High Turbulence Regime Research Articles

Plenoptic Molecular Tagging Velocimetry For In-Situ Deployment In Water

We introduce a compact plenoptic imager to study wall-bounded turbulence along the surface of a 6:1 prolate spheroid, at a Reynolds number of 12 × 10 6 with molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV). This paper discusses the design of the imager and the technical solutions necessary to deploy the system in a large specimen. This includes using optical fiber laser delivery for UV and visible lasers. The end goal is the measurement of three-dimensional velocity fields near the wall, which is imperative for detailed turbulence analysis. We also stress the importance of understanding wall shear stress, a key factor in studying boundary layer dynamics in high-speed flows. Overcoming these challenges and refining our methods will result in an improved understanding of flow dynamics in high-turbulence regimes.

Implementation of Anti-Abrasion Grid in Sumsel-5 580 t/h CFB Boiler (Reliability and Performance Evaluation)

CFB Boiler operated with turbulence model and fast fluidization. This model regime gives CFB boiler great heat distribution and increase boiler efficiency. Disadvantage of regime is due boiler furnace feed with coal, sand and limestone as bed material. Bed material with the high velocity and turbulence regime can be harmful for water and steam tube inside of furnace. Operational challenges such as abrasion and abrasion of boiler components will significantly affect their efficiency and increase possible force shutdown because of boiler tube leakage. This research investigated the implementation of anti-abrasion grids perpendicular to water wall tubes of Sumsel-5 CFB Boiler, installed horizontally and vertically to mitigate abrasion and enhance overall performance. The result showed that anti-abrasion grid installation could increase the lifespan of the CFB boiler, reduce the abrasion rate by more than 50%, and lead to enhanced boiler performance by 0,4%. Anti-abrasion grid installation could also reduce the maintenance cost due to water wall tube repair.

Interaction of Very Large Scale Motion of Coherent Structures with Sediment Particle Exposure

A systematic variation of the exposure level of a spherical particle in an array of multiple spheres in a high Reynolds number turbulent open-channel flow regime was investigated while using the Large Eddy Simulation method. Our numerical study analysed hydrodynamic conditions of a sediment particle based on three different channel configurations, from full exposure to zero exposure level. Premultiplied spectrum analysis revealed that the effect of very-large-scale motion of coherent structures on the lift force on a fully exposed particle resulted in a bi-modal distribution with a weak low wave number and a local maximum of a high wave number. Lower exposure levels were found to exhibit a uni-modal distribution.

Laser-induced Forward Transfer Hydrogel Printing: A Defined Route for Highly Controlled Process.

Laser-induced forward transfer is a versatile, non-contact, and nozzle-free printing technique which has demonstrated high potential for different printing applications with high resolution. In this article, three most widely used hydrogels in bioprinting (2% hyaluronic acid sodium salt, 1% methylcellulose, and 1% sodium alginate) were used to study laser printing processes. For this purpose, the authors applied a laser system based on a pulsed infrared laser (1064 nm wavelength, 8 ns pulse duration, 1 – 5 J/cm2 laser fluence, and 30 μm laser spot size). A high-speed shooting showed that the increase in fluence caused a sequential change in the transfer regimes: No transfer regime, optimal jetting regime with a single droplet transfer, high speed regime, turbulent regime, and plume regime. It was demonstrated that in the optimal jetting regime, which led to printing with single droplets, the size and volume of droplets transferred to the acceptor slide increased almost linearly with the increase of laser fluence. It was also shown that the maintenance of a stable temperature (±2°C) allowed for neglecting the temperature-induced viscosity change of hydrogels. It was determined that under room conditions (20°C, humidity 50%), the hydrogel layer, due to drying processes, decreased with a speed of about 8 μm/min, which could lead to a temporal variation of the transfer process parameters. The authors developed a practical algorithm that allowed quick configuration of the laser printing process on an applied experimental setup. The configuration is provided by the change of the easily tunable parameters: Laser pulse energy, laser spot size, the distance between the donor ribbon and acceptor plate, as well as the thickness of the hydrogel layer on the donor ribbon slide.

Numerical study on drag and lift coefficients of a marine riser at high Reynolds number using COMSOL multiphysics

Flow around a marine riser in water at the drag crisis regime was investigated using numerical modelling. In this regime, the drag coefficient drops off at a certain Reynolds number due to a change from laminar to turbulent flow. The aim is to investigate the capability of turbulence model to predict drag coefficient through COMSOL Multiphysics, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) transient solver and compared against existing numerical models and experiment by Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN). Numerically, drag and lift forces depend on the point of separation from the cylinder in which different turbulence modelling will result in varying separation point and will lead to different vortex formation and the drag force. Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) was employed using the k-ε and Menter’s Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model in two-dimensional CFD simulation. Six Reynolds numbers, similar to the test case, were considered. It can be concluded that the standard k-ε turbulence model, can only provide a good approximation at high turbulence regime, which is Reynolds number of 3.15 × 105 and higher. While, SST turbulence model can provide a good approximation at subcritical regime which before the sudden drop of drag force regimes.

Double-Loop Wavefront Tilt Correction for Free-Space Quantum Key Distribution

Both free-space and optical fiber quantum key distribution (QKD) links will coexist in future quantum networks, requiring efficient coupling between both types of channels. However, wavefront distortions introduced by the atmospheric channel can severely affect this efficiency. Active mechanisms such as precise beam tracking or steering can correct for some of these wavefront distortions, considerably improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the received quantum signal in many scenarios. A tracking system that uses two, instead oftypically one, controlling loops for tilt correction, stabilizes the beam in the whole optical axis of the receiver relaxing the restrictions of the receiver's optical design, and reduces the area of beam fluctuations in the receiver's focal plane a 24% more than a single-loop configuration. The tracking system was characterized in a QKD system at a 300 meter-link in moderate to strong turbulent conditions (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> - 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-14</sup> - 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2/3</sup> ) and an improved coupling efficiency of a factor of 2.1 and 1.6 was obtained for a 9.5 μm-core diameter standard telecommunications Single Mode Fiber (SMF) and a 25 μm-core diameter multimode fiber (MMF), respectively. This reduces the quantum bit error rate (QBER) caused by solar background photons in a 52 % for the former and 39% for the latter, enabling an increase in the secret key rate ofmore than one order ofmagnitude for SMF and a factor of five for MMF. These results are promising for enabling QKD free-space links and their interconnection to fiber optic infrastructure in realistic scenarios of communication networks of high turbulence regimes and daylight conditions.

Analysis of beam wander effect in high turbulence for FSO communication link

Atmospheric turbulence causes severe impairment of FSO communication link. Existing model underestimates the beam wander effect in high turbulence regime. In this paper, we model each turbulent eddy as a thin dielectric lens with Gaussian shaped refractive index profile and assume there are several sheets of eddies throughout the propagation path. We consider uniformly distributed eddy positions in a laminar sheet with Gamma distributed eddy sizes and refractive index fluctuations. We calculate mean beam wander and link availability for a given aperture size in high turbulence regime. Our simulation results show good concordance with the analytical results.

CO-OFDM and DP-QPSK Based DWDM Optical Wireless Communication System

Abstract The 5 G technology provides a promising solution for future broadband networks. It requires access to high-speed wireless services for systems at anytime and anywhere. For adapting the 5 G services, this paper proposes an optical wireless system with hybrid scheme of dual polarized Gbps dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) system. The multi-carrier transmission technique such as coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) has also been incorporated into the system. The frequency spacing for the DWDM system is taken 25, 50 and 100 GHz according to the ITU-T standard. Here the subcarriers of each channel are modulated with the dual polarized-quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) sequence. The information is transmitted with an overall data rate of 0.32 Tbps. The system is successfully demonstrated at different turbulence regime from clear weather to severe turbulence weather under Gamma-Gamma atmospheric turbulence channel model. Due to the high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) tolerance and high spectrum efficiency of the dual polarized multi-channel and multicarrier transmission technique, the link distance achieved is 2.9 km in clear weather, 2.6 km in moderate turbulence regime, 2.3 km in high turbulence regime and 0.9 km in severe turbulence regime. A comparison study with related works has been carried out. Mathematical modeling is also incorporated for detail analysis of the proposed system.

Use of hydrodynamic cavitation for volatile removal compound

Hydrodynamic cavitation and its feasibility for volatile compound removal in enclosed channels is discussed in this paper. Very high Reynolds numbers are needed to rupture liquid by decreasing its pressure below its saturated vapour pressure. Hence, a simple stratified flow, at which the two phases separate, is precluded in vertical and horizontal tubes, where turbulence stresses will be much larger than the buoyant forces. The most probable flow regime at this high turbulence regime is a bubble- or annular flow, where the volatile matter tends to concentrate in the centre of the pipe because of the lift force resulting from the unequal flow of the viscous liquid around the bubbles in the presence of the pipe wall. Therefore, boiling the volatile matter for volatile compound removal is not enough if hydrodynamic cavitation is pursued. The attainable efficiency must also be assessed. An expression for the volatile removal efficiency and the main parameters affecting this efficiency were derived by utilising a simplified geometrical and physical model. The efficiency was found to approximate a power law as a function of the volatile concentration and its strong dependence on the size of the volatile bubble reasonably well. This result implied the need of bubble growth and the limitation of the process for highly concentrate compounds to a few percent concentrations. With regard to energetic requirements, both thermal and hydrodynamic cavitations are quantitatively similar. Furthermore, the choice of one or another corresponds more to the kind of energy source available.

Effect of the mixing fields on the stability and structure of turbulent partially premixed flames in a concentric flow conical nozzle burner

The mixing field is known to be one of the key parameters that affect the stability and structure of partially premixed flames. Data in these flames are now available covering the effects of turbulence, combustion system geometry, level of partially premixing and fuel type. However, quantitative analyses of the flame structure based on the mixing field are not yet available. The aim of this work is to present a comprehensive study of the effects of the mixing fields on the structure and stability of partially premixed methane flames. The mixing field in a concentric flow conical nozzle (CFCN) burner with well-controlled mechanism of the mixing is investigated using Rayleigh scattering technique. The flame stability, structure and flow field of some selected cases are presented using LIF of OH and PIV. The experimental data of the mixing field cover wide ranges of Reynolds number, equivalence ratio and mixing length.The data show that the mixing field is significantly affected by the mixing length and the ratio of the air-to-fuel velocities. The Reynolds number has a minimum effect on the mixing field in high turbulent flow regime and the stability is significantly affected by the turbulence level. The temporal fluctuations of the range of mixture fraction within the mixing field correlate with the flame stability. The highest point of stability occurs at recess distances where fluid mixtures near the jet exit plane are mostly within the flammability limits. This paper provides some correlations between the stability range in mixture fraction space and the turbulence level for different equivalence ratios.

Linear Eddy Mixing Model Studies of High Karlovitz Number Turbulent Premixed Flames

Turbulent premixed flames exhibit different structural and propagation characteristics with increasing upstream turbulence intensity starting from thin wrinkled flames in the Corrugated Flamelet regimes to a flame with a thicker preheat zone in the Thin Reaction Zone Regime (TRZ) and finally, becoming more disorganized or broken in the Distributed or Broken Reaction Zone (D/BRZ) regimes under intense turbulence. A single comprehensive predictive model that can span all regimes does not currently exist, and in this study we explore the ability of the stand-alone one-dimensional linear-eddy mixing (LEM) model to simulate the flames in all these regimes. Past applications of this 1DLEM model have demonstrated reasonable predictions in the flamelet and TRZ regimes and here, new experiments in the TRZ regime are specifically addressed to evaluate the predictive capability of this model. Additional simulations in the D/BRZ regimes (where no data is currently available) are performed to determine if the model can be extended to the high turbulence regime. Comparison with the data in the TRZ regime shows satisfactory agreement. Analysis suggests varying levels of preheat zone broadening in all the TRZ and D/BRZ cases. While the average heat release distribution for the TRZ cases is nearly identical to the laminar unstrained baseline, changes to the species and heat release distribution are observed only at a high Karlovitz Number K a > 103. In the D/BRZ regime it is shown that the transition is related to enhanced turbulent diffusion that dominates molecular diffusion effects causing deviations from the laminar baseline.

Long-term ferry-based observations of the suspended sediment fluxes through the Marsdiep inlet using acoustic Doppler current profilers

Long-term measurements with a hull mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) under the ferry, crossing the Marsdiep inlet between the mainland and the island of Texel (the Netherlands), were used to determine the volume flux and the flux of suspended particulate matter (SPM) through this inlet for the period 2003–2005. Profiles of the SPM concentration were estimated from profiles of the acoustic backscatter intensity in which the shift between the low and the high turbulent regime is taken into account. Calibration constants and tuning parameters were estimated by using data collected during 7 different 13hour anchor stations. The residual (water) volume flux through the inlet appears to vary strongly on a variety of time scales from daily to inter-annual. A regression analysis indicates that the daily residual volume transport correlates well with the daily mean wind component from the south; the latter likely drives the residual flow along the coast of Holland. The observed residual SPM transport of 7 to 11Mton/yr is dominated by the correlation between tidal velocity and SPM concentration variations. This leads to an import as currents and SPM concentrations during flood were higher than those during ebb, a process generally known as tidal asymmetry. Our analysis has shown that regular observations with a ferry mounted ADCP is an effective method to monitor the volume and SPM transport processes in an estuary.

In situ observations of the influence of a large onshore wind farm on near-surface temperature, turbulence intensity and wind speed profiles

Observations of wakes from individual wind turbines and a multi-megawatt wind energy installation in the Midwestern US indicate that directly downstream of a turbine (at a distance of 190 m, or 2.4 rotor diameters (D)), there is a clear impact on wind speed and turbulence intensity (TI) throughout the rotor swept area. However, at a downwind distance of 2.1 km (26 D downstream of the closest wind turbine) the wake of the whole wind farm is not evident. There is no significant reduction of hub-height wind speed or increase in TI especially during daytime. Thus, in high turbulence regimes even very large wind installations may have only a modest impact on downstream flow fields. No impact is observable in daytime vertical potential temperature gradients at downwind distances of >2 km, but at night the presence of the wind farm does significantly decrease the vertical gradients of potential temperature (though the profile remains stably stratified), largely by increasing the temperature at 2 m.

A Combined Packed‐Bed Friction Factor Equation: Extension to Higher Reynolds Number with Wall Effects

SignificanceA unique combination of classic packed bed friction factor equations and newly refit correlation constants is proposed which produces a new friction factor correlation which significantly improves predictions in high turbulence regimes, high porosity regimes, and high wall effect regimes.

Evaluation of turbulent dissipation rate retrievals from Doppler Cloud Radar

Abstract. Turbulent dissipation rate retrievals from cloud radar Doppler velocity measurements are evaluated using independent, in situ observations in Arctic stratocumulus clouds. In situ validation data sets of dissipation rate are derived using sonic anemometer measurements from a tethered balloon and high frequency pressure variation observations from a research aircraft, both flown in proximity to stationary, ground-based radars. Modest biases are found among the data sets in particularly low- or high-turbulence regimes, but in general the radar-retrieved values correspond well with the in situ measurements. Root mean square differences are typically a factor of 4–6 relative to any given magnitude of dissipation rate. These differences are no larger than those found when comparing dissipation rates computed from tethered-balloon and meteorological tower-mounted sonic anemometer measurements made at spatial distances of a few hundred meters. Temporal lag analyses suggest that approximately half of the observed differences are due to spatial sampling considerations, such that the anticipated radar-based retrieval uncertainty is on the order of a factor of 2–3. Moreover, radar retrievals are clearly able to capture the vertical dissipation rate structure observed by the in situ sensors, while offering substantially more information on the time variability of turbulence profiles. Together these evaluations indicate that radar-based retrievals can, at a minimum, be used to determine the vertical structure of turbulence in Arctic stratocumulus clouds.

Flow regime, hydrodynamics, floc size distribution and sludge properties in activated sludge bubble column, air-lift and aerated stirred reactors

This paper presents a comparative study how reactor configuration, sludge loading and air flowrate affect flow regimes, hydrodynamics, floc size distribution and sludge solids–liquid separation properties. Three reactor configurations were studied in bench scale activated sludge bubble column reactor (BCR), air-lift reactor (ALR) and aerated stirred reactor (ASR). The ASR demonstrated the highest capacity of gas holdup and resistance, and homogeneity in flow regimes and shearing forces, resulting in producing large numbers of small and compact flocs. The fluid dynamics in the ALR created regularly directed recirculation forces to enhance the gas holdup and sludge flocculation. The BCR distributed a high turbulent flow regime and non-homogeneity in gas holdup and mixing, and generated large numbers of larger and looser flocs. The sludge size distributions, compressibility and settleability were significantly influenced by the reactor configurations associated with the flow regimes and hydrodynamics.

Turbulence characteristics inside ionospheric small-scale expanding structures observed with SuperDARN HF radars

Abstract. Unusual structures characterized by a very high-velocity divergence have been observed in the high-latitude F-region with SuperDARN radars (André et al., 2000). These structures have been interpreted as due to local demagnetization of the plasma in the ionospheric F-region, during very specific geophysical conditions. In this study, the collective wave scattering theory is used to characterize the decameter-scale turbulence (l approx 15 m) inside the structures. The distribution function of the diffusion coefficient is modified when the structures are generated, suggesting that two regimes of turbulence coexist. A temporal analysis decorrelates the two regimes and gives access to the dynamics associated with the structures. It is shown that a high turbulent regime precedes the plasma demagnetization and should be related to an energy deposition. Then a second regime appears when the plasma is demagnetized and disappears simultaneously with the structures. This study is the first application of the collective wave scattering theory to a specific geophysical event.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities) – Space plasma physics (turbulence)

Limiting Current Density on a Line Electrode in Impinging Slot-Jet Flows

The mass-transfer limited current density on a line electrode in impinging slot-jet flows is investigated experimentally. Results are compared with numerical simulations. The feasibility of using computational fluid dynamics as a practical tool for predicting mass-transfer rates in this geometry is evaluated. Flow rates varying by up to a factor of 200 are considered, with the low end flow rates in the laminar flow regime (nozzle-width-based Reynolds numbers, Re, starting at 220) and the high end flows in the high Reynolds number turbulent flow regime, The mass-transfer measurements were conducted using 100 μm platinum electrodes. The use of a small, isolated line electrode makes it possible to resolve partially the sharp variations in mass-transfer rate in the stagnation region. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

A numerical study of primary production related to vertical turbulent diffusion with special reference to vertical motions of the phytoplankton cells in nutrient and light fields

Assuming stationary physical processes, in particular the light field and turbulent activity [ K( z)], we described steady-state and convergent solutions obtained from a simple time-dependent vertical model of phytoplankton dynamics. Simulations included vertical turbulent motions experienced by the cells in the light and nutrient fields. Parallel simulations made with a classical formulation of phytoplankton growth, i.e., neglecting vertical turbulent motions, are discussed. From two typical situations of stratification in the Western Mediterranean, we identified two distinct systems of new production, as the consequence of Low (LTR) and High Turbulent Regime (HTR) in the photic zone respectively. Data from the Prolig-II (1985) and Almofront-I (1991) cruises supported the LTR system of new production. The results of the second part of the Mediprod-I (1969) cruise show several patterns that specifically appeared in the HTR simulation. Regenerated production was not influenced by the turbulent activity situation. In natural conditions, regenerated production depends on the specific phytoplankton-grazers system that develops according to the level of new production; such ecological dynamics were not considered in our model. Differences with the reference model changed the relationships between the vertical distributions of biomass and new production. Particularly, the HTR simulation led to distinct vertical distribution of biomass and new production. Such a pattern did not occur with the reference model. Although the vertical turbulent motions affected both the level and vertical distribution of new production, a significant effect on the depth-integrated production finally depends on how the phytoplankton biomass interacts with its environmental conditions. It is shown that the minimum of K( z) in the euphotic zone determined the system of new production, whereas its values below the euphotic zone scaled the production and biomass levels. The two distinct systems of new production, LTR and HTR, may be diagnosed from simple cast measurement by examining the relationships between the distributions of parameters implicated in new production (biomass maximum, nitracline and oxycline) and the density profile.