a key role in harvesting energy among heterogeneous energy sources. To transform heterogeneous energy and plan storage capacity at the regional strategic level, this study simulates storage capacity settings for heterogeneous energy in a certain region (Jiangsu Province in China) from the perspective of investment portfolio. This study then implements adjustments between the generation side and storage side during operations under a hedging ideology. Lastly, this study uses thermal energy on the generation side as an example to apply the switching real option method in decision-making for transitioning from thermal energy to renewable energy during disposal. The conclusion indicates that, from a financial derivative perspective, planning of heterogeneous energy storage capacity proves to be more efficient than existing regional plans and decision-making for transformation achieves investment triggers with higher energy values. Thus, this study aids the power system in planning energy storage and managing heterogeneous energy more economically and comprehensively at the regional strategic level.

Mn-Ce solid solution growth on Mn2O3 surface to form heterostructure catalysts with multiple active sites for toluene degradation

A solid solution-heterostructure catalyst with abundant active sites was successfully constructed in this study by in situ growth of Mn-Ce solid solution on the surface of Mn2O3. The solid solution structures with optimum physical and chemical properties were synthesized initially by controlling the Mn-Ce ratios. Subsequently, the reaction time was controlled to realize the orderly growth of the solid solution on the Mn2O3 surface. The catalyst (M−CeMn0.5) with solid solution-heterostructure formed by the reaction of Ce3Mn1 and Mn2O3 for 0.5 h could reach more than 90 % toluene degradation rate at 183 °C and was operated continuously for 15 h without deactivation. XRD showed that the appropriate reaction time resulted in the active components on the catalyst surface exhibiting lower crystallinity and reduced grain size. The reduction capacity (2.28 → 10.47 mmol/g) and the mobility of lattice oxygen were significantly enhanced in the M−CeMn0.5 catalyst compared to the Mn-Ce solid solution. Meanwhile, a high content of low valent metal ions (Ce3+/Ce4+ 0.33, Mn3+/Mn4+ 1.64) and reactive oxygen species (Oads/Olatt 0.53) were also present on the catalyst surface. The DFT demonstrated that the Mn atoms and Mn-O bridge sites on the solid solution surface exhibited high adsorption energy values for toluene (−0.8402/-0.8406 eV) and oxygen (−1.6546/-1.661 eV) molecules. The TEM indicated that lattice distortion and oxygen vacancies were formed at the interface between the solid solution and Mn2O3 at the interface. The synergy of multiple active sites favors the generation of reactive oxygen species and thus promotes p-methyl dehydrogenation. Meanwhile, the high mobility of lattice oxygen facilitates the breakage of benzene ring. This study provides a new strategy for the synthesis of efficient Mn-Ce-based catalysts.

Self-Exfoliating Benzotristriazine Macrocyclic Network: A New 2D Material for High-Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage.

Aza-fused aromatic π-conjugated networks are an important class of 2D graphitic analogs, which are generally constructed using aromatic precursors. Herein, the study describes a new synthetic approach and electrochemical properties of a self-exfoliating benzotristriazine 2D network (BTTN) constructed using aliphatic precursors, under relatively mild conditions. The obtained BTTN exhibits a nanodisc-like morphology, the self-exfoliation tendency of which is ascribed to the presence of structurally different macrocycles with high electronic repulsion between the layers. The benzotristriazine repeat units of BTTN is electroactive and holds higher carbon/nitrogen ratio when compared with the conventional graphitic aza-fused π-conjugated networks. The self-exfoliated BTTN nanodiscs show excellent electrochemical energy storage of 485 and 333 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 in three-electrode and two-electrode measurements, respectively. BTTN in a symmetric coin-cell architecture exhibits a high specific energy value of 46Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1kW kg-1 and shows excellent cyclic stability of 96% for 10000 and 90% for 30000 charge-discharge cycles at a higher current density of 5 A g-1, surpassing the device performance of most of the reported all-organic pseudocapacitive 2D networks.

Synthesis, QTAIM, anticancer activity analysis of pyrrole-imidazole/benzimidazole derivatives and investigation of their reactivity properties using DFT calculations and molecular docking

As part of our ongoing investigation into pyrrole derivatives, we here present the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, QTAIM, reactivity, anticancer activity, and comparative experimental and computational analysis of pyrrole-imidazole ((3l), (3p)) and benzimidazole derivatives ((3h), (3i), (3j), (3k), (3m), (3n), (3o)). All synthesized compounds (3h-3p) have been well characterized by spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, Mass spectrometry). The experimental 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift values of synthesized pyrrole-imidazole (3l, 3p) and benzimidazole (3h-3o) derivatives have been well corroborated with computed chemical shifts. The vibrational analysis for four derivatives of pyrrole-benzimidazole (3m), (3n), (3o), and pyrrole-imidazole (3p) has the suitability for dimer formation in solid state by intermolecular heteronuclear hydrogen bonding (N–H···O) and the interaction energy of dimers are calculated to be 10.88, 11.70, 9.89 and 10.72 kcal/mol, using DFT. After basis-set superposition error (BSSE) correction, the interaction energies of dimers were found to be 11.12, 12.11, 10.13, and 11.52 kcal/mol. Estimated intermolecular H-bond in (3m-3n) compounds were found to be -13.38, -12.86, -11.02, and -11.28 kJ/mol using QTAIM. All the synthetic pyrrole-imidazole (3l, 3p) and benzimidazole (3h-3o) derivatives exhibit strong antileukemia activity in vitro against the proliferative cell line L1210 leukemia cells. A dataset of investigated compounds was subjected for molecular modelling simulation against three distinct proteins (SYK, PI3K, and BTK), which was found to be highly implicated in the favourable interaction between the compounds and their target proteins in every instance. The synthesized pyrrole-imidazole (3l, 3p) and benzimidazole (3h-3o) derivatives shown favourable interactions with their target proteins, with high activity and binding free energy values falling between 15.22 and 13.43 and -7.4 and -9.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The structure of pyrrole-imidazole (3l, 3p) and benzimidazole (3h-3o) derivatives is thoroughly examined, and several parameters are proposed here to improve their anticancer activity.

The East China Sea Kuroshio Current Intensifies Deep Convective Precipitation: A Case Study

AbstractDeep atmospheric convection is often observed over the Kuroshio in the East China Sea (ECSK). However, the mechanisms by which warm oceanic currents fuel transient deep convection are not fully understood. This study investigates an atmospheric cold front that brought heavy precipitation as it traversed the ECSK in April 2004. The southwesterlies ahead of the cold front advected moist and warm air, creating a zone with high convective available potential energy (CAPE) values. As the cold front approached the ECSK, the pre‐frontal high CAPE values coalesced with those over the warm current that substantially strengthened the deep convection, with precipitation rate increasing from 3 mm hr−1 to 10 mm hr−1. A numerical model well simulated the marked increase in precipitation over the ECSK, permitting the isolation of the ECSK's influence by contrasting the control (CTRL) run with an experiment with smoothed sea surface temperatures (SMTH run). Results show the ECSK contributed to 46% of the precipitation over the warm current. The ECSK was found to amplify ascending motion and elevate neutral buoyancy levels, extending its effect up to the tropopause. Furthermore, the strengthened deep convection significantly lowered the sea level pressure (SLP) over the ECSK and impressed upon the time‐mean SLP field. An additional experiment with lowered SST underscored the high SST's critical role in deep convection. This case study suggests a novel pathway by which the effects of warm oceanic currents influence the upper troposphere under extreme conditions with strong baroclinic instability.

Genetic resources of the genus Prunus L. and their role in stone fruit breeding

Stone fruits such as apricot, cherry plum, cherry, peach, plum, and sweet cherry are highly popular in the Russian Federation. They are cultivated in the industrial gardens of large agricultural producers, as well as the plantings on farms and household plots. The fruits of these species can be consumed fresh for a considerable period of time. The application of some processing methods (cooling, freezing, and storage in a special atmosphere) significantly extends this period. Stone fruits are also suitable for producing a wide variety of processed products. The biochemical composition of fruits determines their high energy value and dietary properties. The representatives of the genus Prunus L. exhibit great genetic diversity. Due to their high polymorphy, they cover a large area. In regions with favorable weather and climatic growth conditions, stone fruits constitute the main industrial varieties. High requirements for industrial varieties determine the relevance of breeding improvement of available varieties. Representatives of the genus Prunus are characterized by a long juvenile period, different ploidy of species, high incompatibility, as well as heterozygosity for a large number of traits with a comparatively small number of identified genes. This fact significantly complicates genetic studies. The assortment of stone fruit crops in central Russia was renewed in several main directions. Most varieties were created through intervarietal crosses within a species. The current breeding work is aimed at creating new stone fruit species, as well as at improving the existing assortment. Along with the crossing of geographically distant varieties within a species, distant hybridization is one of the promising directions. In this way, new cultivated species were created, e.g., Russian plum (P. rossica Erem.), which is widely used in plantings. Such varieties are characterized by an attractive appearance, large size, pleasant aroma, and great flavor of fruits, as well as resistance to frost and rotting.

Molecular docking aided machine learning for the identification of potential VEGFR inhibitors against renal cell carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma is a highly vascular tumor associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor -2 (VEGF-2) and its receptor was identified as a potential anti-cancer target, and it plays a crucial role in physiology as well as pathology. Inhibition of angiogenesis via blocking the signaling pathway is considered an attractive target. In the present study, 150 FDA-approved drugs have been screened using the concept of drug repurposing against VEGFR-2 by employing the molecular docking, molecular dynamics, grouping data with Machine Learning algorithms, and density functional theory (DFT) approaches. The identified compounds such as Pazopanib, Atogepant, Drosperinone, Revefenacin and Zanubrutinib shown the binding energy - 7.0 to - 9.5kcal/mol against VEGF receptor in the molecular docking studies and have been observed as stable in the molecular dynamic simulations performed for the period of 500ns. The MM/GBSA analysis shows that the value ranging from -44.816 to -82.582kcal/mol. Harnessing the machine learning approaches revealed that clustering with K = 10 exhibits the relevance through high binding energy and satisfactory logP values, setting them apart from compounds in distinct clusters. Therefore, the identified compounds are found to be potential to inhibit the VEGFR-2 and the present study will be a benchmark to validate the compounds experimentally.

Feed industry: transfer of new technologies

Relevance – the industry for production of compound feed for farm animals is the main link in the structure of the AIC, located in the middle of all production and technological connections of the livestock products market. Over the past decade, quite high indicators have been achieved in feed production in the republic. The main components are the increase in consumption of grain fodder by livestock industry, increase in production volume of the main components of feed preparation, and optimization of the procurement of raw materials. The goal is to show the realities and prospects for increasing the potential of feed industry in Kazakhstan, the need for effective strategies based on intensification and innovative technology renewal. Methods – comparative, statistical, system analysis, logical generalization. Results - the authors state that enterprises that have become the main suppliers of raw materials for livestock sector have a number of economic difficulties that do not allow them to meet the growing needs of agroindustrial production and create reserves for large-scale export of combined feed and livestock products to the world market, in particular in countries of the Middle East. There is a significant dependence of feed production on cereals, since the key type of raw material source is 5 grade grain (coarse). Therefore, it is necessary to expand the area under these crops to obtain the required volumes of grain mixtures and feed. It is noted that one of the main promising areas of innovative activity remains the issue of reducing cost of operating equipment and energy costs. Conclusions - organization of highly efficient feed production segment in the country is necessary for proportional and balanced development of grain processing enterprises - main components of grain and meat product subcomplexes and the links between them. It is necessary to increase the capacity of large production enterprises to provide feed products on industrial scale, and also to apply technologies based on the use of grass flour and molasses from grains, which contain a high proportion of elements with high energy value, which can significantly increase the efficiency of raising livestock and reduce product costs.

Surface Energy Calculation for FCC Metals with Negative Cauchy’s Discrepancy using the GEAM

The three low-index surfaces of fcc metals with negative Cauchy’s discrepancy, strontium (Sr) and Iridium (Ir) are here investigated using the generalized embedded-atom method (GEAM), a model developed by Oni-Ojo et al. (2007) and the corresponding surface energies calculated. The low-index surface energies studied are: , and , with having the lowest and having the highest energy value. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values.

Novel bodipy-calix[4]arene fluorophores: DNA interaction, spectroscopic properties, electrophorese and molecular docking

This work includes the synthesis of some BODIPY-derived heterocyclic Calix[4]arene compounds and the investigation of their effects on DNA. Among the calixarene-BODIPY-based target compounds, compounds 3 and 9 were newly synthesized, and compound 7 was synthesized as given in the literature. The structures of all synthesized compounds were determined by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques (13C NMR, 1H NMR, FT-IR). The effects of the synthesized Calixarene/BODIPY compounds (3, 7, and 9) against ct-DNA were examined via UV–Vis spectrometric and fluorimetric methods. The obtained results indicated that compounds 3, 7, and 9 bind to DNA, and the calculated binding constants (Kb) were found 1.62 × 103M−1, 1.54 × 103M−1, and 1.14 × 102M−1 respectively. Also, the DNA cleavage activity was examined against pBR322 plasmid DNA. The results showed that all compounds (3, 7, and 9) had a quite high effect on pBR322 plasmid DNA. Molecular docking studies were also performed to gain insight into the binding affinities and key interactions of DNA-synthesized compounds. The strong binding of compounds to the DNA can be attributed to high negative values of binding free energy between -20.2 and -17.4 kcal mol−1. These results gave the idea that these molecules are candidate molecules, especially for anti-bacterial and anticancer studies.

Evaluation of the electrochemical interaction in the asphalt emulsion-aggregate system of cold mix asphalt through zeta potential and surface free energy analysis

ABSTRACT The interaction in the emulsion-aggregate system is well known and influences the Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) performance. However, the electrochemical interaction indexes for the emulsion-aggregate systems are still not well understood. Therefore, the present investigation focussed on evaluating the electrochemical interaction in the Asphalt Emulsion-Aggregate system (AEA-S) of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA). Zeta Potential (ZP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Surface Free Energy (SFE) analysis were carried out in three slow-setting cationic asphalt emulsions and three common Colombian aggregates (alluvial and quarried) to determine the electrical potential and interaction in the emulsion-aggregate system. Zeta Potential analysis shows both dependence on the chemical compounds of the aggregates and variation in pH conditions. Moreover, Zeta Potential shows negative values for all three aggregates in the entire pH range variation and decreases with asphalt emulsions pH associated with SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 ratio. Through chemical identification and electrokinetic forces is feasible to conclude that high Zeta Potential (ZP) and Surface Free Energy (SFE) values improve the electrochemical ad of the asphalt emulsion-aggregate system (AEA-S), demonstrating that high polarity is an essential factor in Cold Mix Asphalts (CMA).

CoMnS@rGO nanocomposite grown on NF for high-performance supercapacitor-battery hybrid device and advancing electrochemical sensitivity

The co-electrodeposition approach has been widely used to synthesize the transition metal sulfides/oxides because of remarkable performance of the energy storage devices. In this research, cobalt manganese sulfide (CoMnS) binary compounds are synthesized using the co-electrodeposition approach. The main objective is to investigate the optimal number of depositing periods in cyclic voltammetry while maintaining a constant scan rate. The electrodes without binders are produced using a rapid synthesis approach, which involves assessing binary metal sulfide to achieve a significantly enhanced energy storage capacity. Further, the rGO is incorporated into the CoMnS to enhance the electrochemical properties. The CoMnS@rGO electrode showed the specific capacitance (Cs) of 2357 F/g because of the small equivalent series resistance values as determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement, indicating a higher level of conductivity. The hybrid electrode showed high values of energy and power densities of 50.8 Wh/kg and 3440 W/kg, respectively. Besides, the nanocomposite electrode is used as a chemical sensor and precisely detects the multiple elements. The estimated value of R2 is 0.994 because of the high sensitivity. The hybrid electrode showed a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 5. Furthermore, based on four observations, the comparative standard deviation (RSD) is calculated to be 1.9 %. The device showed high electrochemical glucose detection sensitivity. The nanocomposite-based electrodes provide a platform for designing novel multifunctional devices.

A CFD numerical simulation of particle deposition characteristics in automobile tailpipe: power abatement pathways

The study of the movement of pollutants through ducts facilitates the assessment and control of ambient air quality problems (AQ). Among other things, understanding the deposition and distribution of particulate matter in elbows is important for practical engineering applications. In this study, the turbulent flow field and particle deposition in a 90° bend is investigated using RANS simulation. The RNG k-ε turbulence model was employed to calculate the airflow flow field and the discrete phase model (DPM) was used to simulate the particle phase motion. Where for the discrete phase, the Discrete Random Wander (DRW) model was considered and the deposition of particles with sizes of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μm in the flow field was investigated separately. Grid-independent validation of the models used in the simulations was performed. The effects of inlet velocity, particle size, and direction of gravity on the flow field and particle deposition in the elbow were considered. The results show that the flow field in the bend is strongly influenced by the above parameters. Among them, the turbulent disturbance in the bend section is the most intense, with high turbulent energy value, and it is also the region with the largest energy loss. The inlet velocity is negatively correlated with the deposition rate, and the particle size is positively correlated with the deposition rate.

Eulerian–Lagrangian multiscale numerical analysis of multimodal partial shedding dynamics

The objective of this paper is to investigate the multimodal partial shedding dynamics from a multiscale perspective of cloud cavitating flows under two distinct cavity shedding mechanisms, namely the re-entrant jet mechanism and the shock wave propagation mechanism. A two-way Eulerian–Lagrangian coupling algorithm is applied to capture the multiscale vapor topologies from microbubble to large-scale cavities. The large-scale cavity evolution is solved through large eddy simulations (LES) with the volume of fraction (VOF) method in Eulerian frame. The sub-grid microbubbles are tracked in Lagrangian frame based on the discrete bubble model (DBM) method. The predictions agree well with experimental observation of the periodical cavity evolution and microbubble dynamics under both the re-entrant jet mechanism and shock wave mechanism around a NACA66 hydrofoil. The numerical simulation provides detailed analysis of the cavitating turbulent flow on the microbubble behavior with emphasis on the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of microbubbles. The results show that the number and mean size of microbubbles in the cavitation region increase gradually with the growth of attached sheet cavity, development of re-entrant jet and collapse of largescale cavity for both cavitation patterns. Meanwhile, microbubbles are mainly distributed on the largescale interfaces where have high value of vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy under the effect of re-entrant jet and vortex structures. And the probability density functions (PDFs) of microbubble exhibit gamma distributions with a dominant peak at approximately 50 μm for both shedding mechanisms. However, the shock wave formation and propagation process only occurs in the final stage of cavitating flow under shock wave mechanism causing the condensation of vapor and the decrease of the number and mean size of microbubbles. Moreover, the microbubbles are uniformly distributed along the streamwise and vertical directions behind shock wave front.