Higher Total Iron Research Articles

Dietary Interventions for Cancer Prevention: An Update to ACS International Guidelines.

Cancer, the second leading cause of death worldwide, demands the identification of modifiable risk factors to optimize its prevention. Diet has emerged as a pivotal focus in current research efforts. This literature review aims to enhance the ACS guidelines on diet and cancer by integrating the latest findings and addressing unresolved questions. The methodology involved an advanced PubMed search with specific filters relevant to the research topic. Topics covered include time-restricted diet, diet quality, acid load, counseling, exercise and diet combination, Mediterranean diet, vegetarian and pescetarian diets, weight loss, dairy consumption, coffee and tea, iron, carbohydrates, meat, fruits and vegetables, heavy metals, micronutrients, and phytoestrogens. The review highlights the benefits of the Mediterranean diet in reducing cancer risk. Adherence to overnight fasting or carbohydrate consumption may contribute to cancer prevention, but excessive fasting may harm patients' quality of life. A vegetarian/pescetarian diet is associated with lower risks of general and colorectal cancer compared to a carnivorous diet. High heme and total iron intake are linked to increased lung cancer risk, while phytoestrogen intake is associated with reduced risk. Coffee and tea have a neutral impact on cancer risk. Finally, the roles of several preventive micronutrients and carcinogenic heavy metals are discussed.

Effect of Sedimentary Environment in Iron and Manganese Crystallization Index of some Soil of Anbar Government

This study was conducted to elucidate the impact of depositional conditions on different sedimentary and desert environments on the crystallization index of iron and manganese. The study area is located within the administrative boundaries of Anbar Governorate. Eight desert valleys were selected, including Al-Qaim Valley, Al-Mohammadi Valley, Al-Damamah Valley, Hauran Valley, Al-Baghdadi Valley, Zaghdan Valley, Al-Sahliyah Valley, and Al-Sheikh Hadeed Valley, with two pedons per site, one in the sedimentary deposits and one in the desert deposits. The samples were prepared for laboratory analysis. Total iron and manganese, non-crystalline iron and manganese oxides, crystalline iron and manganese oxides. Then, the crystallization index was calculated for both iron and manganese elements in both sedimentary and desert soils alike. The results showed that the values of the soil pH in sedimentary soils ranged from 7.12-8.06, while they were recorded in the desert soils with a range of 7.31-8.03. In general, they fell within the limits of basic to highly basic degrees. Electrical conductivity (Ec) was recorded in a range of 0.76-11.80 ds.m-1, which were classified as low salinity to saline soils, as their values decreased with increasing depth in both desert and sedimentary soils are the result of climatic conditions of high temperatures in as well as water and wind additions that helped the accumulation of salts in the surface horizons. The cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) varied between 10.06 and 40.58 cmolc.kg-1, consistently corresponding to the clay content present in the soil. Notably, desert soils exhibited superior crystallization indices for iron and manganese compared to sedimentary soils. However, there was a decline in the crystallization index of iron relative to manganese across all study soils, attributed to the high content of total iron in the parent material, with the presence of a certain pattern in the distribution in the desert soils, where it took a regular distribution with the depth. On another hand, in the sedimentary soils it took a random distribution with the depth due to influence of the sedimentary soils with the movement and transmission of the separate clay through the soil horizons. The ratio of iron to manganese crystallization varied from 0.140 to 14.142 Generally, it increased with depth in desert and sedimentary soils, except for Hauran valley and Al-Baghdadi valley soils, where it decreased due to high total iron content in their parent material.

The Behavior of Phosphorus in the Hydrogen‐Based Direct Reduction—Smelter Ironmaking Route

Direct reduction (DR) nowadays relies on high‐grade iron ores, characterized by a high total iron content and low contents of tramp elements. Since their supply is limited and cost‐intensive, applying lower‐grade ores is a relevant topic for the future. Therefore, the behavior of phosphorus in unbeneficiated magnetitic ore during hydrogen‐based DR is studied. Phosphorus remains strongly bound as apatite whether raw or preoxidized fine ore is reduced in a fluidized bed or raw lump ore is reduced under shaft furnace conditions. That is an essential factor for the subsequent melting step, whose behavior is evaluated using thermodynamic calculations and published data from the literature. Although the smelter‐reducing conditions are not ideal for phosphorus withdrawal, one can expect it to be better than the blast furnace. Combining that with the outstanding dephosphorization capacity of the basic oxygen furnace (BOF), the route DR‐smelter‐BOF appears optimal for processing high‐phosphorus iron ores.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE GEOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF METEORITE OF PUNGGUR (ASTOMULYO) BY k-NEAREST NEIGHBOR ALGORITHM

The fall of a meteorite in Astomulyo Village, Punggur, Lampung Province in early 2021 is an interesting topic for further study. This rare object has been suggested to have a unique geochemical composition and a special connection with other meteorites. We aimed to trace its classification by comparing it with other well-known meteorites studied previously. We approach the classification process using the k-nearest neighbor algorithm. The database used 211 represents the geochemical data for each known meteorite group from chemical analyses of meteorites. As a result, we identified that with a k-value = 5 and the proportion of test data 5/95 (in %), the geochemical composition of this meteorite is relatively close to that of the H-type chondrite group with a value accuracy of 91.67%. These results are consistent with the fact that the meteorite of Punggur has a high total iron and metallic composition.

Physico-chemical and bacteriological characterization of surface waters for domestic use: Case of river waters in M'pody village (Anyama, Ivory Coast)

This study aimed at determining the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of the waters of the rivers of the village M'pody in order to evaluate their impacts on the health of the populations. The methodology consisted of four water sampling campaigns in the Souman and Chibi rivers. Conventional physico-chemical parameters were determined by electrochemical and spectrophotometric methods. The microbiological analysis was carried out using the membrane filtration technique. The results showed that physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters are beyond the WHO recommendations. The noncompliance of this water is related to high levels of turbidity, conductivity, temperature and a high total iron content. For bacteriological parameters, this noncompliance is related to the presence of Escherichia coli, Tolerant Thermo Coliform, Total Coliform, Fecal Enterococci, Pseudomonas sp, Sulphite-Reducing Anaerobic) (SRA). Water of the rivers showed huge non-conformities related to physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. This water was therefore unfit for human consumption. Thus, to minimize potential health risks, the adoption of hygiene measures in particular, a good purification of this water must be recommended to the populations in order to better preserve their health.

Coastal N2 Fixation Rates Coincide Spatially With Nitrogen Loss in the Humboldt Upwelling System off Peru

AbstractMarine nitrogen (N2) fixation supports significant primary productivity in the global ocean. However, in one of the most productive regions of the world ocean, the northern Humboldt Upwelling System (HUS), the magnitude and spatial distribution of this process remain poorly characterized. This study presents a spatially resolved data set of N2 fixation rates across six coastal transects of the northern HUS off Peru (8°S–16°S) during austral summer. N2 fixation rates were detected throughout the waters column including within the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) between 12°S and 16°S. N2 fixation rates were highest where the subsurface OMZ (O2 < 20 μmol L−1) was most intense and estimated nitrogen (N) loss was highest. There, rates were measured throughout the water column. Hence, the vertical and spatial distribution of rates indicates a colocation of N2 fixation with N loss in the coastal productive waters of the northern HUS. Despite high phosphate and total dissolvable iron (TdFe) concentrations throughout the study area, N2 fixation was still generally low (1.19 ± 3.81 nmol L−1 d−1) and its distribution could not be directly explained by these two factors. Our results suggest that the distribution was likely influenced by a complex interplay of environmental factors including phytoplankton biomass and organic matter availability, and potentially iron, or other trace metal (co)‐limitation of both N2 fixation and primary production. In general, our results support previous conclusions that N2 fixation in the northern HUS plays a minor role as a source of new N and to replenish the regional N loss.

Iron-rich sand promoted nitrate reduction in a study for testing of lignite based new slow-release fertilisers

The N losses and agronomic performances of newly developed slow-releasing fertilisers (SRFs; Epox5 and Poly5) were tested against conventional N fertilisers, urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP), in a climate-controlled lysimeter system. The dry matter (DM) yield and N losses of SRFs were not significantly different from urea and DAP. However, nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) losses were unexpectedly low and therefore, it was inferred that nitrate underwent a chemical transformation. It was observed that a thick fibreglass wick interrupted drainage and created an anaerobic condition in the soil. The subsoil was found to have a high extractable total iron and it was postulated that iron played a role in the observed low level of N losses. An investigation was carried out with a factorial design using sand types and rates of N application as the main factors. Two types of sand; with high and low iron concentration and four levels of N applications; 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 kg N ha−1 were employed in a leaching column and nitrate and N2O losses were measured. The nitrate leaching was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by sand types wherein a lower nitrate level was recorded for high‑iron concentration sand than for low-iron concentration sand at all N application levels. The N2O emission was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for high-iron sand than for low-iron sand for the 200 N treatment, but not significantly different between sand types for other treatments. These observations provide evidence for the involvement of iron in nitrate transformation under anaerobic conditions and it was hypothesised path was dissimilar nitrate reduction (DNR). Further studies are recommended, to identify the underlying mechanism responsible for nitrate reduction with iron-rich sand.

Spatial distribution of heavy metals for environmental and agricultural assessment in Badinan province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The agricultural soil that widely is cultivated by wheat crops in the main 30 districts in Badinan province of Duhok governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan region was analyzed for the heavy metals spatial distribution, and there environmental and agricultural impacts for human being and plants. The result revealed that the maximum range of Nickel was not exceeding 400 mg.kg −1 which is safe according to USA standard. In spite of high total Iron in Badinan soils that are aerobic and have high pH, Fe is readily oxidized, and converted to insoluble ferric oxides to be unavailable for plants. Lead and Cobalt are very low in all 30 sectors of Badinan province except lead in Duhok center exceeds 100 mg.kg −1 as it affected greatly by pollution. Cupper content in soil samples is an adequate of most plants cultivation and lie within the permissible limits. Cromium heavy metal concentered along Zakho district to the Duhok city, although it not exceeds hazardous ranges. The Zinc concentration in Badinan soils is between 40 and 120 mg.kg −1 and locates in sufficiency range of most crop and vegetables requirements. Cadmiumd fortunately, is very low and not exceeds 0.75 mg.kg −1 in in all sectors in Badinan. Badinan soils contain high amounts of Manganese 350 to 650 mg.kg −1 , but the available parts are very low as it bind firmly to soil colloidal system. Badinan soils are rich with Aluminum but locate within permissible limits and called as an innocent compound due to its rare toxic cases for human being.

In vitro Protein Digestibility and Iron Bioavailability According to Agro-Ecological Zone and Stage of Maturity of Moringa oleifera Lam Leaves

This study aims to determine the influence of agro-ecological zone and stage of maturity on in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and iron bioavailability from Moringa oleifera.leaves. The young and mature leaves were collected from three farms in each agro-ecological zone in Cameroon and processed in powders. Nutrient contents (proteins, total and free iron), bioactive compounds (total fiber, total polyphenols, phytates), IVPD, and iron bioavailability were determined. The stage of maturity affects significantly the variations of total iron contents (90.10%) while the agro-ecological zone affects significantly the variations of total polyphenol (48.28%), total fiber (80.97%), and phytates (46.48%) contents. Total protein contents were affected by the interaction of both (35.88%). Mature leaves have higher total iron, bioactive compounds contents in the mean compared to young leaves, and whatever the agro-ecological zone and stage of maturity of leaves, the IVPD is near casein, and bioavailability of iron is low. The young leaves have higher IVPDs and lower bioavailability of iron while mature leaves have lower IVPDs and higher bioavailability of iron. To alleviate protein malnutrition and iron deficiency through the utilization of M. oleifera leaves, it’s necessary to consider the effects of stage of maturity and agro-ecological zone on bioactive compounds contents and their anti-nutritional properties.

Rhizobactin B is the preferred siderophore by a novel Pseudomonas isolate to obtain iron from dissolved organic matter in peatlands

Bacteria often release diverse iron-chelating compounds called siderophores to scavenge iron from the environment for many essential biological processes. In peatlands, where the biogeochemical cycle of iron and dissolved organic matter (DOM) are coupled, bacterial iron acquisition can be challenging even at high total iron concentrations. We found that the bacterium Pseudomonas sp. FEN, isolated from an Fe-rich peatland in the Northern Bavarian Fichtelgebirge (Germany), released an unprecedented siderophore for its genus. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) using metal isotope-coded profiling (MICP), MS/MS experiments, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) identified the amino polycarboxylic acid rhizobactin and a novel derivative at even higher amounts, which was named rhizobactin B. Interestingly, pyoverdine-like siderophores, typical for this genus, were not detected. With peat water extract (PWE), studies revealed that rhizobactin B could acquire Fe complexed by DOM, potentially through a TonB-dependent transporter, implying a higher Fe binding constant of rhizobactin B than DOM. The further uptake of Fe-rhizobactin B by Pseudomonas sp. FEN suggested its role as a siderophore. Rhizobactin B can complex several other metals, including Al, Cu, Mo, and Zn. The study demonstrates that the utilization of rhizobactin B can increase the Fe availability for Pseudomonas sp. FEN through ligand exchange with Fe-DOM, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling of Fe in this peatland.

Climbing the hill: The implications of a two-step adaptation on biooxidation of ferrous ion at high total iron concentrations by At. ferrooxidans

Bioleaching is a process that involves acidophilic and chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. It is known that At. ferrooxidans undergoes growth and biooxidation inhibition due to ferric ion accumulation. The objective of this study was to establish a strategy to adapt planktonic cells of At. ferrooxidans to high total iron concentrations in two steps and correlate their tolerance to ferric ion with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) accumulated on the cell surfaces. The first step consisted in carrying out pulse additions of ferrous ion and the second one comprised consecutive sub-cultures with the objective of improving the biooxidation capacity of the bacteria at different concentrations of total iron (18, 27 and 36 g L−1). Visualization and quantification of EPS were assessed through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The adapted cells exhibited an increasing volumetric productivity of ferric ion and cell density according to the total iron concentration when adapted and superior to what was showed by non-adapted cells of the control cultures. It was observed that cells adapted to higher total iron concentration displayed the greatest amount of EPS accumulated on their surfaces. Maximum tolerance to total iron of cells adapted to 36 g L−1 was 20% greater than non-adapted cells of the control culture. The experimental evidence points out that EPS accumulation by planktonic At. ferrooxidans was a determining factor for its tolerance to high iron concentrations. Moreover, it is thought that these results could be important in order to increase the efficiency in processes such as bioleaching and biooxidation.

Do Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir Affect Vitamin D and Iron Status in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Patients? Role of Hepcidin

Aim: This study was designed to assess the impact of sofosbuvir/daclatasvir on vitamin D and iron status in chronic HCV patients (CHC). Methods: Sixty-five CHC patients registered for sofosbuvir/daclatasvir based regimen were recruited. Serum vitamin D, total iron, total iron binding capacity, and serum hepcidin were measured prior the treatment and 12 weeks after the stoppage of the treatment. Transferrin saturation was calculated. Results: The present study showed that a great majority of CHC patients had vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, high total serum iron, and high transferrin saturation. Vitamin D was negatively correlated ALT. 12 weeks after completion of treatment, patients who had vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency reduced and the median value of vitamin D significantly increased compared to the pretreatment value. Total serum iron, transferrin saturation tended to decrease, however, there were no significant differences. The number of patients who had concurrently vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency and high transferrin saturation was reduced. Serum hepcidin significantly increased 12 weeks after completion of the antiviral therapy. Despite there were no significant correlations between hepcidin and total serum iron, vitamin D, and transferrin saturation before treatment, a significant positive correlation between hepcidin and serum iron and a significant negative correlation between hepcidin and vitamin D were noted after treatment. Conclusion: CHC is associated with vitamin D deficiency and iron overload, which could be attributed to reduced hepcidin level. Treatment with sofosbuvir/daclatasvir increases hepcidin and thereby reduces iron level and its harmful effect on the liver, thus increases vitamin D.

Study on Binder of Cold-Bonded Pellets Containing Basic Oxygen Furnace Dust Based on Hydration Mechanism of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cementitious Material

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) dust can be mixed with binders to prepare cold-bonded pellets and return to BOF for recycling, because of its high total iron and alkaline oxide content. Nevertheless, the lengthy digestion reaction of dead-burned MgO and CaO contained in BOF dust causes expansion and cracking of the pellets, which seriously affect the pellet strength. In this study, it was first proposed to use a hydration reaction between dead-burned MgO and KH2PO4 to form bonding phases based on the hydration mechanism of magnesium potassium phosphate (MKP) cementitious material, to solidify MgO contained in BOF dust and improve the pellet strength. The key issue of using MKP cementitious material as a binder to improve the pellet strength is to choose appropriate magnesium-to-phosphate molar ratio M/P and water-to-binder mass ratio w/b. Based on this, cold-bonded pellets were prepared by using different ratios of MKP binder. The compressive strength, hydration products, microstructure and thermal properties of the pellets were analyzed, and the bonding mechanism of MKP binder in the pellets was proposed. The results show that the pellets have the highest mechanical strength and the most K-Struvite crystals under M/P molar ratio of 4 and w/b mass ratio of 0.5. At high temperatures, K-Struvite crystals will not evaporate harmful phosphorus-containing substances due to the decomposition of the binder components. MKP binder is unevenly distributed in the pellets: in the binder concentrated areas, the massive and dense K-Struvite crystals wrap BOF dust particles; in the binder decentralized areas, the fine K-Struvite crystals are filled between the dust particles or adhere to the surface of dust matrix, connecting the dust particles into a whole.

Organic Carbon and Total Iron Effect on Soil Vis-SWNIR Spectraand Quantification of Their Contents Using PLS R Models

ABSTRACT Many factors could influence simultaneously soil spectra. We aimed to study the single effect of organic carbon and total iron in soil visible and short-wave near-infrared spectra and to quantify their contents. Two datasets of soil mixture samples were prepared by mixing, in various fractions, an organic carbon-rich material with a total iron-rich material and then with a total iron-poor material. For these two datasets, contents in organic carbon are quite similar but contents in total iron are significantly different. Results show that samples of the same dataset have the same overall spectral shape. Organic carbon has a decreasing effect that affects the whole spectral range without showing any specific absorption peaks. By contrast, total iron has specific absorption peaks. Spectra of the second dataset characterized by soil mixtures with higher total iron contents were more compact within the spectral bands 400–440 and 920–950 nm. Besides, continuum removal enables to exaggerate absorption peaks of wavelengths linked to total iron content. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS R) models of both total organic carbon and total iron assign high coefficients to the wavelengths that are considered relevant and conversely low coefficients to those that are considered irrelevant. Both organic carbon content and total iron content were well predicted. For these models, coefficients of determination were superior to 0.9 and RMSE was closed to zero. The global models calibrated on all the samples demonstrated that PLS R was able to integrate sample heterogeneity.

Mechanism of formation, mineralogy and geochemistry of the ooidal ironstone of Djebel Had, northeast Algeria

The Djebel Had Ironstone (DHIS), an 8 m thick stratiform sedimentary iron formation, forms part of the important mining district of south Tebessa, in northeastern Algeria. Stratigraphic, lithological, structural and metallogenic similarities, suggest the DHIS may extend further into southwestern Tunisia. We show that mineralization occurs as layers of ooidal ironstones and inter-laminated iron marl within mid-Eocene gypsiferous marls. The more or less rounded 0.1–2.0 mm brownish-blackish ooids, are composed of goethite, limonite, hematite, with traces of magnetite and piemontite. The grains display a smooth outer surface bound by an argilo-ferruginous layer embedded in siliceous-calcite cement. They are unusually friable, crumbling at the slightest shock. A high total iron (FeT) content of 50.12%, is dominated by up to 71.06% iron hydroxide (FeO(OH). Much of the iron is present as goethite, a common feature of iron-rich ooids of North African origin. However, the lack of prominent chlorite minerals suggest the DHIS is not of a detrital origin. Instead, a negligible Ti and Al oxide concentration suggest a chemical provenance for the DHIS. The data suggest that ferruginous conditions developed in a potentially restricted/semi-restricted continental shelf margin where seafloor redox was sensitive to the alternating cycles of sea level change. We propose a new mechanism for the formation of ooidal ironstones, associated with shelf surface water eutrophication, bottom water anoxia promoted by sea level rise and the weathering of iron phosphate-rich rocks. Phosphorus and cerium enrichment, coupled to reconstructed redox depositional conditions and sediment mineralogy, suggest that intense biomass production stimulated the deoxygenation of shelf bottom waters and the deposition of the DHIS beneath a ferruginous water column.

Fit-for-purpose treatment of produced water with iron and polymeric coagulant for reuse in hydraulic fracturing: Temperature effects on aggregation and high-rate sedimentation

Reusing produced water for hydraulic fracturing simultaneously satisfies challenges of fresh water sourcing and the installation/operation of an extensive disposal well infrastructure. Herein, we systematically and rigorously investigate produced water treatment for reuse during hydraulic fracturing. Highly saline and turbid produced water from the Permian Basin was treated by adding chlorine as an oxidant, FeCl3 as the primary coagulant, and an anionic polymer to induce high rate sedimentation to generate “clean brine” by removing suspended solids and iron over a range of environmentally relevant temperatures. Mobile phone video capture, optical microscopy, and digital image/video analysis were employed to characterize floc morphology and measure its size and settling velocity. Conformational changes of the polymeric coagulant between 4 and 44 °C were inferred from viscosity and dynamic light scattering measurements providing clues to its performance characteristics. Floc settling velocities measured over the entire range of polymer dosages and temperatures were empirically modelled incorporating their fractal nature, average size, and the viscosity of the produced water using only a single fitting parameter. Juxtaposing the anionic polymer with the hydrolyzing metal-ion coagulant effectively destabilized the suspension and caused floc growth through a combination of enmeshment, adsorption and charge neutralization and inter-particle bridging as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Very high turbidity (≥98%) and total iron (≥97%) removals were accomplished even with very short flocculation and sedimentation times of only 6 minutes each suggesting the feasibility of this approach to reuse produced water for hydraulic fracturing.

Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals and Radioactive Elements in Wadi Nasab and its Surroundings, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt

Wadi (Valley) Nasab (WN) and its surroundings, is an area of mining located at the southwestern Sinai, Egypt for some heavy metals and radioactive elements from lower carboniferous. This activity represent a source of environmental contamination. This contamination is the main target of this study. Ore material, solid wastes and soil samples were collected from 10 stations. Whereas, plants samples were collected from two types of herb weeds (i.e., Zygophyllum siplex and Haloxylon salicornicum) from WN and its surroundings southwestern of Sinai. The original ore material is chemically consisted of around 50% SiO2, 10.6% Al2O3, 10.2 Fe2O3, 13% (CaO + MgO) and around 10% loss on ignition. This figure means high carbonate and total iron contents. The mineralogic constituents of solid waste are consisted of Quartz, Kaolinite, Jarosite and Gypsum. The milling waste contains 60.2% SiO2, 6.8% Al2O3, 9.4% Fe2O3, 4.7% (CaO + MgO) and 14.8% loss on ignition. The picture of some trace elements is as follow; Cu is 2900 ppm in ore materials and 359 ppm in milling waste. In the same order, Zn is 1865 and 92 ppm, Th is 14 and 26 ppm, U is 346 and 184 ppm, Ra226 is 135 and 179 Bq/ kg. This picture of ore material and milling waste is reflected on the soil profile after the flash flood. The degree of contamination is pronounced in the upstream water of W. Nasab and decrease in the direction of downstream. Thorium (Th) ranged from 5 to 13 ppm at the upstream and from 4 to 5 ppm in the downstream. On the other hand, U ranged from 5 to 9 ppm in the upstream and from 2 to 7 in downstream. The contamination effect is also clear in two types of Herb weeds of WN. Uranium in roots of (Zygophyllum siplex) plant, ranged from 4 to 6 ppm while in roots of (Haloxylon salicornicum) plant was not detected. Also, it was not detected in the vegetable parts of the two herb plants and Th was not detected in roots and the vegetable parts of the two herb plants.

Transformation and coagulation behaviors of iron (III) species of solid polymeric ferric sulfate with high basicity

Solid polymeric ferric sulfate (SPFS) with excellent solubility and high basicity up to 20.16% was prepared employing hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer via acid deficient method. The transformation and size distribution of iron (III) species in the stock solution of SPFS (SPFSsto) were investigated, and coagulation behavior of iron (III) species in surface water was explored as well. It was found that the as-prepared SPFS with a high basicity was of high total iron content about 24.55% with an amorphous structure. The iron (III) species in SPFSsto suffered complicated behavior during aging and dilution, in which both further polymerization and depolymerization were included, the average diameters of iron (III) species in SPFSsto varied from 1 nm to 4 nm and decreased with the increase of R value at the total iron concentration of 1.0 M, and became more dispersed at the total iron concentration of 1.0 mM. The distribution of iron (III) species in surface water used in experiment depended on the initial pH value of the coagulation system and transformed during coagulation. In general, the low polymer of iron (III) species Fea dominated in acidic system, while the medium ones Feb and the high ones Fec dominated in neutral and basic systems, respectively. Charge neutralization and complexation by Feb species were found to be the most efficient mechanisms in removal of high molecular weight hydrophobic organics, and absorption and sweeping capabilities of Fec species dominated in removing low molecular weight hydrophilic organics.

Preparation and Characterization of Mill Scale Industrial Waste Reduced by Biomass-Based Carbon

Utilizing locally based and renewable biomass resources are challenging. This work aims to understand the role of the utilization of solid byproduct of Indonesian mill scale, formed during the cold rolling process, and abundant local resources of coconut coir wastes. Mill scale has a fairly high total iron content with the dominant phase being hematite, while pure Fe content is insignificant. In this study, we utilized coconut coir-based carbon (CCC) for direct reduction of mill scale via a carbothermic process to enhance its metallic Fe content. The reduction was carried out by mixing mill scale/CCC at 6:1 wt% ratio in high energy milling for 2 min. The mixture was pressed (100 MPa for 1 min) into pellets and sintered at 900 °C for 1 h and 1000 °C for 1 and 2 h under inert gas atmosphere. After cooling, the sintered pellets were crushed into powder and separated from impurities by magnetic separation. The results show that the reduction process is dominated by carbon gasification–diffusion from CCC. The improved metallization and better reducing process was more pronounced at 1000 °C for 2 h than that for 1 h with over 80 wt% being separated into metallic Fe and lesser CO2 trapped within the sample. X-ray diffractometry revealed that the intimate contact of mill scale/CCC was more increased in solid than that in powder state and indicated that the obtained phases are Fe, Fe3O4, and CO2. The presence of CO2 can be expected due to incomplete evacuation within the sample. These results suggest that mill scale/CCC has some promising potential on certain technical-industrial-scale applications, which might enhance their economic value after further research investigation and evaluation.

Comparative study on chalcopyrite bioleaching with assistance of different carbon materials by mixed moderate thermophiles

Abstract The catalysis of four carbon materials including artificial graphite (AG), carbon black (CB), activated carbon (AC) and carbon nanotube (CN) on chalcopyrite bioleaching by mixed moderate thermophiles was comparatively investigated. In AC and AG added bioleaching groups, low solution pH and suitable redox potential values, high total iron and ferric iron concentrations, and large number of adsorbed bacteria were obtained, resulting in high copper extractions. CB and CN inhibited the growth of bioleaching bacteria and led to the low bioleaching efficiency. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that jarosite and sulfur film were the main components of passivation layer with the addition of AG and AC, but did not hinder the dissolution of chalcopyrite. Microbial community structures of free and attached cells in AC and AG added groups changed dramatically compared with mixed moderate thermophiles. The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of A. caldus S1 strain dominated the microbial community (93%−98%) at the end of bioleaching. The iron-oxidizing bacteria of L. ferriphilum YSK only accounted for low percentage (1%−2%).