High Tide Research Articles

Perencanaan Tata Kelola Air Pasang Surut Permukiman Penduduk Desa Kenten Laut Kabupaten Banyuasin

Humans have utilized tidal events at river mouths for a long time. The major benefit is the use of raw water for domestic water needs. On an average day, there will be one high tide and one low tide with a single diurnal tidal type. The utilization of surface water during tides in the Talang Kelapa sub-district of Banyuasin Regency is not optimally used, where there is a lack of adequate water sources. In addition, there has been no research on tidal water management systems in the study area. This study aims to analyze the availability of raw water, analyze the need for raw water for the daily needs of the community, evaluation a raw water system in the residential area of Kenten Laut Village so that during the dry season the need for raw water for residential households can be met. The results of the evaluation of the availability of raw water that can be utilized from the available channels (types 1, 2, 3, and 4) are 1.17 liters/second. The results of the calculation of the mainstay discharge of 1.703 liters/second with a total amount of water availability of 2.87 liters/second. While the total domestic and non-domestic water needs. While the total domestic and non-domestic water demand based on the population in 2022 is 12.99 liters/second. It can be concluded that the availability of tidal water in Kenten Laut Village has not been able to meet household water needs so alternatives are needed, namely water reservoirs, repairing damaged drainage channels, or repairing damaged drainage channels.

The relationship between water quality and aquatic organisms in tidal lakes, Medan-Indonesia

Siombak Lake is a tidal lake in Indonesia. The dynamics of the lake’s waters experience two high tides and two low tides within 24 hours (except during neap water). Groups of freshwater, brackish, and marine organisms make up Siombak Lake’s aquatic biota, which varies with the seasons and tidal conditions. The purpose of this study is to clarify how aquatic biodiversity in lakes is impacted by tidal dynamics. This research was conducted at Lake Siombak, Medan City, North Sumatra Province. Data collection was carried out from September 2018 to August 2019. The analysis carried out was a multivariate PCA analysis assisted by Microsoft Excel 2016 and Minitab. The research results show that tidal dynamics cause fluctuations and dynamics in lake water quality and lake biological communities. Plankton are aquatic organisms greatly influenced by water dynamics and water quality. Phytoplankton abundance is influenced by sunlight and nutrient levels, while TSS, salinity and phytoplankton abundance influence zooplankton abundance. The abundance and presence of fish are closely related to their food sources, namely zooplankton, crustaceans, and mollusks. The existence of these tidal dynamics provides sustainability and stability to the environment and ecosystem of Siombak Lake

Compound extreme inundation risk of coastal wetlands caused by climate change and anthropogenic activities in the Yellow River Delta, China

The coastal wetlands of the Yellow River Delta (YRD) in China are crucial for their valuable resources, environmental significance, and economic contributions. However, these wetlands are also vulnerable to the dual threats of climate change and human disturbances. Despite substantial attention to the historical shifts in YRD's coastal wetlands, uncertainties remain regarding their future trajectory in the face of compound risks from climate change and anthropogenic activities. Based on a range of remote sensing data sources, this study undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the evolution of YRD's coastal wetlands between 2000 and 2020. Subsequently, the potential fate of coastal wetlands is thoroughly analyzed through the Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) simulation using System Dynamic-Future Land Use Simulation (SD-FLUS) model and the extreme water levels projection integrated future sea-level rise, storm surge, and astronomical high tide in 2030, 2050, and 2100 under scenarios of SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5. Results revealed that YRD's coastal wetlands underwent a marked reduction, shrinking by 1688.72 km2 from 2000 to 2020. This decline was mostly attributed to the substantial expansion in the areas of artificial wetlands (increasing by 823.78 km2), construction land (increasing by 767.71 km2), and shallow water (increasing by 274.58 km2). Looking ahead to 2030–2100, the fate of coastal wetlands appears to diverge based on different scenarios. Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, the area of coastal wetland is projected to experience considerable growth. In contrast, the SSP5-8.5 scenario anticipates a notable decrease in coastal wetlands. Relative to the inundated area suffered from the current extreme water levels, the study projects a decrease of 6.8%–10.6% in submerged coastal wetlands by 2030 and 9.4%–18.2% by 2050 across all scenarios. In 2100, these percentages are projected to decrease by 0.4 % (SSP2-4.5) and 27.1% (SSP5-8.5), but increase by 35.7% (SSP1-2.6). Results suggest that coastal wetlands in the YRD will face a serious compound risk from climate change and intensified human activities in the future, with climate change being the dominant factor. More efficient and forward-looking measures must be implemented to prioritize the conservation and management of coastal wetland ecosystems to address the challenges, especially those posed by climate change.

PENGARUH PASANG SURUT DISALURAN PADA KAWASAN PERSAWAHAN

Tides are a natural phenomenon of periodic rise and fall of water levels caused by gravitational forces and the force of attraction. This can naturally increase water levels and floods which are usually called tidal floods.To overcome this, drainage was created to reduce overflow at high tide and add water at low tide.The Lalan Sub-Watershed, Lalan District, Musi Banyuasin Regency is one of the sub-watersheds of the Musi Watershed which is influenced by tides. The average height of secondary channels in the Lalan sub-basin is 1.15 m with an average flow discharge of 528.96 m3/sec. The highest tidal water level is 1.21 m with a flow discharge of 978.79 m3/s while the lowest low tide water level is 0.33 m with a flow discharge of 234.95 m3/s. This causes water to overflow at the highest tide, thereby submerging the rice fields that are irrigated by the sub-basin and experiencing drought at low tide. To overcome this, a sluice gate is needed in the secondary channel to regulate the entry and exit of water.

Which Sage Should I Follow (去宗哪個聖人)? Neo-Confucian Problems with Tradition in Sixteenth-Century Ming China

Abstract This article begins with biographical sketches of the Ming thinker Luo Rufang 羅汝芳 (js. 1553, 1515–1588), which take place in the Jiajing reign (1522–1566). This time period marks the first high tide of Wang Yangming's philosophy. As a lecturer, Luo Rufang headed discussion gatherings (jiangxue 講學) and implemented community compacts (xiangyue 鄉約), all of which derived inspiration from Wang Yangming. Although Luo could confidently instill Confucian values in his audience, behind his endorsement of moral learning lay a personal history of doubt, struggle, and search for authority. To uncover the personal search for meaning and moral authority, Luo is an excellent example. A selection of conversations Luo had with his students and followers reveal his personal struggles, which can be aligned with his biography. Luo's quest for sagehood is less abstract; it is a personal reflection on which sage ought to be followed.

Temporal Paths in Real-World Sensor Networks

Sensor networks are used in an increasing number and variety of application areas, like traffic control or river monitoring. Sensors in these networks measure parameters of interest defined by domain experts and send these measurements to a central location for storage, viewing and analysis. Temporal graph data models, whose nodes contain time-series data reported by the sensors, have been proposed to model and analyze these networks in order to take informed and timely decisions on their operation. Temporal paths are first-class citizens in this model and some classes of them have been identified in the literature. Queries aimed at finding these paths are denoted as (temporal) path queries. In spite of these efforts, many interesting problems remain open and, in this work, we aim at answering some of them. More concretely, we characterize the classes of temporal paths that can be defined in a sensor network in terms of the well-known Allen’s temporal algebra. We also show that, out of the 8192 possible interval relations in this algebra, only 11 satisfy two desirable properties that we define: transitivity and robustness. We show how these properties and the paths that satisfy them are relevant in practice by means of a real-world use case consisting of an analysis of salinity that appears close to the Scheldt river in Flanders, Belgium, during high tides occurring in the North Sea.

Coastal Compound Flood Simulation through Coupled Multidimensional Modeling Framework

Coastal watersheds are prone to compound flooding caused by heavy rainfall, storm surge, and high tide. Accurate prediction and modeling of coastal compound floods (CCF) require precise physical representation in numerical models with appropriate numerical approximation associated with multi-driver physical processes for simulating the flood dynamics. To address this, an integrated and tightly coupled modeling approach is implemented to capture the nonlinear and complex processes involved in CCF and interconnectivity among Multidimensional Hydraulics (pipe and channel), Hydrodynamics (2D overland flow), and distributed Hydrologic (MH3) models are developed. The coupled modeling framework focuses on the development of interconnected meshes of the node-link-basin using the Interconnected Channel and Pond Routing (ICPR) model. This framework effectively incorporates the complex drainage network system of tidal creeks, tidal channels, underground sewer networks, and detention ponds of the Charleston Peninsula of South Carolina (SC). The dynamics of the urbanized floodplain in the peninsula are represented using high-resolution LiDAR-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Surface Model (DSM). The overland flow is simulated using energy balance, momentum balance, and diffusive wave methods. The performance of the CCF model is tested for the 2015 SC historical flood and a high tide flood event. The momentum balance-based CCF model shows 98.35% accuracy in identifying street-level flooding locations. Furthermore, the model shows that incorporating DSM processing in the current study improves the accuracy of urban flood simulation by approximately 15% to 33% compared to LiDAR DEM. It is revealed that the momentum balance method outperforms to simulate the flood dynamics. Consequently, this study contributes to the modeling of CCF by developing an integrated MH3 system that enhances the physical representation of coastal hydrology at a fine scale.

The California Coast and Living Shorelines—A Critical Look

California and most other coastlines around the world are being impacted by both long-term sea-level rise and short-term extreme events. Due to California’s long and intensively developed coastline, it is an important area for evaluating responses to these challenges. The predominant historic approach to coastal erosion in California and globally has been the construction of hard coastal armoring such as seawalls and rock revetments. The concept of living shorelines—defined as using natural elements like plants, sand, or rocks to stabilize the coastline—has been widely proposed as a soft or green response to coastal erosion and flooding. However, these approaches have very limited application in high-energy environments such as California’s 1100-mile-long outer coast and are not realistic solutions for protection from wave attack at high tides or long-term sea-level rise. Each of the state’s coastal communities need to identify their most vulnerable areas, develop adaptation plans, and plan eventual relocation strategies in response to an accelerating sea-level rise.

Numerical modelling and quantification of coastal urban compound flooding

Low-lying coastal cities are vulnerable to compound floods caused by many factors including river flows, tides and local rainfall. Many previous studies focus on the impacts of rainfall and tidal levels (two driving factors) on estuaries or regions near the main single river, while research about the three influencing factors on the floods for complex urban river networks remain relatively scarce. This paper proposes a framework to simulate the coastal compound flooding process, with a series of scenarios designed to explore the main flooding drivers and their worst possible combination. The approach is used to quantify the induced flooding consequences, in which a two-dimensional model is employed to conduct a case study for a city with complex river networks. The Qianshan River basin in Zhuhai City, located in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China is used as the case study. Application results show that: (i) the occurrence and properties of flooding in this coastal area are jointly affected by upstream river flows, downstream tidal levels and local rainfall intensity with different contribution levels, (ii) compared to tidal levels, local rainfall intensity has a larger impact on the flooding levels of the study region, and (iii) the worst scenario where a 50-year return period upstream river flow co-occurring with high tide and a 100-year return period rainfall can produce a flooding area up to 50 km2 for the study region, with an average of 1.3 m flooded depth. The proposed framework with its findings offers an in-depth understanding and quantification of coastal urban flood characteristics within the GBA of China.

Short Communication: New records of Mactra clams (Bivalvia: Mactridae) from Madura Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Wijaya CB, Ambarwati R, Isnaningsih NR. 2023. Short Communication: New records of Mactra clams (Bivalvia: Mactridae) from Madura Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6684-6691. Mactridae is a family of bivalves found in shallow waters, such as living at high tide lines, in tidal areas, and below low tide lines. More mactrid bivalves could be discovered, and further studies are needed in Indonesian waters. Madura Island has a variety of bivalves, and Mactra clams could also be discovered on this island. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Mactra clams from Madura Island, Indonesia, and analyze their morphological characters. Samples were collected at Nepa and Badur Beaches during low tides, and then identified based on morphological characteristics. A stereo microscope observation and detailed descriptions were carried out to obtain the qualitative characteristics, while the quantitative ones, included shell length and height, palial line height, and diameter. The environmental parameters of this two-beach were also evaluated. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed two new records of Mactridae members at both beaches, namely Mactra luzonica Reeve, 1854, Mactra dissimilis Reeve, 1854. Mactra dissimilis revealed morphological variation, namely in the coloration on both the exterior and interior of the shell. There were three variations of M. dissimilis, namely bluish-white shell, brownish-white shell, and white shell. The findings of M. dissimilis and M. luzonica are regarded as new records for Madura Island, Indonesia.

Impact of tidal dynamics and typhoon-induced inundation on saltwater intrusion in coastal farms

The increase in storm surge events caused by climate change exacerbates adverse effects on seawater inundation in coastal areas. An accurate description of the water level curve is crucial for understanding the process of saltwater intrusion (SWI) resulting from storm surge. Most studies involving empirical surges as inputs to groundwater models, often simplify spatial and temporal seawater inundation processes, which may increase the uncertainty in vertical seawater intrusion. To address this gap, we employed a comprehensive modeling approach using storm surge model ADCIRC and numerical simulator HydroGeoSphere to reveal SWI dynamics during a historical storm surge event in a coastal farm, considering varying tidal-surge phases and typhoon intensities. Our findings indicate pronounced SWI variations even with consistently highest water level during a storm surge, contingent on prior tidal processes. The timing of typhoon landfall on an hourly scale yielded diverse water level curves, altering the function of SWI. Intriguingly, SWI exacerbates following a high tide with 31.2 % average salinity higher, highlighting the profound modulation effect of tidal levels on SWI. Local topography significantly influenced SWI dynamics. Ponds, for instance, retained elevated salinity levels for over 15 h, indicating a more prolonged exposure to salinity than roads. These findings underscore the importance of considering both tidal influences and topographical factors in understanding and mitigating SWI in coastal agricultural management.

The AquaGranda digital community memory activating awareness about climate risk

This study aims to explore how vulnerable communities, scientists, and artists can collaborate to construct digital community memories to excavate opinion spaces related to socio-natural events, creating a shared and inclusive ground for mutual understanding and collective action. The proposed approach combines web archeology and digital artivism to construct community memories that can be used for social activation in relation to climate change. The research draws on participatory and community-based research techniques, citizen-science approaches, and digital methods to collect dispersed community-memory fragments and create an expressive space for the diverse perspectives and needs of the affected populations. It emphasises the importance of inclusivity and non-polarizing approaches for reconstructing and interpreting narrative streams that propagate in the physical and virtual world, and for representing, through digital art, extreme events and their societal impact. To illustrate the proposed approach, the AquaGranda project is here presented as a case study of community memory related to an extreme event: the high tides that occurred in Venice in November 2019.

Analysis Of The Mangrove Structure In The Dong Rui Commune Based On Multispectral Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Image Data

Mangroves are one of the most important types of wetlands in coastal areas and perform many different functions. Assessing the structure and function of mangroves is a premise for the management, monitoring and development of this most diverse and vulnerable ecosystem. In this study, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Phantom 4 Multispectral was used to analyse the structure of a mangrove forest area of approximately 50 hectares in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh Province – one of the most diverse wetland ecosystems in northern Vietnam. Based on the visual classification method combined with the results of field taxonomic sampling, a mangrove tree classification map was established for UAV with three species, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora stylosa, and Kandelia obovata, achieving an overall accuracy = 86.28%, corresponding to a Kappa coefficient =0.84. From the images obtained from the UAV, we estimated and developed maps and assessed the difference in tree height and four vegetation indices, including the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and green chlorophyll index (GCI), for three mangrove plant species in the flying area. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa reach an average height of 4 to 5 m and are distributed mainly in high tide areas. Meanwhile, Kandelia obovata has a lower height (ranging from 2 to 4 m), distributed in low-tide areas, near frequent flows. This study confirms the superiority of UAV with red edge and near-infrared wave bands in classifying and studying mangrove structures in small-scale areas.

Implications of increased intertidal inundation on seagrass net primary production

Seagrass meadows are productive and functionally important seafloor habitats that are declining in many parts of the world under pressure from human activities. Seabed light availability is inversely related to water depth, thus sea level rise associated with global warming may impinge upon seagrass productivity and its contributions to coastal ecosystems. Across natural variation in seagrass bed depth driven by tidal oscillations and distance from shore, we quantified seafloor oxygen exchange every 15 min for three days and nights at sites in New Zealand using aquatic eddy covariance to better understand the implications of sea level rise on shallow seagrass. Four sites of differing mean depth (1.5–4.0 m deep at high tide) were net producers of oxygen when photosynthetically active radiation at the seabed was >87.5 μmol photons m−2 s−1, with net oxygen production >4 mmol m−2 h−1 at all sites during peak sunlight hours. The effect of light attenuation on dissolved oxygen production was evident when comparing fluxes in the morning (low tide) and evening (high tide), with relatively similar incident light levels arriving at water surface at these times of day. The shallowest site was expected to receive the greatest amount of light at the seabed and be most productive. However, the second shallowest site was the most productive, due to higher seagrass cover and clearer water (less light attenuation in the water column). Higher cover of seagrass likely reduced sediment resuspension while increasing photosynthetic capacity (i.e., more photosynthetic biomass). The existence of turbid fringes of water near the upper shore and climate-related shifts in suspended sediment concentrations may interfere with predictions of shoreward migration of seagrass meadows, which are already complicated by interactions with upper intertidal vegetation (e.g., mangroves) and human built structures (e.g., seawalls).

A composite approach to document a century of overwash events in a high tide environment of southern Brittany, France

Understanding and precisely dating the sedimentological imprint of storm-induced back-barrier washover deposits is challenging, even more so in macro-tidal environments. Indeed, in such a situation, significant storms may not lead to any washover deposits, for instance if they occurred during low tide. To tackle this challenge, we propose a method based on crossing sedimentology, historical impacts from archives and weather-marine data, together with dating, statistics and modeling technique. We chose the Petite Mer de Gâvres (PMG) site, in southern Brittany, along the French Atlantic coast, as a demonstration site in a macro tidal environment. The sediment core analyses led to the identification of six washover deposits, dated back to 1905 ± 10 yr, 1931 ± 8 yr, 1946 ± 7 yr, 1973 ± 1.5 yr, 1990 ± 3 yr, and 2000 ± 2 yr. The crossing with reanalysis weather-marine data and historical (local and regional impact) sources suggested that they have been caused by the 1896, 1924, 1950, 1974, 1990 (four storms) and 1999 (two storms) events. The post-processing made on the reanalysis data leading to this event list included the computation of the joint return period of exceedance RP (accounting for the tide, surge and wave height) and the use of the Stockdon formula to estimate whether the water level (including the wave runup) may have exceeded the dune crest level and led to overwash events. The storm on January 9, 1924 seemed to have induced the most extreme conditions, with a joint return period RP estimated to 1000 years, giving way to a “vision of desolation” according to historical documents. For all the identified storms at the origin of washover deposits, the wave height was always exceptionally strong, highlighting the key effect of this parameter. However, we need to keep in mind that the tide level should be high enough to allow overwash phenomena on such a macro tidal site. Finally, we underlined the benefits and limits of our composite method to document historical storms.

Estimating added roadway GHG emissions from climate change effects and related adaptations

Civil infrastructure is vulnerable to climate-based event impacts that are increasing. A comparative with-and-without simulation-based GHG emissions change estimation methodology is proposed for estimating the changes in roadway transportation-related GHG emissions, a key contributor to climate change, from repairs required to mitigate damage and the execution of adaptations taken to prevent future damage. Riverine flooding from precipitation, coastal flooding from surge and high tide, and pavement deterioration from high temperatures and dry conditions are considered. A GHG emissions-based link criticality index is developed for identifying links for proactive adaptations. The tool provides insights for climate impact reduction policy creation and evaluation, and can aid in assessing the effectiveness of roadway infrastructure investment plans for combatting climate change effects. The methodology is illustrated on a case study in Northern Virginia. The results uncover how climate change events and actions taken can exacerbate conditions that accelerate climate change in the long term.

Spatial Design Thinking in Coastal Defence Systems: Overtopping Dikes in Southend-On-Sea

Coastal dikes have been built for millennia to protect inhabited lands from exceptional high tides and storm events. Currently, many European countries are developing specific programs to integrate the construction of new dikes (or the raising of existing ones) into the built environment to face sea level rising. Technical difficulties in succeeding in this operation are questioning the paradigm of protection for the long term, pointing out the need for alternative strategies of adaptation that are not yet fully explored. This paper elaborates on innovative models to deal with coastal flooding, presenting the results of an interdisciplinary research and design process for the case-study of Southend-on-Sea (UK). Detailed numerical simulations are used to develop a spatial strategy to accommodate water during extreme events, introducing different prototypes of dike designs that include seawalls, enhanced roughness through rock and stepped revetments, as well as vegetation. The overall goal is to push forward the traditional approach of planning water protection infrastructure within the solely field of civil engineering. It elaborates on the integration of the disciplines of spatial design and engineering and presents novel advances in terms of spatial design for the revetment of overtopping dikes.

Evaluating bottom-up forcing of a rocky intertidal resource harvest on a high trophic-level consumer group

The importance of ecosystem-based management (EBM) frameworks for resource harvest has increased over the past several decades as ecosystems face numerous anthropogenic stressors. In these frameworks, resource managers must consider the suite of interactions that comprise food webs and how resource harvest drives responses in non-target organisms. In rocky intertidal zones along North Atlantic coastlines, rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum)—a canopy-forming brown seaweed—has been commercially harvested for centuries, yet most research on the effects of harvest have focused on the responses of the target resource and the macroinvertebrate assemblage. In this study, we used a Before-After Control-Impact experiment to assess the bottom-up effects of commercial rockweed harvest on a high trophic-level consumer group (birds) in Maine (USA). Overall, there was no evidence for strong bottom-up forcing of rockweed harvest on birds' site visitation. There was a small (fewer than two birds) positive effect size of harvest during the one-year post-harvest recovery interval. Several of the trends observed for the full bird assemblage appear to be driven more strongly by the low tide than the high tide bird assemblage. Independent of treatment, site visitation by birds was low in our study (60% of surveys recorded no birds) and highlights questions about the use of rocky intertidal habitats relative to other habitat types in coastal birds' home ranges. To our knowledge, there are no comparable assemblage-level bird studies in this system that can provide context to our results. Further research on coastal birds’ habitat use within home ranges and food-web connections with rockweed-associated macroinvertebrates is needed to more confidently incorporate this high trophic-level consumer group into an EBM framework for a rocky intertidal resource harvest.

Tidal range electricity generation into the twenty-second century

Tidal range electricity generation schemes are designed to have a minimum operational life of at least 120 years, making it important to plan for changes such as sea-level rise (SLR). Earlier studies have shown that schemes can maintain the existing tidal range within the impoundment and protect areas from flooding. Here it is demonstrated that tidal range technology can maintain the current tidal extent despite SLR and suggests the operational strategies to achieve it. The approach is the only way to safeguard existing intertidal habitats. Mechanical and electrical plant requires a major overall, upgrade or replacement every 40 years; the levelised cost of energy is structured in 40-year periods reducing after the first period. Increasing the capacity or efficiency of the plant during the refits allows the protection of low-lying areas to be maintained and more electricity to be generated. The strategy requires energy to be used in pumping to achieve the current low tidal limits and the incoming tide to be curtailed to maintain the high tide extent, but there is very little effect on annual electricity production. Flexible operation can offer some protection from riverine flooding and existing inundation cycles can be maintained.

BAH Agonoy: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Elementary Educators during High Tide in Hagonoy Bulacan

This qualitative analysis of the lived experiences of six (6) primary school teachers in Hagonoy, Bulacan, who had to deal with high tides. The research made use of in-depth interviews to reveal different courses that high water levels take: the hindrances and struggles in maintaining the quality of education, the strategies employed in different teaching styles, coping mechanisms, and the positive aspects of teaching in coastal areas. The findings of the study revealed that there were various challenges such as transport disruption and poor learning atmospheres. Additionally, the study covers measures that can be taken to address declining educational quality as well as digital divides. The study further explores educators’ strategies, shedding light on the importance of flexibility and innovation. Moreover, employing theoretical triangulation, this paper delves into the emotional and psychological challenges encountered by educators. It offers valuable insights to bolster resilience in coastal area elementary education, such as in Hagonoy, Bulacan, necessitating a transfor mative approach to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Education.