High Titers Of Antithyroid Antibodies Research Articles

Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy: A Review

The condition "Hashimoto's encephalopathy" (HE) refers to a cerebral dysfunction syndrome with elevated antithyroid peroxidase antibody titers that is thought to have an autoimmune cause. Similar to autoimmune thyroid illness, women are more likely than men to develop HE. It has been documented in adult, geriatric, and pediatric populations worldwide. The clinical appearance may be recurrent and remitting, with myriad symptoms involving myoclonus, seizures, episodes resembling strokes, cognitive deterioration, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Clinically and biochemically, thyroid function is often normal. Although HE seems to be a rare disorder, it should be taken into consideration when treating "investigation negative encephalopathies" because it responds to corticosteroid treatment. The results of neuroimaging frequently do not help to clarify the diagnosis. High titers of antithyroid antibodies, specifically antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, are diagnosed in the setting of the usual clinical picture. Corticosteroid treatment is nearly always successful, although relapses are common. Other immunomodulatory treatments, like intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, are often effective as well. Despite a statistical correlation to autoimmune thyroid illness, the cause of HE is not well understood. Research is still needed to fully understand the connections between clinical images, thyroid disease, auto-antibody pattern, and brain pathology. It's possible that over time, a class of nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalopathies will include HE. Some writers have proposed severing all connections to Hashimoto and calling the illness, SREAT - "steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis".

An Unusual Case of Polyautoimmunity with Concomitant Presentation of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome, Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Introduction: Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a chronic form of autonomic dysfunction characterized by symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, often accompanied by sudomotor dysfunction and gastrointestinal dysmotility. In a subgroup of patients with POTS, autoantibodies against adrenergic or cholinergic receptors suggest an immune-mediated etiology. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a hypercoagulative autoimmune disorder associated with anti-phospholipid-antibodies that causes arterial and venous thromboses. Concurrent occurrence of APS and immune-mediated POTS is rare. Methods and Results: Here, we report a 28-year-old female that experiences symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, vasovagal syncopes, gastrointestinal dysmotility and sudomotor dysfunction. She fulfills the formal diagnostic criteria of POTS showing a heart rate increment of ≥30 beats per minute (bpm) within 10 m of head-up tilt in the absence of orthostatic hypotension, accompanied by symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. The thermoregulatory sweat test reveals severe patchy anhidrotic areas. Gastric emptying scintigraphy shows an impaired gastrointestinal motility. Plasma norepinephrine levels and a skin biopsy appear normal. Finally, serological persistence of anti-alpha-1-adrenergic autoantibodies suggest an immune-mediated pathogenesis. Several years after initial presentation of POTS symptoms, the patient develops APS with recurrent venous emboli and persistent anti-phospholipid-antibodies. Recently the patient is diagnosed with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) expressing high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of consecutive immune-mediated POTS, APS and HT in a young woman, possibly displaying a unique combination of three disorders of autoimmune etiology.

An autoimmune cause of confusion in a patient with a background of hypothyroidism.

SummaryA 68-year-old previously independent woman presented multiple times to hospital over the course of 3 months with a history of intermittent weakness, vacant episodes, word finding difficulty and reduced cognition. She was initially diagnosed with a TIA, and later with a traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage following a fall; however, despite resolution of the haemorrhage, symptoms were ongoing and continued to worsen. Confusion screen blood tests showed no cause for the ongoing symptoms. More specialised investigations, such as brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, electroencephalogram and serology also gave no clear diagnosis. The patient had a background of hypothyroidism, with plasma thyroid function tests throughout showing normal free thyroxine and a mildly raised thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). However plasma anti-thyroid peroxidise (TPO) antibody titres were very high. After discussion with specialists, it was felt she may have a rare and poorly understood condition known as Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE). After a trial with steroids, her symptoms dramatically improved and she was able to live independently again, something which would have been impossible at presentation.Learning points:In cases of subacute onset confusion where most other diagnoses have already been excluded, testing for anti-thyroid antibodies can identify patients potentially suffering from HE.In these patients, and under the guidance of specialists, a trial of steroids can dramatically improve patient’s symptoms.The majority of patients are euthyroid at the time of presentation, and so normal thyroid function tests should not prevent anti-thyroid antibodies being tested for.Due to high titres of anti-thyroid antibodies being found in a small percentage of the healthy population, HE should be treated as a diagnosis of exclusion, particularly as treatment with steroids may potentially worsen the outcome in other causes of confusion, such as infection.

Correlation between anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody levels and diffuse thyroid uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: a retrospective study

BackgroundOn 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET), diffuse uptake in the thyroid gland is often observed in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. In this study, we evaluated the factors associated with diffuse uptake by comparing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients with or without diffuse uptake in the thyroid.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted of 18 patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis who underwent blood tests, thyroid ultrasonography, and FDG-PET during the period from 2014 to 2015. The patients were divided into two groups: one with diffuse thyroid uptake (group 1, n = 13) and one without diffuse thyroid uptake (group 2, n = 5). Clinical and laboratory parameters, including maximum standardized uptake in the thyroid (SUVmax), which was defined as the higher value obtained in either the right or left thyroid lobe, were compared in the two groups.ResultsThe frequency of abnormal findings, such as a rough or heterogeneous pattern, was significantly higher in group 1 (p < 0.01), as were anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody titers, anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) antibody titers, and SUVmax (p < 0.01). The frequency of hypothyroidism did not differ significantly in the two groups. Anti-TPO and anti-Tg titers were positively correlated with SUVmax (r = 0.856, p < 0.01 and r = 0.821, p < 0.01, respectively); in univariate analysis, anti-TPO titer was predictive of SUVmax (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe results of the current study suggest that Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients with high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies are likely to exhibit intense diffuse FDG uptake in the thyroid, and that thyroid function may be clearly impaired, even in the presence of mild FDG uptake in the thyroid.

A fine line between schizophrenia and Hashimoto encephalopathy

IntroductionHashimoto encephalopathy (HE) is an uncommon syndrome associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis. The relationship between these entities is unclear. Even being rare, it appears to be underrecognized.ObjectivesReport a case of an atypical presentation of psychosis in a patient with elevated serum levels of antithyroid antibodies and review the literature about similar situations.MethodsAccess clinical process, research PubMed, using the mesh terms “Hashimoto encephalopathy” and “psychosis”.ResultsA 21-year-old Portuguese female was conducted by authorities to our emergency department after she called for help and was spotted walking barefoot on the streets. Throughout clinical course she presented persecutory ideas, thought blocks, auditory hallucinations, soliloquies, perplexity, total insomnia, bizarre behaviors like coprophagia, trichotillomania and self-injured burns. After some tests, it was found that the patient had high serum levels of antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TGO) and reduced folic acid, without other changes. Trials with corticosteroids showed clinical improvement for short periods, as with antipsychotics. No consistent remission was achieved with either approaches.ConclusionHE is an uncommon syndrome presenting with high titers of antithyroid antibodies that may preconize an acute state of atypical psychosis. Usually, it responds to corticosteroids and so, has a generally good prognosis when treated accordingly. Evidence suggests that HE is an autoimmune disorder instead of thyroid disease.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Steroide yanıt veren otoimmün tiroiditle ilgili ensefalopati olgusu (Hashimoto ensefalopatisi)

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE) is a syndrome which represents itself with diverse neuropsychiatric symptoms and high titers of antithyroid antibodies, the syndrome has no specific radiological or EEG findings, and it can be dramatically resolved with corticosteroid treatment. HE can show different clinical findings such as, confusion, stupor, coma, stroke like episodes, epileptic seizures, myoclonus, behavioral changes, hallucinations and delusions. The cause of HE has been proposed to be autoimmune because of it’s association with other immunologic disorders, female predominance, inflammatory findings in cerebrospinal fluid and response to treatment with streoids. Because the disease has a wide range of symptom scala and has no specific radiological findings and also has no proven pathogenetic mechanism that can explain the occurence of the disease it is thought that the diagnosis of the syndrome can be delayed or the disease can be misdiagnosed. This knowledge is thought to be crucial as we know that corticosteroid treatment can lead to quick and dramatic response when the syndrome is diagnosed early. In this case report, a patient who applied to our clinic with findings of cognitive and psychotic disturbances and was followed up with the HE diognosis is presented.

Local reactions of multiple sclerosis disease modifying drug therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis and high titers of antithyroid antibodies

Local reactions of multiple sclerosis disease modifying drug therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis and high titers of antithyroid antibodies

Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy Presenting with Ocular Flutter

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy is a neurological disorder associated with high titers of antithyroid antibodies. The common neurologic symptoms are seizure, stroke-like episode, or mental change. However other atypical presentations, such as aphasia, myoclonus, ataxia, and cognitive dysfunction have also been described. We report hear a 44-year-old woman with Hashimoto’s encephalopathy. The patient presented with ocular flutter as a principal manifestation, which is rare in Hashimoto’s encephalopathy. Key Words: Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, Ocular flutter

Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy Presenting as Acute Psychosis

Background: Hashimoto’s encephalopathy is a relapsing encephalopathy occurring in association with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, with high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies. Clinically the patients may presents with acute or subacute encephalopathy, seizure, myoclonus, and tremulousness, stroke like episode, amnesia or dementia. Here we are reporting a case of hashimoto’s encephalopathy who presented with features of acute psychosis. Case Report: A 56 years old Asian female presented with acute onset of altered behavioural abnormality and declining brain function. Serology revealed high anti thyroperoxidase antibodies. EEG and MRI were consistent with hashimoto’s encephalopathy. Conclusion: Hashimoto’s encephalopathy is a rare complication of hashimoto’s thyroiditis and is a diagnosis of exclusion and should be suspected in a case of encephalopathy, high anti thyroid antibodies and response to glucocorticoid.

An unusual presentation of Hashimoto′s encephalopathy

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare steroid-responsive encephalopathy syndrome, which can have highly variable neuropsychiatric manifestations and can go unrecognized for a long time. HE is a diagnosis of exclusion and should be kept in mind when evaluating a patient with a cognitive dysfunction and high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies as it responds dramatically to steroids. Steroid responsive myoclonus can be a presentation of HE.

Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus Associated with Hashimoto's Encephalopathy

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus usually presents with altered mentation without distinct manifestations of seizures. It may be related with various medical disorders. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy is characterized by various neurological manifestations accompanied by high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies. Here, we report a patient with nonconvulsive status epilepticus caused by Hashimoto’s encephalopathy who showed a dramatic response to steroids. (Korean J Clin Neurophysiol 2014;16:70-73)

Steroid responsive myoclonus as a presentation of Hashimoto′s encephalopathy

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy (HE) can have highly variable neuropsychiatric manifestations, making it difficult to diagnose, and may go unrecognized for a long time. HE is a diagnosis of exclusion and should be kept in mind when evaluating a patient with cognitive dysfunction and high titres of antithyroid antibodies as it responds dramatically to steroids. Steroid responsive myoclonus can be a presentation of HE.

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: South Korean experiences

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare neurological disorder. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent irreversible brain damage. In the present study, we aimed to describe and classify HE on the basis of clinical, neuroimaging, and EEG findings. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, radiological, and electrophysiological findings in patients who showed both neurological symptoms and high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies, and who were admitted between 2006 and 2012. Our patients were classified into two groups: those presenting seizures (group 1) and those with diffuse encephalopathies (group 2). Group 1 contained two patients. Patient 1, who showed verbal memory disturbance, focal MRI lesions, and partial seizure activity on EEG, recovered with antiepileptic and steroid treatments. Five of six patients assigned to group 2 were treated with steroids and showed significant improvement. One patient treated with azathioprine showed moderate improvement. Four of these patients had accompanying metabolic disturbances. HE is a treatable neurologic disorder with different subtypes, each with its own clinical manifestations and treatment options. HE can be difficult to identify and requires careful and attentive clinical observation for diagnosis.

Serum levels of IgG and IgG4 in Hashimoto thyroiditis

Although IgG4-related disease is characterized by extensive infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells and lymphocytes of various organs, the details of this systemic disease are still unclear. We screened serum total IgG levels in the patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) to illustrate the prevalence of IgG4-related thyroiditis in HT. Twenty-four of 94 patients with HT (25.5%) had elevated serum IgG levels and their serum IgG4 was measured. Five of the 24 cases had more than 135 mg/dL of IgG4, which is the serum criterion of IgG4-related disease. One was a female patient who was initially treated as Graves' disease and rapidly developed a firm goiter and hypothyroidism. The biopsy of her thyroid gland revealed that follicular cells were atrophic with squamous metaplasia, replaced with fibrosis, which was compatible with the fibrous variant of HT. Immunohistochemical examination revealed diffuse infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, and the serum IgG4 level was 179 mg/dL. The levels of IgG and IgG4 were positively correlated with the titers of anti-thyroglobulin antibody or anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody. In conclusion, at least a small portion of patients with HT with high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies may overlap the IgG4-related thyroiditis.

Adult-onset temporal lobe epilepsy, cognitive decline, multi-antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity, and Hashimoto's encephalopathy: Two case studies.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is defined by the coexistence of encephalopathy and antithyroid antibodies. We report two cases of adult-onset temporal lobe epilepsy with subacute cognitive decline, high titers of antithyroid antibodies, multi-antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity, and good response to immunomodulatory treatment. The relevance of multidrug hypersensitivity in the setting of adult-onset epilepsy and the importance of searching for autoimmune causes for epilepsy are discussed.

Recurrent partial seizures with ictal yawning as atypical presentation of Hashimoto's encephalopathy (steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis)

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE), also known as steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), is a rare condition whose pathogenesis is unknown, though autoimmune-mediated mechanisms are thought to be involved. The prevalent neurological manifestations of this disorder are epileptic seizures and psychocognitive disorders associated with EEG alterations. High anti-thyroid antibody titers (particularly in cerebrospinal fluid) and the effectiveness of steroid therapy are usually considered to be crucial elements in the diagnostic process. We describe a 19-year-old female patient who had been referred to the psychiatric unit because of behavioral disorders characterized predominantly by delirium with sexual content. She developed recurrent focal seizures characterized by atypical ictal semiology (repetitive forceful yawning) and a rare EEG pattern (recurrent seizures arising from the left temporal region without evident “encephalopathic” activity). The presence of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies in her cerebrospinal fluid and a good response to steroids confirmed the diagnosis of HE. The atypical presentation in the case we describe appears to widen the electroclinical spectrum of HE and highlights its importance for differential diagnosis purposes in the neuropsychiatric setting.

Steroid-responsive Hashimoto encephalopathy mimicking Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare neurological disorder with a heterogeneous group of neurological symptoms associated with high titres of anti-thyroid antibodies. Clinical manifestations may include encephalopathic features such as seizures, behavioural and psychiatric manifestations, movement disorders and coma. The objective of this presentation is to describe a patient with this rare and controversial clinical syndrome mimicking Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, associated with a Hashimoto euthyroid thyroiditis and with a significant response to high dose intravenous prednisone. The responsiveness of this syndrome to steroids suggests that this disorder involves immune pathogenic mechanisms, as previous reviews reported.

Dissecting the Immune Component of Neurologic Disorders: A Grand Challenge for the 21st Century

Dissecting the Immune Component of Neurologic Disorders: A Grand Challenge for the 21st Century

The role of T-lymphocyte subsets and interleukin-5 blood levels among Indian subjects with autoimmune thyroid disease

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD) results from an interaction of exogenous and endogenous factors in a genetically predisposed individual. AITD is being increasingly reported among the Indian population. Lymphocyte subsets and levels of interleukin-5 (IL- 5) were studied in the peripheral blood of patients with AITD. Subjects diagnosed with either hyperthyroidism due to Graves' Disease (GD) or with primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) were consecutively recruited. Euthyroid controls were also recruited for comparison. Lymphocyte subsets (CD4 and CD8 counts, CD4/CD8 ratio) were evaluated by flow cytometry and IL-5 levels were determined by the sandwich ELISA method. Nineteen subjects with GD, 16 subjects with HT and 10 controls were studied. CD4/CD8 ratios were found to be significantly lower only in subjects with HT compared to controls. Serum IL-5 values were significantly higher in both GD and HT in comparison to controls. The study found increased levels of IL-5 and reduction in ratios of CD4/CD8 lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with HT, but only IL-5 was increased in GD. High levels of IL-5 could have resulted in the high titres of antithyroid antibodies and may therefore be considered to play a more significant role than peripheral lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of AITD in the Indian population.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy

Hashimoto’s encephalitis (HE), encephalitis which responds to steroids and is associated with auto-immune thyroiditis, was described by Brain et al. in 19661. Since then, about 100 cases have been described2-10. It is probably under diagnosed as it is not well known5. It presents with acute or sub-acute encephalopathy, tremor, myoclonus, ataxia, fits, psychosis or stroke like events, progressive or relapsing, high titres of anti-thyroid antibodies but independent of thyroid function2,4,10. Its two sub-types can co-exist: multiple stroke like events, and [...]