Higher Total Bacterial Counts Research Articles

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of refrigerated raw milk from dairy farms located in Southwestern state of Goiás during the rainy and dry seasons. Fresh milk samples were collected from bulk tank and stored for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h for the evaluation of psychrotrophic microorganisms counts, titratable acidity, chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). In the rainy season, the average temperature of the refrigerated raw milk samples was 17.4, 6.0, 6.1 and 5.3°C and in the dry period, the average temperature was 9.2, 2.4, 3.8 and 1.4°C for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h of storage, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of refrigerated milk were consistent with the maximum limits established by Brazilian legislation after storage for 72 h in expansion tanks; however, in the dry period, refrigerated milk should not remain stored for more than 24 h due to the high TBC values. The results of the microbiological analyses revealed failures in the cleaning of equipment and utensils used for milking, demonstrating need for greater hygiene in the collection and maintenance of refrigerated milk at the production source. Key words: Storage time, mastitis, refrigerated milk, hygiene.&nbsp

Prevalence of thermoduric bacteria and spores in nonfat dry milk powders of Midwest origin

Samples of nonfat dry milk powder were analyzed for the presence of heat-resistant bacteria. The samples were collected from Midwest manufacturing companies and were evaluated for the presence of spores, thermoduric bacteria, and the total bacterial count. Three companies were included in this study, and results showed differences between each of the companies in the heat-resistant microbial groups tested. Company 3 had the highest levels of total spores and thermoduric bacteria: 3.6±0.14 and 3.5±0.13 log cfu/g, respectively. Interestingly, this company did not have the highest total bacterial count but rather the second lowest total bacterial count for the group, perhaps because of the higher proportion of thermophiles present in the powders from this company. The average level of total bacterial counts was 2.57±0.07 log cfu/g. Isolates obtained from the samples were identified by mass spectrometry, and all of the companies showed Bacillus licheniformis as the most prevalent bacterial species identified.

Microbiological and Physicochemical Evaluation of Groundwater in Egypt

Groundwater represents significant source of fresh water for irrigation and drinking purposes and therefore preserving the availability and quality of this resource is extremely important. Groundwater could be chemically, physically, or microbiologically contaminated. Each of which is linked to various sources and health related problems and consequences. This study was performed to evaluate some private groundwater wells in El-Rhawy (10 wells) and Manshiat Radwan (7 wells) regions, Giza governorate, Egypt. Total viable bacterial counts, total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS), as bacterial indicators, were examined. Ammonia, nitrates, sulphate, iron, total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides, total hardness (CaCO3), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, temperature, electric conductivity (EC) and turbidity were measured as physicochemical parameters of these wells. Results of the present study showed that 11 wells were not suitable for drinking since they showed high total viable bacterial counts (>50 CFU mL-1) and the presence of TC, FC and FS, and some wells showed high concentrations of ammonia (n=16), iron (n=15), turbidity (n=11) that exceeds the permissible limits of the Egyptian standards for drinking water, 2007. Thus, the contaminated groundwater wells must be treated and disinfected before usage for drinking or human consumptions

Environmental contaminants in hospital settings and progress in disinfecting techniques

Medical devices, such as stethoscopes, and other objects found in hospital, such as computer keyboards and telephone handsets, may be reservoirs of bacteria for healthcare-associated infections. In this cross-over study involving an Italian teaching hospital we evaluated microbial contamination (total bacterial count (TBC) at 36°C/22°C, Staphylococcus spp., moulds, Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., E. coli, total coliform bacteria, Acinetobacter spp., and Clostridium difficile) of these devices before and after cleaning and differences in contamination between hospital units and between stethoscopes and keyboards plus handsets. We analysed 37 telephone handsets, 27 computer keyboards, and 35 stethoscopes, comparing their contamination in four hospital units. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Before cleaning, many samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp. and coliforms. After cleaning, CFUs decreased to zero in most comparisons. The first aid unit had the highest and intensive care the lowest contamination (P < 0.01). Keyboards and handsets had higher TBC at 22°C (P = 0.046) and mould contamination (P = 0.002) than stethoscopes. Healthcare professionals should disinfect stethoscopes and other possible sources of bacterial healthcare-associated infections. The cleaning technique used was effective in reducing bacterial contamination. Units with high patient turnover, such as first aid, should practise stricter hygiene.

Environmental Contaminants in Hospital Settings and Progress in Disinfecting Techniques

Medical devices, such as stethoscopes, and other objects found in hospital, such as computer keyboards and telephone handsets, may be reservoirs of bacteria for healthcare-associated infections. In this cross-over study involving an Italian teaching hospital we evaluated microbial contamination (total bacterial count (TBC) at 36°C/22°C, Staphylococcus spp., moulds, Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., E. coli, total coliform bacteria, Acinetobacter spp., and Clostridium difficile) of these devices before and after cleaning and differences in contamination between hospital units and between stethoscopes and keyboards plus handsets. We analysed 37 telephone handsets, 27 computer keyboards, and 35 stethoscopes, comparing their contamination in four hospital units. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Before cleaning, many samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp. and coliforms. After cleaning, CFUs decreased to zero in most comparisons. The first aid unit had the highest and intensive care the lowest contamination (P < 0.01). Keyboards and handsets had higher TBC at 22°C (P = 0.046) and mould contamination (P = 0.002) than stethoscopes. Healthcare professionals should disinfect stethoscopes and other possible sources of bacterial healthcare-associated infections. The cleaning technique used was effective in reducing bacterial contamination. Units with high patient turnover, such as first aid, should practise stricter hygiene.

Quantification of Bacteria in Domestic Water Storage Tanks in Sharjah

Maintaining the microbiological quality of water is an important means of preventing water-bornediseases. The aim of the present study was to use the Membrane Filter (MF) method to examine the level of coliforms (Escherichia coli)and total bacteria in water storage tanks fitted in different homes in Sharjah. The MF method can determine the presence or absence of bacteria within only 24 hours. A volume of 100ml of water sample is filtered through bacterial retaining membrane; the membrane is then transferred to a selective media and incubated for 24h at 37ᵒC to enable the growth of the bacteria. On the growing plates, Total Bacterial Count (TBC) shows as yellow colonies, Total coliforms (TC)shows as dark red colonies and E. colishows as dark blue colonies. Eleven houses were sampled for along a period of six weeks. Samples were collected from two storage tank levels (ground level and roof top level) located in each house. The results showed that, although none of the samples contained E. coli, they did contain other coliforms. The absence of E.coli indicate no fecal contamination by animal and/or human, on the other hand, other Coliform bacteria were present in water which are usually introduced by the environment such as Klebsiella, Enterobacter spp., and Serratia. These isolates pose a health risk if they reach the human system. More than half of the samples collected (72.7%) showed a high TBC (>10CFU/100ml), which suggests further investigation is needed to examine the sources of contamination to the storage tanks. The bacterial contaminants found in the storage tanks usually come from the environment which may indicate the presence of other contaminants like chemical contaminants that are also found in the environment and entered via the same route to the storage tanks. The results of this study suggest the adoption of a cleaning system for the water tank at least twice a year to prevent accumulation of contaminants. In addition, the results suggest that chemical contaminants might be present in the water, therefore, chemical analysis is recommended.

INCIDENCE OF AEROBIC SPOILAGE- AND PSYCHROTROPHIC BACTERIA IN NON-PASTEURISED AND PASTEURISED BOVINE MILK FROM MASERU

The presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is a possible source of food-borne diseases. One hundred and sixty non-pasteurised and forty pasteurised milk samples from the Maseru area were analysed for the presence of bacteria. It is recommended by legislation that milk be free from pathogenic bacteria, and microbial counts must be within the ranges as stipulated in Regulation 1555 of 21 November 1997. Eighty seven of the non-pasteurised milk samples had high total aerobic bacterial counts that were not within the stipulated range for microbial counts as outlined in Regulation 1555, whereas twenty seven pasteurised milk samples had unacceptably high aerobic bacterial counts. Unacceptably high counts of E. coli were detected in thirty five of the non-pasteurised samples. Bacterial phosphatase was detected in seven of the pasteurised samples, indicating possible post-processing contamination. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from five non-pasteurised milk samples and Listeria innocua was isolated from one sample. The presence of psychrotrophic Listeria could contaminate the milk processing plant rendering pasteurised milk unsafe for human consumption. Community members should be informed regarding the dangers of consuming non-pasteurised milk. Small-scale farmers should be educated regarding the dangers of Listeria infection in the herds.

USE OF FENUGREEK EXTRACT IN RAYEB MILK PRODUCTION

The effect of Rayeb milk supplementation with fenugreek extract (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 15%) on the chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics was studied. Results revealed that use of fenugreek extract in Rayeb milk production increased total solids, ash, fat, diacetyl and carbohydrate contents with increasing fenugreek extract levels. The viscosity of control Rayeb milk markedly increased compared with the treatments during cold storage. Microbiological results showed that the control Rayeb milk had the highest total bacterial count. The yeasts and moulds were not detected through the storage period for all fenugreek extract Rayeb milks. The sporformes were not detected in 7.5 and 15% treatments all over the storage time. The fenugreek extract Rayeb milk treatments gained the highest score either when fresh or throughout storage periods compared with the control. Scores of sensory evaluation decreased by progressing storage period. The texture of Rayeb milk with 15% fenugreek extract became softer and smoother at the end of the storage period. It could be concluded that, the (7.5%) treatment was the best one.

곤드레 첨가량, 저장기간에 따른 곤드레개떡의 품질특성

The objectives of this study were to investigate the quality characteristics of Gondregaedduck containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% Cirsium setidens. By increasing the level of Cirsium setidens, Hunter color L and a values of Gondregaedduck decreased, whereas b value increased. Hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of Gondregaedduck decreased upon addition of Cirsium setidens. Over 3 days of storage, Gondregaedduck showed a slightly high total bacterial count compared to control. Sensory evaluation showed that Gondregaedduck containing 10% Cirsium setidens had higher color, taste preference, and overall acceptability.

Transglutaminase regulates immune-related genes in shrimp

Transglutaminase (TGase) is known to be involved in blood coagulation, a conserved defence mechanism among invertebrates. Gene silencing of TGase was previously shown to render shrimp susceptible to both bacterial and viral infections suggesting that TGase is an essential component of the shrimp immune system. Here, we examine the effects of the absence of TGase on the transcriptomic profile of kuruma shrimp by microarray analysis, focussing on genes that are involved in shrimp immunity. Total RNAs from shrimp haemocytes injected with dsRNA specific for TGase and control samples were isolated at 3 and 7 days p.i. and analyzed by microarray. Results revealed that TGase silencing affects the expression of genes in shrimp and caused significant down-regulation of the expressions of crustin and lysozyme. Furthermore, TGase-depleted samples were found to have lower haemocyte counts and higher total bacterial counts in their haemolymph. These results suggest that TGase is an important component of the shrimp immune response and is involved in the regulation of some immune-related genes particularly antimicrobial peptides.

PCR Detection and Identification of Histamine‐Forming Bacteria in Filleted Tuna Fish Samples

Total of 14 filleted yellowfin tuna fish (Thunnus albacares) sold in wholesale fish market and supermarkets in Milan, Italy, were purchased and tested to determine microbial count, histamine level, histamine-forming bacteria, and their ability to produce histamine in culture broth. Although histamine level was less than 10 ppm, many samples showed high total viable bacterial and enterobacterial counts that reached dangerous levels after temperature abuse for short periods of time. A PCR assay targeting a 709-bp fragment of the histidine decarboxylase gene (hdc) revealed that 30.5% of the 141 enteric bacteria isolated from samples were positive and potentially able to produce histamine. The hdc positive strains were mainly isolated from fish bought at wholesale fish market, where we observed several possible risk factors, such as handling in poor and non-refrigerated conditions during fillet preparation. These positive strains were identified as Citrobacter koseri/Enterobacter spp. and Morganella morganii, by 16S/23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer amplification and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The strains showed a variable ability of histamine production, with Morganella morganii being the most active histamine-producing species. A direct DNA extraction from fish and a PCR targeting the hdc gene showed a high degree of concordance with the results obtained through microbiological and chemical analyses, and could aid in the prompt detection of potentially contaminated fish products, before histamine accumulates. The use of methods for the early and rapid detection of bacteria producing biogenic amines is important for preventing accumulation of these toxic substances in food products. In this study, we used a molecular approach for the detection of histamine-forming bacteria in fish. PCR-based methods require expensive equipment and a high degree of training for the user, but are fast (< 24 h) and reliable. They now represent the best predictive methods to identify a potential risk factor in fish products during processing, storage, and marketing and can be used in the investigation of risk reduction strategies.

Comparison of bacterial diversity in proglacial soil from Kafni Glacier, Himalayan Mountain ranges, India, with the bacterial diversity of other glaciers in the world

Two 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (KF and KS) were constructed using two soil samples (K7s and K8s) collected near Kafni Glacier, Himalayas. The two libraries yielded a total of 648 clones. Phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetae, Tenericutes and Verrucomicrobia were common to the two libraries. Phyla Acidobacteria, Chlamydiae and Nitrospirae were present only in KF library, whereas Lentisphaerae and TM7 were detected only in KS. In the two libraries, clones belonging to phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were the most predominant. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that KF and KS were different and arsenic content influenced the differences in the percentage of OTUs. PCA indicated that high water content in the K8s sample results in high total bacterial count. PCA also indicated that bacterial diversity of KF and KS was similar to soils from the Pindari Glacier, Himalayas; Samoylov Island, Siberia; Schrimacher Oasis, Antarctica and Siberian tundra. The eleven bacterial strains isolated from the above two soil samples were phylogenetically related to six different genera. All the isolates were psychro-, halo- and alkalitolerant. Amylase, lipase and urease activities were detected in the majority of the strains. Long chain, saturated, unsaturated and branched fatty acids were predominant in the psychrotolerant bacteria.

Total Bacterial Counts of Raw Milk in Eastern Terai of Nepal

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of raw milk measured by Total Bacterial Count (TBC). Bulk raw milk for bacteriological study was carried out in Regional Veterinary Laboratory (RVL), Biratnagar. Altogether, 520 milk samples for TBC were examined at farm and plant levels. Results showed a great variability of TBC for the overall study period. The lowest TBC (2.78 x 106) and the highest TBC (13.299 x 106) at two milk collection units revealed nearly fivefold difference. The results of mean TBC at farm (9.03 x 105) was nine fold of international standard (1 x 105), and mean TBC at plant (104.71 x 105) reached 104 folds the international standard. The TBC at farm level were non significant (P&gt;0.05) for overall experimental period where as most of TBC at plant level differed (p&lt;0.01) significantly. TBC at farm level differed significantly (P&lt;0.01) from each record of same date at plant level. The highest number of TBC (16.5 x 106) was observed in the month of September, which was significantly (P &lt;0.01) different from the rest of the months. The results obtained from the study indicated that the current situation is critical and needs real improvement from production point to processing plant.Key words: Raw milk; Total Bacterial Count (TBC)The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 11, 2010Page: 46-50Uploaded Date: 15 Septembre, 2010

Quantification of periodontal pathogens by paper point sampling from the coronal and apical aspect of periodontal lesions by real-time PCR

The present study compared the recovery of six periodontal pathogens by paper point samples from two different aspects of periodontal lesions by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty patients with untreated chronic periodontitis were randomized into two groups. Before subgingival instrumentation and after 10 weeks samples in group A were taken first with a paper point half length (HP) of the probing depth, then with a paper point full length (FP) at the same site. In group B sampling sequence was reversed. Analysis by real-time PCR enabled quantification of six bacteria as well as total bacterial count (TBC). Statistical analysis included t test, Kappa, and Spearman's correlations. Higher TBC could be harvested by use of FP than by HP (mean of differences of ln-transformed counts before therapy: -0.791, CI [-1.515, -0.068], SD 0.770, p = 0.034; after therapy: -0.563, CI [-1.151, 0.024], SD 0.625, p = 0.059). The plaque composition regarding total target pathogens was similar for both samples. Both, for TBC as well as for single target bacteria a strong positive correlation was found between HP and FP (Kappa, Spearman correlation: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 0.807, 0.778; Fusobacterium nucleatum 0.573, 0.772; Porphyromonas gingivalis 0.733, 0.824; Prevotella intermedia 0.480, 0.756; Treponema denticola 0.807, 0.814; and Tannerella forsythia 0.692, 0.695). The recovery of target pathogens was similar following sampling at various depths of the periodontal lesion.

Mechanical non‐surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis: a double‐blind randomized longitudinal clinical study. I: clinical results

Peri-implantitis is a frequent finding in patients with dental implants. The present study compared two non-surgical mechanical debridement methods of peri-implantitis. Thirty-seven subjects (mean age 61.5; S.D+/-12.4), with one implant each, demonstrating peri-implantitis were randomized, and those treated either with titanium hand-instruments or with an ultrasonic device were enrolled. Data were obtained before treatment, and at 1, 3, and 6 months. Parametric and non-parametric statistics were used. Thirty-one subjects completed the study. The mean bone loss at implants in both groups was 1.5 mm (SD +/-1.2 mm). No group differences for plaque or gingival indices were found at any time point. Baseline and 6-month mean probing pocket depths (PPD) at implants were 5.1 and 4.9 mm (p=0.30) in both groups. Plaque scores at treated implants decreased from 73% to 53% (p<0.01). Bleeding scores also decreased (p<0.01), with no group differences. No differences in the total bacterial counts were found over time. Higher total bacterial counts were found immediately after treatment (p<0.01) and at 1 week for ultrasonic-treated implants (p<0.05). No group differences were found in the treatment outcomes. While plaque and bleeding scores improved, no effects on PPD were identified.

A Microbiological Profile of Symptomatic Teeth with Primary Endodontic Infections

The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of the microbiota of primary endodontic infections associated with symptomatic teeth. Samples were collected by means of a #15 H-type file and 2 sterile paper points from 60 symptomatic (n = 30) or asymptomatic (n = 30) single-rooted teeth with necrotic pulp. The presence of 40 bacterial species was determined by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. The species found in higher counts (×105) in symptomatic cases were Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. vincentii, Veillonella parvula, Treponema socranskii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Campylobacter gracilis and in asymptomatic cases were F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii, Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. nucleatum, E. faecalis, Eubacterium saburreum, and Neisseria mucosa. Total bacterial counts and counts of Tannerella forsythia were significant higher in symptomatic cases (p < 0.05), whereas levels of Propionibacterium acnes were reduced in this group of teeth. The data of the present investigation suggested an association between higher total bacterial counts and levels of T. forsythia and the presence of pain.

Comparison of Curet and Paper Point Sampling of Subgingival Bacteria as Analyzed by Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

The outcome of microbiological diagnostics may depend on the sampling technique. It was the aim of the present study to compare two widely used sampling techniques for subgingival bacteria using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis were randomized into two groups. In group A, samples were taken first with a paper point and then with a curet at the same site (single-rooted teeth with probing depth >5 mm) before scaling and root planing and after 10 weeks. The sampling sequence was reversed in group B. The analysis enabled the quantification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythensis and total bacterial counts (TBCs). Statistical analysis included t test, kappa, and Spearman correlation. Higher TBC was harvested with curets than by paper points (P = 0.008). The plaque composition with regard to total target pathogens was similar for both sampling techniques. A strong positive correlation was found between curet and paper point samples for TBC and single target bacteria. Overall, there was a relatively good agreement for the results of paper point and curet sampling. Thus, both techniques seem to be suitable for microbiological diagnostics.

Bacteriological quality of dried sliced beef (Kilishi) sold in Ilorin Metropolis

The bacteriological quality of dried sliced beef (kilishi) obtained from three selling points in Ilorin metropolis was determined in order to ascertain its safety. The total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae count, Staphylococcus aureus count and E.coli counts were used as index of bacteriological quality. Samples from Oja-gboro had the highest total bacterial count of 3.5 x 10 4 cfu/g; Enterobacteriaceae count of 2.9 X 10 4 cfu/g; S. aureus count of 2.05 X 10 4 cfu/g and E.coli count of 3.8 X 10 1 cfu/g. Bacterial species isolated from the samples were S. aureus, Pseudomonas species, E. Coli, Klebsiella species and B. subtilis . The high bacterial count and diversity of bacterial isolates from the samples tested is an indication of its low bacteriological quality, and this can make it a potential source of food infection. Standard hygienic practices are therefore recommended at both pre- and post-production stages. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 10(1) 2006: 97-100

Microbial colonization patterns predict the outcomes of surgical treatment of intrabony defects

To explore the impact of bacterial load and microbial colonization patterns on the clinical outcomes of periodontal surgery at deep intrabony defects. One hundred and twenty-two patients with advanced chronic periodontitis and at least one intrabony defect of >3 mm were recruited in 10 centres. Before recruitment, the infection control phase of periodontal therapy was completed. After surgical access and debridement, the regenerative material was applied in the test subjects, and omitted in the controls. At baseline and 1 year following the interventions, clinical attachment levels (CAL), pocket probing depths (PPD), recession (REC), full-mouth plaque scores and full-mouth bleeding scores were assessed. Microbial colonization of the defect-associated pocket was assessed using a DNA-DNA checkerboard analysis. Total bacterial load and counts of red complex bacteria were negatively associated with CAL gains 1 year following treatment. The probability of achieving above median CAL gains (>3 mm) was significantly decreased by higher total bacterial counts, higher red complex and T. forsythensis counts immediately before surgery. Presence of high bacterial load and specific periodontal pathogen complexes in deep periodontal pockets associated with intrabony defects had a significant negative impact on the 1 year outcome of surgical/regenerative treatment.

QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE ENHANCEMENT OF DOMIATI CHEESE FROM HEAT TREATED MILK USING STARTER CULTURE

10%) with adding 1% activated commercial starter cultures of YC-X11 (Str. thermophilus and Lb. delbruekii ss. bulgaricus, T1), Bio Profit (Lb rhamnosus and Propio. freudenreichii ss. shermanii, T2) and LC 705 (Lb. casei, T3). Resulting cheeses were pickled into its own whey. The low-salted cheese was pickled for 6 months and the high-salted cheese after 9 months. Moisture, salt and yield of low and high-salt cheeses decreased with adding starter culture, while an increase was noticed in the acidity, soluble nitrogen (SN) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA). High salt cheeses had significantly higher values for moisture, salt and yield with significantly lower acidity, SN and TVFA than low salt cheeses. The values of moisture, salt and yield gradually decreased during pickling while acidity, SN and TVFA significantly increased. Domiati cheese with starter culture had higher total bacterial count (TBC) than that of control being highest in T3. Increasing the salt in cheese milk resulted in lower TBC. Values of TBC increased in all samples during early pickling and then sharply decreased till the end. There was a remarkable inhibition in the growth of sporeforming bacteria and yeasts & moulds with adding starter culture. Sensory quality attributes of cheese improved with adding starter culture. Pickling of cheese up to different periods led to better flavour as well as body & texture but extending the period beyond caused lower quality. The rate of improvement was faster in cheese of low salt than that from 10% salted milk. Starter culture of Bio Profit (T2) produced cheese with typical ripened cheese flavour and texture and can be recommended for low or high-salt cheeses.