High-throughput X-ray Research Articles

Phytantriol phase behaviour in deep eutectic solvent-water mixtures.

Deep eutectic solvents are highly tailorable non-aqueous solvents with potential applications ranging from energy catalysis to cryopreservation. Self-assembled lipid structures are already used in a variety of industries including cosmetics, drug delivery and as microreactors. However, most research into lipid self-assembly has been limited to aqueous solvents. This paper explores the self-assembly of a well-known lipid, phytantriol, in different deep eutectic solvents composed of choline chloride with urea, glycerol, or ethylene glycol, and one composed of betaine and glycerol. High-throughput small angle X-ray scattering was employed to examine self-assembly of this lipid in these deep eutectic solvents, and in mixtures with water from 25 to 66°C. Choline chloride:urea and neat betain:glycerol supported complex phase formation including the Pn3m cubic phase, and an inverse hexagonal (HII) phase, while choline chloride:glycerol and choline chloride:ethylene glycol favoured amorphous or unstructured lipid assemblies. In all cases, water contents above 50wt% favoured the formation of highly structured phases. These results demonstrate that deep eutectic solvents can support lipid assembly, but also that small changes to the solvent can lead to significant changes in lipid behaviour. This provides an avenue for solvent-controlled tailoring of lipid structures as well as a mechanism for targeted release of cargo, such as through simple addition of water to trigger a phase change. These results provide significant new insight into solvent-controlled lipid self-assembly with far-reaching applications.

Linking High-Throughput, Non-Destructive Quality Control Methods with Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Mission Cycles and Battery Safety

Electric vehicles are the key to the migrating away from fossil fuels. However, the wider electrification of transport, in particular aircraft is attracting increasing attention, with the UK government putting eVTOLs at the centre of its ‘Future of Flight’ plan 1. Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) innovations offer opportunities for rapid, low operating cost, emission-free aviation for urban and inter-city transport. The utilisation of unused airspace opens the possibility of reducing congestion and demand for limited traffic networks. eVTOLs are also flexible, able to land of flat ground or small helipads, infrastructure that is straightforward to integrate into cities and urban environments 2.For electric-powered flight to be feasible, currently battery technology must be pushed to its extreme limits. Rapid charging and discharging are necessary to make passenger aircraft logistically and economically practical 3. Changes in altitude and geography also mean batteries will need to operate over a wide range of temperatures. The demands placed on the cells used in eVTOLs requires robust quality-control (QC) to ensure that batteries are of the highest quality to meet the stringent safety standards and demanding power needs of aerospace applications. In this work, we collaborated with industrial partners to create a high-throughput X-ray computed tomography protocol to identify and quantify defects in 21700 cylindrical cells geared towards electric-powered flight. A virtual unrolling workflow was applied to quantify and compare the defects across cells. We then applied electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to link the defects found in imaging with electrochemical data, with the aim of devising a rapid, non-destructive QC method for aerospace cells. Both passing and defective cells were then cycled using fast charge and eVTOL mission profile protocols, to identify the prominent degradation mechanisms that cells are expected to suffer from during use. Finally, we used accelerating rate calorimetry to understand the effects of aerospace mission cycling on battery safety, with the aim of informing which second-life applications expired eVTOL packs may be appropriate for.Initial X-ray screening has shown two major defects: jellyroll buckling and electrode delamination. The severity of defects links to the initial open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the cells, where a lower OCV cell is more likely to have problematic defects. As cells are cycled, particularly in low temperatures and under fast charging, swelling and relaxation of the electrode layers exacerbates the buckling and delamination observed at the centre of the jellyroll. Fast charging is also known to initiate Li metal plating in the graphite anode 4,5. The combination of electrode defects and plating is expected to impact the safety behaviour of the aged cells, reducing the temperature at which cells begin self-heating before going into thermal runaway.Overall, this work aims to build understanding around eVTOL mission cycling and safety to develop reliable, low-cost QC methods that can be applied to the aerospace sector and beyond. References Department for Transport, UK Future of Flight Action Plan, (2024) https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/66018a4fa6c0f7bb15ef920a/future-flight-action-plan.pdf.E. F. Dulia, M. S. Sabuj, and S. A. M. Shihab, Applied Sciences, 12, 207 (2021) https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/1/207.X.-G. Yang, T. Liu, S. Ge, E. Rountree, and C.-Y. Wang, Joule, 5, 1644–1659 (2021) https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2542435121002051.P. P. Paul et al., Energy Environ Sci, 14, 4979–4988 (2021).C. Mao, R. E. Ruther, J. Li, Z. Du, and I. Belharouak, Electrochem commun, 97, 37–41 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.10.007. Figure 1

Expanding Automated Multiconformer Ligand Modeling to Macrocycles and Fragments.

Small molecule ligands exhibit a diverse range of conformations in solution. Upon binding to a target protein, this conformational diversity is generally reduced. However, ligands can retain some degree of conformational flexibility even when bound to a receptor. In the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a small number of ligands have been modeled with distinct alternative conformations that are supported by X-ray crystallography density maps. However, the vast majority of structural models are fit to a single ligand conformation, potentially ignoring the underlying conformational heterogeneity present in the sample. We previously developed qFit-ligand to sample diverse ligand conformations and to select a parsimonious ensemble consistent with the density. While this approach indicated that many ligands populate alternative conformations, limitations in our sampling procedures often resulted in non-physical conformations and could not model complex ligands like macrocycles. Here, we introduce several improvements to qFit-ligand, including the use of routines within RDKit for stochastic conformational sampling. This new sampling method greatly enriches low energy conformations of small molecules and macrocycles. We further extended qFit-ligand to identify alternative conformations in PanDDA-modified density maps from high throughput X-ray fragment screening experiments. The new version of qFit-ligand improves fit to electron density and reduces torsional strain relative to deposited single conformer models and our previous version of qFit-ligand. These advances enhance the analysis of residual conformational heterogeneity present in ligand-bound structures, which can provide important insights for the rational design of therapeutic agents.

Physicochemical and structural insights into lyophilized mRNA-LNP from lyoprotectant and buffer screenings

The surge in RNA therapeutics has revolutionized treatments for infectious diseases like COVID-19 and shows the potential to expand into other therapeutic areas. However, the typical requirement for ultra-cold storage of mRNA-LNP formulations poses significant logistical challenges for global distribution. Lyophilization serves as a potential strategy to extend mRNA-LNP stability while eliminating the need for ultra-cold supply chain logistics. Although recent advancements have demonstrated the promise of lyophilization, the choice of lyoprotectant is predominately focused on sucrose, and there remains a gap in comprehensive evaluation and comparison of lyoprotectants and buffers. Here, we aim to systematically investigate the impact of a diverse range of excipients including oligosaccharides, polymers, amino acids, and various buffers, on the quality and performance of lyophilized mRNA-LNPs. From the screening of 45 mRNA-LNP formulations under various lyoprotectant and buffer conditions for lyophilization, we identified previously unexplored formulation compositions, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in Tris or acetate buffers, as promising alternatives to the commonly used oligosaccharides to maintain the physicochemical stability of lyophilized mRNA-LNPs. Further, we delved into how physicochemical and structural properties influence the functionality of lyophilized mRNA-LNPs. Leveraging high-throughput small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), we showed that there is complex interplay between mRNA-LNP structural features and cellular translation efficacy. We also assessed innate immune responses of the screened mRNA-LNPs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and showed minimal alterations of cytokine secretion profiles induced by lyophilized formulations. Our results provide valuable insights into the structure-activity relationship of lyophilized formulations of mRNA-LNP therapeutics, paving the way for rational design of these formulations. This work creates a foundation for a comprehensive understanding of mRNA-LNP properties and in vitro performance change resulting from lyophilization.

Pressure-Induced Re-Entrant Superconductivity in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide TiSe2.

Transition metal dichalcogenide TiSe2 exhibits a superconducting dome within a low pressure range of 2-4GPa, which peaks with the maximal transition temperature Tc of ≈1.8 K. Here it is reported that applying high pressure induces a new superconducting state in TiSe2, which starts at ≈16GPa with a substantially higher Tc that reaches 5.6 K at ≈21.5GPa with no sign of decline. Combining high-throughput first-principles structure search, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy measurements up to 30GPa, It is found that TiSe2 undergoes a first-order structural transition from the 1T phase under ambient pressure to a new 4O phase under high pressure. Comparative ab initio calculations reveal that while the conventional phonon-mediated pairing mechanism may account for the superconductivity observed in 1T-TiSe2 under low pressure, the electron-phonon coupling of 4O-TiSe2 is too weak to induce a superconducting state whose transition temperature is as high as 5.6 K under high pressure. The new superconducting state found in pressurized TiSe2 requires further study on its underlying mechanism.

High-throughput and high-resolution powder X-ray diffractometer consisting of six sets of 2D CdTe detectors with variable sample-to-detector distance and innovative automation system.

The demand for powder X-ray diffraction analysis continues to increase in a variety of scientific fields, as the excellent beam quality of high-brightness synchrotron light sources enables the acquisition of high-quality measurement data with high intensity and angular resolution. Synchrotron powder diffraction has enabled the rapid measurement of many samples and various in situ/operando experiments in nonambient sample environments. To meet the demands for even higher throughput measurements using high-energy X-rays at SPring-8, a high-throughput and high-resolution powder diffraction system has been developed. This system is combined with six sets of two-dimensional (2D) CdTe detectors for high-energy X-rays, and various automation systems, including a system for automatic switching among large sample environmental equipment, have been developed in the third experimental hutch of the insertion device beamline BL13XU at SPring-8. In this diffractometer system, high-brilliance and high-energy X-rays ranging from 16 to 72 keV are available. The powder diffraction data measured under ambient and various nonambient conditions can be analysed using Rietveld refinement and the pair distribution function. Using the 2D CdTe detectors with variable sample-to-detector distance, three types of scan modes have been established: standard, single-step and high-resolution. A major feature is the ability to measure a whole powder pattern with millisecond resolution. Equally important, this system can measure powder diffraction data with high Q exceeding 30 Å-1 within several tens of seconds. This capability is expected to contribute significantly to new research avenues using machine learning and artificial intelligence by utilizing the large amount of data obtained from high-throughput measurements.

Design of RIXS beamline at Shenzhen innovation light facility

An optical design of the RIXS beamline for the Shenzhen Innovation Light Facility (SILF) was reported. The beamline will cover an energy range from 200 to 1500 eV, with three endstations: a Q-RIXS for momentum-dependent high-resolution resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, an e-RIXS for high-throughput resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and an APXPS. All endstations share the same undulator, front end optics and the main branch of beamline until the deflecting mirrors after the monochromator. The Q-RIXS and e-RIXS will be located in two separate branches, while the APXPS endstation is mounted on a free port located right between the exit slit and the refocusing optics for the e-RIXS endstation. This design allows for the mounting of different techniques and the preparation of sample environments without disrupting the operation of the other branch, thus maximizing the utilization of beamtime. The combined energy resolution is expected to be better than 50 meV for Q-RIXS and better than 100 meV for e-RIXS. Once available, it will provide in-demand, versatile and high-quality soft x-ray spectroscopy techniques to users in fields of quantum, energy and surface science.

Chemical screening by time-resolved X-ray scattering to discover allosteric probes

Drug discovery relies on efficient identification of small-molecule leads and their interactions with macromolecular targets. However, understanding how chemotypes impact mechanistically important conformational states often remains secondary among high-throughput discovery methods. Here, we present a conformational discovery pipeline integrating time-resolved, high-throughput small-angle X-ray scattering (TR-HT-SAXS) and classic fragment screening applied to allosteric states of the mitochondrial import oxidoreductase apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). By monitoring oxidized and X-ray-reduced AIF states, TR-HT-SAXS leverages structure and kinetics to generate a multidimensional screening dataset that identifies fragment chemotypes allosterically stimulating AIF dimerization. Fragment-induced dimerization rates, quantified with time-resolved SAXS similarity analysis (kVR), capture structure–activity relationships (SAR) across the top-ranked 4-aminoquinoline chemotype. Crystallized AIF–aminoquinoline complexes validate TR-SAXS-guided SAR, supporting this conformational chemotype for optimization. AIF–aminoquinoline structures and mutational analysis reveal active site F482 as an underappreciated allosteric stabilizer of AIF dimerization. This conformational discovery pipeline illustrates TR-HT-SAXS as an effective technology for targeting chemical leads to important macromolecular states.

VerSoX B07-B: a high-throughput XPS and ambient pressure NEXAFS beamline at Diamond Light Source.

The beamline optics and endstations at branch B of the Versatile Soft X-ray (VerSoX) beamline B07 at Diamond Light Source are described. B07-B provides medium-flux X-rays in the range 45-2200 eV from a bending magnet source, giving access to local electronic structure for atoms of all elements from Li to Y. It has an endstation for high-throughput X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) measurements under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions. B07-B has a second endstation dedicated to NEXAFS at pressures from UHV to ambient pressure (1 atm). The combination of these endstations permits studies of a wide range ofinterfaces and materials. The beamline and endstation designs are discussed in detail, as well as their performance and the commissioning process.

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) and New Directions for the Future

An observatory dedicated to X-ray polarimetry has been operational since 9 December 2021. The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), a collaboration between NASA and ASI, features three X-ray telescopes equipped with detectors sensitive to linear polarization set to 120°. This marks the first instance of a three-telescope SMEX mission. Upon reaching orbit, an extending boom was deployed, extending the optics and detector to a focal length of 4 m. IXPE targets each celestial source through dithering observations. This method is essential for supporting on-ground calibrations by averaging the detector’s response across a section of its sensitive plane. The spacecraft supplies power, enables attitude determination for subsequent on-ground attitude reconstruction, and issues control commands. After two years of observation, IXPE has detected significant linear polarization from nearly all classes of celestial sources emitting X-rays. This paper outlines the IXPE mission’s achievements after two years of operation in orbit. In addition, we report developments for future high-throughput X-ray optics that will have much smaller dead-times by using a new generation of Applied Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC), and may provide 3D reconstruction of photo-electron tracks.

Matching ROY crystal structures to high-throughput PXRD

The variable-cell experimental powder difference (VC-xPWDF) method allows matching of high-throughput powder X-ray diffractograms of ROY to candidate crystal structures.

A high-throughput 3D X-ray histology facility for biomedical research and preclinical applications

Background The University of Southampton, in collaboration with the University Hospital Southampton (UHS) NHS Foundation Trust and industrial partners, has been at the forefront of developing three-dimensional (3D) imaging workflows using X-ray microfocus computed tomography (μCT) -based technology. This article presents the outcomes of these endeavours and highlights the distinctive characteristics of a μCT facility tailored explicitly for 3D X-ray Histology, with a primary focus on applications in biomedical research and preclinical and clinical studies. Methods The UHS houses a unique 3D X-ray Histology (XRH) facility, offering a range of services to national and international clients. The facility employs specialised μCT equipment explicitly designed for histology applications, allowing whole-block XRH imaging of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. It also enables correlative imaging by combining μCT imaging with other microscopy techniques, such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, as well as data visualisation, image quantification, and bespoke analysis. Results Over the past seven years, the XRH facility has successfully completed over 120 projects in collaboration with researchers from 60 affiliations, resulting in numerous published manuscripts and conference proceedings. The facility has streamlined the μCT imaging process, improving productivity and enabling efficient acquisition of 3D datasets. Discussion & Conclusions The 3D X-ray Histology (XRH) facility at UHS is a pioneering platform in the field of histology and biomedical imaging. To the best of our knowledge, it stands out as the world's first dedicated XRH facility, encompassing every aspect of the imaging process, from user support to data generation, analysis, training, archiving, and metadata generation. This article serves as a comprehensive guide for establishing similar XRH facilities, covering key aspects of facility setup and operation. Researchers and institutions interested in developing state-of-the-art histology and imaging facilities can utilise this resource to explore new frontiers in their research and discoveries.

Exploring high-throughput synchrotron X-Ray powder diffraction for the structural analysis of pharmaceuticals

Synchrotron radiation offers a host of advanced properties, surpassing conventional laboratory sources with its high brightness, tunable phonon energy, photon beam coherence for advanced X-ray imaging, and a structured time profile, ideal for capturing dynamic atomic and molecular processes. However, these benefits come at the cost of operational complexity and expenses. Three decades ago, synchrotron radiation facilities, while technically open to all scientists, primarily served a limited community. Despite substantial accessibility improvements over the past two decades, synchrotron measurements still do not qualify as routine analyses. The intrinsic complexity of synchrotron science means experiments are pursued only when no alternatives suffice. In recent years, strides have been made in technology transfer offices, intermediate synchrotron-based analytical service companies, and the development of high-throughput synchrotron systems at various facilities, reshaping the perception of synchrotron science. This article investigates the practical application of synchrotron X-Ray Powder Diffraction (s-XRPD) techniques in pharmaceutical analysis. By utilizing concrete examples, we demonstrate how high-throughput systems have the potential to revolutionize s-XRPD applications in the pharmaceutical industry, rapidly generating XRPD patterns of comparable or superior quality to those obtained in state-of-the-art laboratory XRPD, all in less than 5 s. Additional cases featuring well-established pharmaceutical active ingredients (API) and excipients substantiate the concept of high throughput in pharmaceuticals, affirming data quality through structural refinements aligned with literature-derived unit cell parameters. Synchrotron data need not always be state-of-the-art to compete with lab-XRPD data. The key lies in ensuring user-friendliness, reproducibility, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and the streamlined efforts associated with synchrotron instrumentation to remain highly competitive with their laboratory counterparts.

Inverse Cubic and Hexagonal Mesophase Evolution within Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles Correlates with mRNA Transfection in Macrophages.

mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) technology presents enormous opportunities to prevent and treat various diseases. Here, we developed a novel series of LNPs containing ionizable amino-lipids showing a remarkable array of tunable and pH-sensitive lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases including the inverse bicontinuous cubic and hexagonal phases characterized by high-throughput synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering. Furthermore, with an interest in developing mRNA therapeutics for lung macrophage targeting, we discovered that there is a strong correlation between the mesophase transition of the LNPs during acidification and the macrophage association/transfection efficiency of mRNAs. The slight molecular structural differences between the SM-102 and ALC-0315 ionizable lipids are linked to the LNP's ability to transform their internal structures from an amorphous state to the inverse micellar, hexagonal, and finally cubic structures during endosomal maturation. SM-102 LNPs showed exceptionally improved transfection efficiency due to their ability to form a cubic structure at a lower pH than the ALC-0315 analogues, which remained within the hexagonal structure, previously attributed to promoting endosomal escape of the ionizable LNPs. Overall, the new knowledge draws our attention to the important role of mesophase transition in endosomal escape, and the novel LNP libraries reported herein have broad prospects for advancing mRNA therapeutics.

Remote and automated high-throughput powder diffraction measurements enabled by a robotic sample changer at SSRL beamline 2-1.

The general-purpose powder diffractometer beamline (BL2-1) at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) is described. The evolution of design and performance of BL2-1 are presented, in addition to current operating specifications, applications and measurement capabilities. Recent developments involve a robotic sample changer enabling high-throughput X-ray diffraction measurements, applicable to mail-in and remote operations. In situ and operando capabilities to measure samples with different form factors (e.g. capillary, flat plate or thin film, and transmission) and under variable experimental conditions are discussed. Several example datasets and accompanying Rietveld refinements are presented.

A high-throughput 3D X-ray histology facility for biomedical research and preclinical applications.

The University of Southampton, in collaboration with the University Hospital Southampton (UHS) NHS Foundation Trust and industrial partners, has been at the forefront of developing three-dimensional (3D) imaging workflows using X-ray microfocus computed tomography (μCT) -based technology. This article presents the outcomes of these endeavours and highlights the distinctive characteristics of a μCT facility tailored explicitly for 3D X-ray Histology, with a primary focus on applications in biomedical research and preclinical and clinical studies. The UHS houses a unique 3D X-ray Histology (XRH) facility, offering a range of services to national and international clients. The facility employs specialised μCT equipment explicitly designed for histology applications, allowing whole-block XRH imaging of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. It also enables correlative imaging by combining μCT imaging with other microscopy techniques, such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, as well as data visualisation, image quantification, and bespoke analysis. Over the past seven years, the XRH facility has successfully completed over 120 projects in collaboration with researchers from 60 affiliations, resulting in numerous published manuscripts and conference proceedings. The facility has streamlined the μCT imaging process, improving productivity and enabling efficient acquisition of 3D datasets. The 3D X-ray Histology (XRH) facility at UHS is a pioneering platform in the field of histology and biomedical imaging. To the best of our knowledge, it stands out as the world's first dedicated XRH facility, encompassing every aspect of the imaging process, from user support to data generation, analysis, training, archiving, and metadata generation. This article serves as a comprehensive guide for establishing similar XRH facilities, covering key aspects of facility setup and operation. Researchers and institutions interested in developing state-of-the-art histology and imaging facilities can utilise this resource to explore new frontiers in their research and discoveries.

Non-destructive internal disorder segmentation in pear fruit by X-ray radiography and AI

A particular challenge for food quality inspection remains the quantification of internal defects. This work addresses the challenge of internal defects segmentation in pear fruit (cv. Conference) based on high-throughput inline X-ray radiography images in combination with deep learning. Unlike previous approaches, which focused on healthy vs defect classification, the current segmentation approach is able to determine the type of defect, its dimensions, and location. To this end, a novel simulation method was designed to obtain input-target image pairs of radiography data, and more diverse defect pears were generated using a conditioned generator model. The obtained data contributed to the design of a segmentation model that labeled every pixel in the X-ray radiographs of pear fruit as ‘external air’, ‘healthy tissue’, ‘core’, ‘browning’, or ‘cavity’. We demonstrated that additional synthetic data in the learning process drastically improved the model performance. For instance, the mean IoU increased from 0.781 ± 0.112 to 0.883 ± 0.088 for consumable pears with minor cavities and browning. In terms of utility, our segmentation maps provide more detailed information about the type, size, and location of the disorders compared to the heatmaps produced by existing benchmark classifiers.

High-throughput methodology for the realization of high-entropy sub-nm equivalent-oxide-thickness high-dielectric-constant Ba(Ti,Zr,Ta,Hf,Mo)O3 film-based metal-oxide-semiconductor-related devices

This paper reports the use of a high-throughput sputtering technique for the fabrication of high-entropy high-dielectric-constant (high-k) Ba(Ti,Zr,Ta,Hf,Mo)O3 film libraries on Si substrates and sub-nm equivalent-oxide-thickness (EOT) metal−oxide−semiconductor (MOS) devices and metal−oxide−semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The elemental variations and amorphous microstructures are characterized using high-throughput X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The film library was patterned into 100 MOS configurations and the films with (Ba + Ti) = 0.41−0.47 at.%, (Mo + Zr) = 0.28−0.34 at.%, and (Ta + Hf) = 0.23−0.3 at.% exhibited favorably high k (325−374) and low tan δ (0.01−0.08) values with an impressive EOT ≈ 0.8−0.94 nm. The resulting MOSFETs after the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) exhibited excellent characteristics: an on/off current ratio of 8 × 106, saturated field-effect mobility of 138.4 cm2 V−1 s−1, a threshold voltage (VT) of 0.03 V, a subthreshold swing of 0.062 V⋅dec−1, and low interfacial defects of approximately 5.6 × 1010 eV cm−2. Small ΔVT and negligible changes in the maximum drain current were observed for the MOSFETs under various positive and negative gate-bias stress conditions before and after the RTA. Our devices outperformed various reported transistors, indicating the potential of the Ba(Ti,Zr,Ta,Hf,Mo)O3 films for use in a gate-first process for advanced gate stack-related devices.

High-throughput small-angle X-ray scattering (HT-SAXS) pipeline for lipid nanoparticle (LNP) development on the SIBYLS beamline

High-throughput small-angle X-ray scattering (HT-SAXS) pipeline for lipid nanoparticle (LNP) development on the SIBYLS beamline

Comparative Analysis of the Elementary and Amino Acid Composition of Nepeta olgae Regel L. Plants Growing in Uzbekistan


 This article for the first time presents the results of the study of qualitative and quantitative elemental and amino acid composition of the aboveground part of the plant Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) taken in the territory of Chust and Kosonsai districts (from the slopes of Gova and Kosonsai mountains) of Namangan region during the period before and during flowering (May-June, 2021-2022).
 The use of instrumental analysis of high-throughput energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, allowed to establish 20 mineral elements in the plant Nepeta olgae Regel (L.), among which to vital 9 elements and 3 to conditionally necessary.
 The amino acid composition of the plant Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) was studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 17 compounds were identified. Of these, 8 were substitutable and 9 essential amino acids.