Higher Total Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

Causal role of lipid metabolism in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: an observational and mendelian randomisation study

BackgroundPulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare interstitial lung disease characterised by the accumulation of lipoprotein material in the alveoli. Although dyslipidaemia is a prominet feature, the causal effect of...

Mildly elevated serum bilirubin and its correlations with lipid levels among male patients undergoing health checkups

BackgroundBilirubin’s ability to lower lipid levels was confirmed by several studies, but those studies mainly focused on total bilirubin (TBil). The present study aimed to elucidate the correlations of the two subtypes of bilirubin with lipid levels.MethodsA total of 1732 male patients undergoing health checkups were categorized into three groups according to the levels of direct bilirubin (DBil) and indirect bilirubin (IBil). The differences in medical characteristics among the three groups were analysed.ResultsSubjects in the elevated DBil group had the lowest serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), fasting blood glucose (FBG), haemoglobin (HGB), and triglyceride (TG) levels in contrast to the other groups (P < 0.01), while subjects in the elevated IBil group had the highest ALT, γ-GT, BUN, serum creatinine (SCR), HGB, TC, and TG levels among the three groups (P < 0.01). DBil levels exhibited a significant negative correlation with TC (r = -0.777, P < 0.01) and TG (r = -0.397, P < 0.01) levels, while IBil levels exhibited a significant positive correlation with TC (r = 0.790, P < 0.01) and TG (r = 0.302, P < 0.01) levels. The frequencies of abnormal TC, TG, HGB and BUN levels were the lowest in the elevated DBil group, while the levels of these four variables were the highest in the elevated IBil group. Mildly elevated DBil levels were related to lower TG (OR = 0.112, 95% CI = 0.027–0.458) and TC (OR = 0.097, 95% CI = 0.013–0.700), and mildly elevated IBil levels were connected with increased TC (OR = 3.436, 95% CI = 2.398–4.924) and TG (OR = 1.636, 95% CI = 1.163–2.303). DBil was an independent protective factor against increased TC (OR = 0.702, 95% CI = 0.602–0.817, P < 0.01) and TG (OR = 0.632, 95% CI = 0.541–0.739, P < 0.01) levels, and IBil was an independent risk factors for increased TC (OR = 1.251, 95% CI = 1.176–1.331, P < 0.01).ConclusionsDBil was an independent protective factor against high TC and TG levels. IBil was an independent risk factors for elevated TC levels. The prognostic value of IBil levels warrants further attention.

Features of intrarenal hemodinamics as endotelial dysfunction indicator in patients with coronary heart disease in the post-COVID-19 period

BACKGROUND. Coronary heart disease (CHD) and obesity are common pathologies in patients who have had COVID-19. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) markers determination has been important in such patients due to the high risk of cardiovascular diseases progression and complications development.THE AIM Assessment of endothelial dysfunction severity in patients with CHD and obesity in the post-COVID-19 period to improve the management of these patients.PATIENTS AND METHODS. 49 patients were examined, who had COVID-19 a year ago. The first group (n=24) included patients with coronary artery disease in the post-COVID period. The second group (n=25) included patients with CHD and obesity who had COVID-19. We evaluated data from an ultrasound examination of the kidneys with duplex scanning of the renal arteries (resistance index (RI), pulsation index (PI)). We also studied the medical history, performed an objective examination, the results of a biochemical blood test, albuminuria levels.RESULTS. We demonstrated higher RI and PI of interlobar, segmental arteries in persons of the second group. An increase in RI and PI of segmental arteries accompanied by an increase in uric acid (p=0.001). The average level of microalbuminuria in the first group was 15,71± 4,51 μg/l, in the second group it was 24,38±5,38 μg/l (p=0.110). Increasing glucose levels accompanied by an elevation of C-reactive protein levels. Obesepatients had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins than patients in the first group.CONCLUSION. We observed changes in lipid metabolism, a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus in females, and changes in intrarenal hemodynamic parameters associated with uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease and obesity in the post-COVID-19 period.

Cholesterol paradox in the community-living old adults: is higher better?

To evaluate the associations of lipid indicators and mortality in Beijing Elderly Comprehensive Health Cohort Study. A prospective cohort was conducted based on Beijing Elderly Comprehensive Health Cohort Study with 4499 community older adults. After the baseline survey, the last follow-up was March 31, 2021 with an average 8.13 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI for cardiovascular disease (CVD) death and all-cause death in associations with baseline lipid indicators. A total of 4499 participants were recruited, and the mean levels of uric acid, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed an upward trend with the increasing remnant cholesterol (RC) quarters (Ptrend < 0.05), while the downward trend was found in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). During the total 36,596 person-years follow-up, the CVD mortality and all-cause mortality during an average 8.13 years of follow-up was 3.87% (95% CI: 3.30%-4.43%) and 14.83% (95% CI: 13.79%-15.86%) with 174 CVD death participants and 667 all-cause death participants. After adjusting for confounders, the higher level of TC (HR = 0.854, 95% CI: 0.730-0.997), LDL-C (HR = 0.817, 95% CI: 0.680-0.982) and HDL-C (HR = 0.443, 95% CI: 0.271-0.724) were associated with lower risk of CVD death, and the higher level of HDL-C (HR = 0.637, 95% CI: 0.501-0.810) were associated with lower risk of all-cause death. The higher level of RC (HR = 1.276, 95% CI: 1.010-1.613) increase the risk of CVD death. Compared with the normal lipid group, TC ≥ 6.20 mmol/L group and LDL-C ≥ 4.10 mmol/L group were no longer associated with lower risk of CVD death, while RC ≥ 0.80 mmol/L group was still associated with higher risk of CVD death. In normal lipid group, the higher levels of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were related with lower CVD death. In community older adults, higher levels of TC and HDL-C were associated with lower CVD mortality in normal lipid reference range. Higher RC was associated with higher CVD mortality, which may be a better lipid indicator for estimating the CVD death risk in older adults.

Estimating Changes in Weight and Metabolic Parameters Before and After Treatment With Cariprazine: A Retrospective Study of Electronic Health Records

Weight gain and associated negative cardiometabolic effects can occur as a result of mental illness or treatment with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), leading to increased rates of morbidity and mortality. In this analysis, we evaluated the effect of the SGA cariprazine on weight and metabolic parameters in a real-world, retrospective, observational dataset. Electronic health records from the Optum Humedica database (October 1, 2014-December 31, 2020) were analyzed during the 12-month period before starting cariprazine (baseline) and for up to 12 months following cariprazine initiation; approved and off-label indications were included. Body weight trajectories were estimated in the overall patient cohort and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month timepoints (primary objective). Changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides were also evaluated (secondary objectives). Percentages of patients with clinically relevant shifts in body weight, total cholesterol, and fasting triglycerides were also determined. Discontinuation rates for metabolic regulating medications were calculated. Average predicted values were estimated by linear mixed-effects regression models. A total of 2,301 patients were included; average duration of follow-up was 133.7 days. Average predicted weight change for patients during the cariprazine overall follow-up period was +2.4 kg, with predicted weight changes of +0.8 kg (n=811), +1.1 kg (n=350), and +1.4 kg (n=107) at months 3, 6, and 12, respectively. Overall, the majority of patients did not experience clinically significant (≥7%) weight gain (82.8%) or loss (90.5%) after starting cariprazine. Average predicted HbA1c levels (n=189) increased during baseline (0.15%/year) and decreased during cariprazine treatment (-0.2%/year). Average predicted triglyceride levels (n=257) increased during baseline (15.0 mg/dL/year) and decreased during cariprazine treatment (-0.7 mg/dL/year). Predicted LDL (n=247) and HDL (n=255) values decreased during baseline (-7.3 and -1.1 mg/dL/year, respectively); during cariprazine treatment, LDL increased by 5.6 mg/dL/year and HDL decreased by -0.6 mg/dL/year. During follow-up, most patients did not shift from normal/borderline to high total cholesterol (<240 to ≥240 mg/dL; 522 [90.2%]) or fasting triglyceride (<200 to ≥200 mg/dL; 143 [88.8%] patients) levels; shifts from high to normal/borderline levels occurred in 44 (61.1%) patients for total cholesterol and 38 (57.6%) patients for fasting triglycerides. After starting cariprazine, the discontinuation rate per 100 patient-years was 60.4 for antihyperglycemic medication and 87.4 for hyperlipidemia medication. These real-world results support short-term clinical trial findings describing a neutral weight and metabolic profile associated with cariprazine treatment and they expand the dataset to include long-term follow-up.

Cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein as a cause of psoriasis: Results from bidirectional Mendelian randomization.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease that affects many people. However, the causal effect of lipid metabolism on psoriasis has not yet been verified. This study aimed to identify the genetic relationship between serum lipid levels and psoriasis. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to analyse the causal relationship between cholesterol and psoriasis. The outcome of the forward causality test was psoriasis. In the analysis of reverse causality, psoriasis was exposed, and 79 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the genome-wide association study (GWASs) database from the IEU GWASs Project. MR-Egger regression, inverse variance-weighted, weighted median, weighted mode and simple mode were used for the MR analyses. The level of triglyceride, lipase member N, chylomicrons, extremely large very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, cholesterol esters in large HDL, cholesterol esters in medium HDL and cholesterol esters in medium VLDL have not affected the development of psoriasis. However, total cholesterol, total free cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, cholesterol esters in large VLDL and cholesterol esters in medium LDL were unidirectional causal effects on psoriasis. Bidirectional two-sample MR analysis indicated that high levels of total cholesterol, total free cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, cholesterol esters in large VLDL and cholesterol esters in medium LDL are genetic risk factors for psoriasis.

Metabolic profile in patients with prostate cancer

Purpose of the study. To evaluate the levels of metabolic markers in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) in comparison with patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Patients and methods. 108 patients were included in the study. The majority of patients had comorbidities: coronary heart disease, hypertension, and almost one third of patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Median (Me) age was 67 (64–74), body mass index was 25.9–34.7. The main study group included 54 patients with histologically verified prostate cancer, the comparison group consisted of 54 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The level of basic biochemical parameters, glomerular filtration rate, lipidogram, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), total testosterone was determined in all patients.Results. When comparing anamnestic and biochemical parameters, the groups were not statistically significantly different. When comparing the groups by lipid status, it turned out that in the group with RPW, in contrast to the group of patients with BHP, statistically significantly higher levels of total cholesterol (5.13 (3.3–10,4) and 4.60 (2.5–6.3)) mmol/L, respectively, p = 0.023), low–density lipoproteins (2.93 (0.8–5.9) and 2.60 (0.9–4.2) mmol/L, respectively, p = 0.035), triglycerides (2.10 (1.0–8.0) and 1.70 (0.5–7.3) mmol/L, respectively, p = 0.048). In case of dyslipidemia, an increased risk of developing PCa was identified. Correlation analysis revealed a direct moderate relationship between total PSA levels and total cholesterol concentration (r = 0.51).Conclusion. Our study revealed that in the PCa group, there was a higher level of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides, in contrast to the group of patients with BPH. Additionally, in the group of patients with BPH, dyslipidemia was a risk factor in the development of PCa, which should be taken into account in PCa prevention and diagnosis.

Genetic polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme, actinin 3 and paraoxonase 1 genes in women with diabetes and hypertension.

To study associations between polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D), actinin 3 (ACTN3 R577X) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1 T(-107)C) genes and chronic diseases (diabetes and hypertension) in women. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples of 78 women between 18 and 59 years old used for genetic polymorphism screening. Biochemical data were collected from the medical records in Basic Health Units from Southern Brazil. Questionnaires about food consumption, physical activity level and socioeconomic status were applied. The XX genotype of ACTN3 was associated with low HDL levels and high triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Additionally, high triglycerides and LDL levels were observed in carriers of the TT genotype of PON1, and lower total cholesterol levels were associated to the CC genotype. As expected, women with diabetes/hypertense had increased body weight, BMI (p = 0.02), waist circumference (p = 0.01), body fat percentage, blood pressure (p = 0.02), cholesterol, triglycerides (p = 0.02), and blood glucose (p = 0.01), when compared to the control group. Both ACTN3 R577X and PON1 T(-107)C polymorphisms are associated with nutritional status and blood glucose and lipid levels in women with diabetes/hypertense. These results contribute to genetic knowledge about predisposition to obesity-related diseases.

Meta-analysis of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to explore the risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and provide a scientific basis on effective prevention and treatments for CVD in RA patients. We searched for a combination of the subject words and free words involved arthritis, rheumatoid, CVD, heart disease, vascular disease, risk factors, etc. from China Knowledge Network, Wanfang, Vip, China Biomedical Literature Database, Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and other databases for documents published in public in 2000-October 2022.RevMan 5.3 and Stata14.0 analysis software was used to perform a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies on risk factors of CVDs in patients with RA published from 2000 to 2022.The Egger method was used to determine whether there was publication bias. Seventeen pieces of literature were included in this meta-analysis. We explored the associations between CVD and different clinical characters such as DAS28 score, rheumatoid factor, triglyceride, age, sex, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol (TC), hypertension, and D dimer. High serum levels of C-reactive protein, TC, and D-dimer, as well as hypertension, are the main risk factors for CVD in patients with RA. The OR and 95% CI of C-reactive protein were 2.06 (1.91-2.23), RR and 95% CI of TC were 1.7 (1.49-1.93), RR and 95% CI of hypertension were 3.58 (2.37-5.40), as well as OR and 95% CI of D dimer were 2.83 (1.48-5.40).Our results performed by the meta-analysis were reliable, with low publication bias existed. C-reactive protein, TC, hypertension, and D dimer are the main risk factors for CVD in patients with RA. No protective factors were found.

Antihyperlipidemic and Histopathological Pancreas Analysis of Muntingia calabura L. Fruit Extract on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Hyperlipidemia is clinically manifested by high levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and low levels of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood. Antihyperlipidemic drugs available currently have adverse effects. One of the medicine plants with antihyperlipidemic properties with no side effects is Muntingia calabura fruit. The sample used for this research were 30 male mice were divided into 5 groups, i.e., a negative control, a diabetic control, a positive control group, and two treatment groups which were given 100 and 300mg/kg of M. calabura fruit extract every day for 14 days. Examination of TC, TG, HDL, LDL and histopathological pancreas were determined after administration of the extract orally for 14 days. The results demonstrated an administration of glibenclamide and M. calabura fruit could effectively reduce TC, TG and LDL and increase HDL compared to the diabetes control group (P&lt;0.05). In the diabetes control group, the mice given alloxan 150mg/kg showed a decrease in Langerhans islet density, vascularity, and islet injury compared to the normal control group. Mice given M. calabura fruit extract showed a significant increase in pancreatic Langerhans cells granulation and cell density. The conclusion of this research is M. calabura fruit extract showed improvements in lipid profile and pancreatic Langerhans cell regeneration. Therefore, the fruit extract of M. calabura is a potential antihyperlipidemic drug.

Overview of Total Cholesterol Levels at Productive Age in the Imbanagara Health Center Working Area

Background &amp; Objective: Total cholesterol is the total amount of HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol in each deciliter of blood. Risk factors that can affect total cholesterol levels are age, gender, sleep patterns, genetics, physical activity, and body mass index. This study aims to determine the description of total cholesterol levels in productive age in the Imbanagara Health Center Working Area. Method: This research method is descriptive research with a purposive sampling technique and involves 31 respondents the instrument used is a photometer. This research was conducted in the Imbanagara Health Center working area from May to June 2023. Result: The results showed that the total cholesterol levels of 31 respondents, were 25 people (81%) with normal total cholesterol levels, 5 people (16%) with high threshold total cholesterol levels, and 1 other person (3%) with high total cholesterol levels. Conclusion: It can be concluded that of the 31 respondents in the Imbanagara Health Center work area, the average has normal Total Cholesterol results.

Morphological Characteristics of Culprit Plaques in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients With Different Scores of Type A Personality - An Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography Study.

Previous studies have suggested a relationship between type A personality and the occurrence of coronary artery disease, so we used intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) to investigate the morphological characteristics of culprit plaques in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with different scores of type A personality. A total of 221 AMI patients who underwent preintervention imaging of culprit lesions and an assessment of type A behavior pattern were included. According to the scores for the behavior questionnaire, these patients were divided into 3 groups: non-type A personality (n=91), intermediate personality (n=73), and type A personality (n=57). Patients with type A personality were younger (P=0.003) and had a higher level of total cholesterol (P=0.029) and more severe luminal stenosis (P=0.046). In addition, the prevalence of microchannels (P<0.001), macrophage accumulation (P<0.001), and plaque rupture (P=0.010) with greater number (P<0.001), cavity angle (P<0.001), and length (P<0.001) was highest in the type A personality group. The culprit lesions of AMI patients with increased scores for type A personality had more severe coronary luminal stenosis, and the proportion of vulnerable features was increased.

Sex differences in cholesterol and triglyceride levels among hospitalized adolescents and young adults with eating disorders.

To determine sex differences in cholesterol and triglyceride levels among adolescents and young adults hospitalized for medical complications of eating disorders. A retrospective electronic medical record review of patients aged 9-25 years admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical stabilization, between 2012 and 2020, was conducted. Non-fasting total cholesterol and triglycerides were collected; however, LDL and HDL levels were not available. Among 83 males and 441 females, mean ± SD age was 15.5 ± 2.8 years, 64.1% had anorexia nervosa, and admission percent median body mass index was 87.3 ± 13.9. The proportion of males and females with high total cholesterol (13.3% vs. 18.1%, Cramer's V = 0.05, p = .28) and high triglyceride levels (9.6% vs. 8.1%, Cramer's V = 0.02, p = .63) did not differ. Mean total cholesterol levels were higher in females compared to males (F 169.6 ± 41.1 mg/dL vs. M 154.5 ± 45.1 mg/dL, Cohen's d = 0.36, p = .003), although a majority were within the normal range. In adjusted linear regression models, male (compared to female) sex (B = -14.40, 95% CI -24.54, -4.27) and higher percent median body mass index (B = -0.33, 95% CI -0.60, -0.06) were associated with lower total cholesterol levels in adjusted models (R2 = 0.04). Building on prior work showing equally severe complications of eating disorders in males compared to females, we did not find sex differences in those presenting with high total cholesterol or triglycerides. Future research is needed to understand the pathophysiology and role of dyslipidemia in acute malnutrition, and the impact of nutritional rehabilitation and weight restoration. We found that the proportion of male and female adolescents and young adults hospitalized for medical complications of an eating disorder with high total cholesterol did not significantly differ. Although average total cholesterol levels were higher in female compared to male patients with eating disorders, a majority of these levels remained within the normal range. Patients with more severe malnutrition had a higher risk of elevated total cholesterol levels. Clinicians should consider monitoring cholesterol levels in young people hospitalized for restrictive eating disorders.

Serum Lipid Profile in Patients with Lichen Planus

Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, mucous membrane, and adnexa. There have been reports of abnormal lipid parameters being increased in patients with LP. This study evaluated the serum lipid profile in patients with LP and the control group. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the department of Dermatology &amp; Venereology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Patients with LP were taken as cases and patients with skin diseases other than LP were taken as control. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by an enzymatic method. Results: This study showed higher mean TC (187 vs 168, p-value 0.01), TG (147 vs 117, p-value 0.04), LDL-C (118 vs 105, p-value 0.04) in patients with LP than control. HDL-C level shows no significant differences (38 vs 40, p-value 0.50). Odds ratio (OR) for high TC, TG &amp; LDL-C are 3.6 (95% CI: 1.26-10.56), 2.3 (95% CI: 0.87-6.31) &amp; 4.0 (95% CI: 1.4-11.6) respectively whereas OR for low HDL-C is 0.74 (95% CI: 0.31-1.77). Regarding atherogenic index, LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C ratio was significantly higher in LP patients (p-value 0.001 &amp; 0.002 respectively). Conclusion: Analysis of lipid parameters reveals significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride &amp; LDL-C in LP patients. The atherogenic index is also significantly higher in LP patients which is a sensitive predictor of cardiovascular risk.

Influence of a new coronavirus infection on the arterial stiffness in patients with hypertension

Objective. The aim of the study was to compare the parameters of lipid profile, arterial stiffness and endothelial function in patients with arterial hypertension (HTN), examined before the COronaVIrus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and patients with HTN who underwent COVID-19.Design and methods. In total, 133 people were included: 72 patients with HTN examined in 2010–2015, 61 patients with HTN who survived after COVID-19. A biochemical blood test was performed to determine the level of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated. The parameters of arterial stiffness were assessed using volume sphygmography, endothelial function was determined based on the values obtained in the sample with post-occlusive reactive hyperemia.Results. According to the results of a biochemical blood test, a significantly higher level of total cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was noted in patients with HTN who underwent COVID-19. In the compared groups, comparable indicators of endothelial function were registered with post-occlusive reactive hyperemia. At the same time, according to volume sphygmography, the highest values of arterial stiffness indicators (pulse wave velocity in the aorta, pulse wave velocity in elastic arteries, cardio-ankle vascular index on the right and left) were found in patients with HTN who had undergone COVID-19. A univariate regression analysis was carried out, which confirmed a significant negative effect of the transferred COVID-19 on the parameters of arterial stiffness.Conclusions. Patients with HTN in the post-COVID period represent a particularly vulnerable cohort of the population in terms of the risk of developing and progressing cardiovascular pathology, including vascular events. The inclusion of volume sphygmography in the list of examinations will probably allow early detection of an increase in arterial stiffness with subsequent drug correction.

Cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and sarcopenia

Aim. To analyze risk factors for sarcopenia in atherosclerosis involvement of target organs in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Material and methods. The study included 84 patients with T2D, divided into groups according to the 2019 criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2). All patients were surveyed using a 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), Sarcopenia and Quality of Life (SarQoL), Strength, Assistance with walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs and Falls (SARC-F), grip test, 4-meter walk test, bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring and cardiac ultrasound. Differences were considered significant at p&lt;0,05.Results. Patients with sarcopenia have lower levels of fat, muscle, cell mass, appendicular mass index, fluid, protein, and minerals. In the group with sarcopenia, higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, and hypocalcemia were detected. Triglyceride levels were high in those with presarcopenia. In the same group, unstable blood pressure, increased myocardial mass and severe lower limb atherosclerosis were recorded.Conclusion. Sarcopenia is one of the important medical and social problems and is accompanied by unfavorable outcomes. The combination of sarcopenia and T2D can contribute to the rapid development of macro- and microangiopathy and increase the cardiovascular risk.

Value of Hcy combined with Framingham score for predicting macrovascular disease in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

To analyze the predictive value of homocysteine (Hcy) combined with the Framingham risk score for cardio- and cerebrovascular disease in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to provide a reference for clinical treatment. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 1036 elderly patients with T2DM admitted to our hospital between July 2017 and July 2022. The patients were divided into occurrence (n = 438) and control (n = 598) groups based on the incidence of cardio- or cerebrovascular disease. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were used to analyze the factors associated with cardio-cerebral small-vessel disease in the elderly patients with T2DM. The predictive value of Hcy combined with the Framingham score for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases in elderly patients with T2DM was determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Univariate analysis showed that the occurrence group had significantly higher Framingham score, systolic blood pressure (SBP), total cholesterol (TC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose, Hcy, glycated hemoglobin, smoking history, and disease duration than the control group (all P < .05). Food preferences, sleep duration, physical exercise, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the occurrence group than in the control group (all P < .05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that smoking history, duration of diabetes, Framingham score, SBP, TC, FBG, HDL-C, 2h postprandial plasma glucose, and Hcy levels were risk factors for cardio- and cerebrovascular disease in elderly patients with T2DM. The area under the curve for Hcy and Framingham scores was 0.741 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.635-1.871) and 0.717 (95% CI: 0.601-0.856), respectively. Hcy combined with the Framingham score demonstrated a significantly higher predictive value (0.852, 95% CI: 0.741-0.979). Long smoking history, long diabetes duration, high Framingham score, high SBP, high TC, high FBG, low HDL-C, and high Hcy levels are risk factors for cardio-cerebrovascular disease in elderly patients with T2DM. In addition, Hcy level combined with the Framingham score demonstrated superior predictive power for cardio- and cerebrovascular disease in elderly patients with T2DM.

Obesity, Dyslipidemia and other Risks Factors for Metabolic Syndrome among Indigenous Black African Secondary School Students in Lagos, Nigeria

_Introduction:_ Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of risk factors which together increase the chance of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. In MetS, especially among overweight and obese people, blood pressure and blood glucose are elevated, excess body fat accumulates abdominally, and there is dyslipidemia (notably low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and high level of triglycerides). There is scarcity of data available on MetS and dyslipidemia among secondary school children in Lagos, Nigeria. _Objective: _To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese adolescents in secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. _Population and Methods: _An institution-based, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from October 2019 to March 2020. A multi-stage sampling approach was used to recruit 624 students aged 10-19 years in secondary schools within Lagos State of Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for plasma glucose and lipid profile analysis. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. A p-value &lt;0.05 was taken as statistically significant. _Results:_ The overall means (±sd) of age (years), weight (kg), height (m) and BMI were 14.7 (2.2), 47.4 (11.6), 1.6 (0.1) and 19.2 (4.2) respectively with no significant difference relative to gender, except BMI (Kg/m2) which was higher (t-test= -2.24, P-value=0.03) in girls (19.5±4.1) than boys (18.7±4.5). Only 1 (0.4%) of boy and 17 (4.4%) girls had waist circumference ≥94 cm and ≥80cm correspondingly. Approximately 17%, 75%, 5% and 3% of the students were underweight, healthy, overweight, and obese separately. The overall mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 108.2 (12.4) mmHg with about 14%, 4% and 0.5% presenting with pre-hypertension, stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension respectively. Overweight students had the highest SBP of 113.8±12.8 mm Hg while obese subjects had the highest DBP of 79.9±7.5 mm Hg. No obese subject had a low SBP. Approximately 19% and 12% of the study subjects had impaired and diabetic fasting blood glucose (FBG), especially females, those in early-stage adolescence and the overweight subjects. Approximately 71%, 50%, and 86% of the students had high levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein while 25% of them had low level of high-density lipoprotein. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 8.5%, more prevalent among obese subjects (20.0%). Overall, 15%, 44%, 32% and 9% had 0, 1, 2 or ≥3 risk factors for metabolic syndrome. _Conclusion: _A higher proportion of male, mid-adolescent, and overweight students had a minimum of 3 risk factors for MetS_. _This is likely to impose a high burden on future health. The extent to which the problem might affect other areas of Nigeria needs investigation.

Meta-analysis of the Current Research on the Relationship Between Blood Lipid Levels and the Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation.

There is still debate in the literature about the relationship between lipid profile and the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF). In order to assess the association between blood lipid profiles and incidence of AF, this review was conducted to perform a meta-analysis of all available studies. This review analysed all studies up to 28 February 2023 in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library that included data regarding blood lipid levels and incidence of AF. For the purpose of calculating pooled estimates, the hazard ratios were extracted from all studies. Fourteen studies including 19 cohorts with 3,990,484 patients were included in this meta-analysis. An elevation of one standard deviation in total cholesterol (TC) level was associated with an 8% reduction (HR=0.92, 0.88-0.96; p<0.01) in the risk of developing AF. Although increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with a 7% reduction in the development of AF (HR=0.93, 0.87-1.00; p=0.04), there was high heterogeneity in the random effects model (I2=92%). Changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not found to be associated with AF risk in the pooled analysis. Dose-response meta-analysis showed that TC was inversely linearly associated with the risk of AF (p<0.001). Higher TC levels were shown to be independently attributed to an increased risk of AF in individuals without cardiovascular disease. There was no association between the incidence of AF and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol blood levels.

Determining the Effect of Orange Peel Extract in Water on Total Cholesterol Fluctuations in HFD-Induced Mice

Hypercholesterolemia, characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol, is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, necessitating the exploration of natural interventions to mitigate dyslipidemia and its associated health risks. This study aimed to investigate the potential influence of orange peel extract in water on total cholesterol fluctuations in HFD-induced mice. This study used a true experimental design to investigate the effects of dietary interventions on total cholesterol levels in a female mice model. A total of 18 adult mice were utilized for this research, and they were divided into three distinct groups. The allocation of mice into these groups was as follows: Control Group (n=6): The first group served as the control and received only Aquades (sterile water). High-Fat Diet (HFD) Group (n=6) as named HFD only: The second group consisted of mice that were exclusively fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for a total of 17 days. Orange Peel Extract Group (n=6): The third group, also exposed to the HFD for an initial 10-day period, was subsequently administered orange peel extract for seven days. The total cholesterol levels of the mice that were given orange peel extract decreased from 109 ± 7.43 mg/dL to 96.5 ± 10.07 mg/dL after the intervention. This decrease was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). the risk of high total cholesterol levels in mice that were given orange peel extract was 33.3%, compared to 83.3% in mice that were given aquades and 50% in mice that were still on a high-fat diet (HFD). , the results of this study suggest that orange peel extract may offer a natural and accessible approach to address dyslipidemia and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. While further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore their applicability to human health.