Higher Tensile Strength Values Research Articles

Application of Tegeran (Maclura cochinchinensis) bark as natural tanning agent for the quality of tilapia fish skin

Chrome is a tanning material that is very harmful to the environment hence its role is being replaced with vegetable tanning materials. One of the natural ingredients that contain tannin is Tegeran (M. cochinchinensis) wood. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of M. cochinchinensis as natural tanning agent for tilapia fish skin. Tannin contained in the M. cochinchinensis was being extracted using three solvents: water, ethanol, and water-ethanol (1:1). The composition of the material and the solvent was 1:4. It was heated in the waterbath at temperature 70 °C for 3 hours. The results showed that the use of M. cochinchinensis as natural tanning agent could at once gave unique color to the tanned fish skin. The average of shrinkage temperature was 78.11°C. Leather tanned with M. cochinchinensis that was extracted with water showed higher value of tensile strength and tear strength than those with ethanol and water-ethanol.

Influence of nanofillers on the properties of siloxane elastomers

In this study, the influence of nanosilicon(IV)-oxide (with hydrophobic and hydrophilic functionalized surfaces) on the properties of siloxane elastomers was studied. The elastomers were prepared from vinyl and hydrogen oligosiloxanes, while the nanocomposites were obtained by addition of nanofillers at different concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 20 wt%). The chemical structure of the obtained materials was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed good dispersion of the hydrophobic filler within the polymer matrix, while the hydrophilic filler formed a net on the siloxane sample. Type of the filler modification did not affect hardness of the siloxane hybrid materials, while the samples with the highest content of hydrophobic nanosilica have shown the highest value of tensile strength. Influence of the nanosilica type on thermal degradation of elastomeric materials was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis, while the influence of the fillers on the phase transition temperature was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. Lower compatibility of the hydrophobic matrix and hydrophilic filler caused a decrease in the crystalline melting temperature with the lowest value determined for the sample with the highest filler loading. Increase in the nanofiller content resulted in the improved thermal stability of the obtained hybrid materials.

Влияние отжига и дополнительной деформации на механические свойства ультрамелкозернистого сплава Al-1.5Cu

The mechanical properties of the ultrafine-grained (UFG) Al–1.5Cu (wt.%) alloy were investigated. The UFG structure was obtained using high pressure torsion (HPT) technique. UFG alloy demonstrates high values of microhardness (1690 MPa), yield strength (515 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (655 MPa), but low ductility (~3%). Subsequent short-term annealing at 150 °C and additional HPT deformation to 0.25 rotations resulted in some decrease in ultimate tensile strength to 450 MPa, which was ~70% of the value before annealing but provided high ductility (~22%). The results suggests a high potential for practical application of the material. The proposed approach can be an universal effective way to achieve combination of high strength and high ductility for various UFG materials.

Assessment of Some Basic Engineering Properties of Fibres Extracted from <i>Thaumatococcus danielli</i> Plant

The use of natural fibres either as reinforcement in polymer composites or as stand-alone material in engineering and construction is continuously gaining more attention. This study assesses some basic engineering properties of fibres extracted from thaumatococcus daniellii plant using topbond and evo-stik as adhesives. A total of 340 individual samples were weaved into sizes of 15 cm by 15 cm and glued together to a thickness of 2.5 cm from two fibre types of different texture and structure derived from thaumatococcus daniellii plant. Some of the samples were selected for alkali and acetylation treatments to improve their strength and were thereafter subjected to basic engineering tests such as water absorption, flexural strength, fire resistance and tensile strength tests. The test results show that the average water absorption rate of the treated materials glued with topbond for Material A possesses a lower percentage of 19.61% than 51.41% for treated materials glued with topbond for Material B. Material with evo-stik as adhesives has an extremely high water absorbing capacity. The average flexural strength of 103.50 Mpa for treated and topbond glued Material A is higher than 73.07 Mpa for treated Material B and other untreated materials. Material A exhibits better fire resistance property than Material B, as it takes the latter longer time for ignition to occur during the test. Although, Material B give higher tensile strength values than Material A but with insignificant difference. The comparison between the two materials given due consideration to the adhesives used shows some correlation in their properties. However, Material A gives more satisfactory results than Material B hence making it the best choice of material from the two fibres extracted from the plant.

The Effect of pre-aging treatments on Tensile Properties and Hardness for Aluminum Alloys

Abstract— In this research the effect of artificial aging on tensile strength and hardness for Al-Mg-Si (6061 Aluminum alloy) was study, samples from 6061 alloy were submitted to one step artificial aging for different temperatures, while others samples were submitted to two steps artificial aging (where there is a first stage as pre-aging) in descending and ascending modes. The results showed that the highest tensile strength values were reached 214.7 [N/mm2] and hardness were reached 220 [HB] for 6061 Aluminum alloy when the samples were treated by one-step ageing in 190 [°C] for 3 [hour]. While tensile strength and hardness values of samples treated by two-step ageing were slightly higher than these values when the samples was aged at one stage. Where the maximum values of tensile strength was 215 [N/mm2] and for hardness was 227 [HB] when the 6061 alloy treated with two-step ageing the first one in 175 [°C] for 2 [hour] and the second one in 205 [°C] for 1 [hour].

TENSILE STRENGTH OF BONDING MATERIAL TO DENTINE USING WATER-WET AND ETHANOL-WET TECHNIQUES

Background: Composite resins have hydrophobic properties so it cannot attach to dentine. Moist dentin is a normal condition caused by the presence of fluid in dentinal tubules. Therefore bonding material is required to bond dentine with composite. Water-wet technique is a technique in which dentine surface is rinsed after etching by using water and allowing it to be moist and prevent the collapse of dentine collagen fibrils. This technique is commonly used today, but excess water disturbs the effectiveness of dentine and bonding material attachment. Ethanol-wet technique is a technique in which ethanol is used to replace water before bonding to reduce excess water in dentine surface. This technique will initiate monomer penetration into interfibrillar space of dentine. It will affect the result of tensile strength test. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare tensile strength of bonding material to dentine using water-wet and ethanol-wet techniques. Method: 12 samples of bovine incisors teeth were randomly divided into 2 group. Each group consists of six samples. Group 1 was treated with water-wet technique and group 2 was treated with ethanol-wet technique. Autograph was used as a tensile strength test instrument. Result : The average of tensile strength using water-wet technique was 2,16067 MPa and ethanol-wet technique was 4,21900 MPa. Conclusion: Ethanol-wet technique have higher value of tensile strength than water-wet technique.

Mechanical properties and microstructural characterization of a novel 316L austenitic stainless steel coating on A516 Grade 70 carbon steel weld

The aim of this work is to characterize properties and microstructure of AISI 316L stainless steel used as a coating on welding of carbon steel sheets. Two carbon steel plates were set as the metal base and the stainless steel coating was applied on the weld bead. The applied process used was the submerged arc welding (SAW) and tests were carried out for the tensile strength and Vickers hardness, in addition to observation of the microstructure by optical microscopy. The results indicated that the stainless-steel coating applied on the weld bead provided relatively high values of tensile strength. Moreover, the hardness values suggest that the investigated innovative material can be applied in corrosive environments.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH DAUN NANAS (Ananas comosus) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE

Biodegradable plastic (bioplastics) is a polymer that can be degraded and made from renewable sources, including cellulose obtained from pineapple leaves. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanical properties of bioplastics from cellulose, determine the optimum conditions based on the concentration of chitosan variations on cellulose solution and the addition of glycerol plasticizers to the mechanical properties of biodegradable plastic produced. This study begins with the manufacture of cellulose from pineapple leaves through a process of delignification and bleaching and then making biodegradable plastic 1% cellulose raw material with a variation of chitosan with a variation of 1%; 2%; 3% and the addition of plasticizer glycerol 1%, 2% and 3% (v/v). The results obtained will be observed by tensile tests, SEM tests, swelling tests, and biodegradation. The results obtained in the morphological test with the SEM test showed that cellulose was not evenly distributed. The tensile strength test for the addition of chitosan showed that the concentration of 3% had the highest tensile strength value of 11.8 MPa while the tensile strength of the addition of glycerol showed that the concentration of 3% had the highest tensile strength value of 3.6 MPa. The swelling test shows that glycerol concentration influences biodegradable plastic water resistance and glycerol 3% has the highest percentage of water resistance, 16.6%. In the biodegradable plastic degradation test with 3% glycerol experiencing the fastest degradation, this shows that glycerol has an effect on biodegradable plastic degradation

Microstructural and Mechanical behaviour of Nickel Aluminum Bronze alloys

The present investigation reports on microstructure and mechanical characterization of permanent and shell moulded Nickel Aluminum Bronze alloy Castings (NAB) (AB2) melted in Medium Frequency coreless Induction furnace. The mechanical properties studied consisted of Tensile strength, Yield Strength, ductility on one hand, Optical microscopy and grain size measurements on the other. Effect of zirconium addition on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of Permanent and shell moulded castings have been studied. The results of this investigation reveal that microstructures consisted of dispersed particles in the matrix of copper solid solution both in permanent and shell moulded castings. Shell moulded castings exhibited extensive grain refinement compared to Permanent moulded castings. Very high values of Tensile Strength, Yield strength and Elongation values are obtained for the Nickel Aluminum Bronze alloys. Shell moulded castings have exhibited superior mechanical properties than Permanent moulded castings in all the characteristic/property values obtained.

Rubber Magnetic Composites Cross-Linked with Peroxide Curing Systems

Styrene–butadiene rubber and acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber as elastomer matrices were filled with barium ferrite in order to prepare rubber magnetic composites. For cross-linking of rubber compounds, peroxide curing systems consisting of dicumyl peroxide as curing agent and four types of low molecular weight organic compounds as co-agents were used. The work was focused on the investigation of different types of co-agents on the cross-linking, physical-mechanical and magnetic properties of the prepared composites. The results revealed that the type and amount of co-agent has no influence on magnetic characteristics of composites. On the other hand, cross-link density and physical-mechanical properties were significantly dependent on the composition of curing system. Co-agents contribute to the improvement of adhesion on the interphase filler-rubber. Considering the type of rubber matrix, higher values of tensile strength exhibited composites based on acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber. As magnetic filler and co-agents are polar materials, their compatibility with polar elastomers like acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber is much higher when compared to no-polar elastomers like styrene–butadiene rubber.

The Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Spot Welded (FSSW) AA7075-T6 Aluminium Alloy Sheets

In this study, the effect of tool rotation speed on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) AA 7075-T6 aluminum alloy plates was investigated. Aluminum alloy plates were joined by FSSW using welding parameters consisting of three different rotation speeds of 1040, 1320 and 1500 rpm and a constant insertion depth of 3.2 mm. In spot welded specimens, the highest tensile strength value (6200 N) was obtained in plates welded at a tool rotation speed of 1500 rpm. The data obtained from the metallographic analysis are compatible with the tensile test results. Metallographic investigations demonstrated that there was a small amount of porosity in the welding zone of the specimens jointed at 1500 rpm.

Addition of Serbitol in Biodegradable Plastic Cateristics from Janeng

The manufacture of biodegradable plastic film has been carried out using starch janeng which functions as the main raw material, water that functions as a solvent, and serbitol which functions as a plasticizer. Janeng is chosen as a raw material for making plastic because in addition to being easy to obtain and low in price, its use is still very minimal when compared to other plants which are the staple food of the community, such as rice, corn, potatoes, wheat, and so on. This study aims to make plastic that can reduce the environmental impact by looking at the influence of the plasticizer used on the mechanical properties of the film, the absorption capacity of water, and the decomposition rate of the plastic.Theplasticizerusedissorbitolwith a weight concentration of 1 ml, 3 ml, and 6 ml of the total weight, and the weight ratio of sago starch and water is 1 g, 3 g, and 6 g. Testing of mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) using Universal Testing Machines Electronic System, testing water absorption is done by immersing the film in water for 24 hours, and decomposition rate testing is done by burying the film into the ground. The results showed that the highest tensile strength values were obtained at a concentration of 3 ml of serbitol with a weight ratio of 3 g of starch with a yield of 3.2 kgf/cm 2, whereas the highest percentage of elongation was obtained at a concentration of 6 ml of serbitolwith a ratio of weight of 1 g of starch to yield 3, 9%. The lowest water absorption was obtained in the composition of 1 ml of serbitol with a weight ratio of 1 gram of starch, which was 2.7%, and the decomposition process occurred for 27 to 33 days.

Selective Laser Melting of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205: Effect of Post-Processing Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly growing field of technology. In order to increase the variety of metal alloys applicable for AM, selective laser melting (SLM) of duplex stainless steel 2205 powder and the resulting microstructure, density, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance were investigated. An optimal set of processing parameters for producing high density (>99.9%) material was established. Various post-processing heat treatments were applied on the as-built predominantly ferritic material to achieve the desired dual-phase microstructure. Effects of annealing at temperatures of 950 °C, 1000 °C, 1050 °C, and 1100 °C on microstructure, crystallographic texture, and phase balance were examined. As a result of annealing, 40–46 vol.% of austenite phase was formed. Annealing decreased the high yield and tensile strength values of the as-built material, but significantly increased the ductility. Annealing also decreased the residual stresses in the material. Mechanical properties of the SLM-processed and heat-treated materials outperformed those of conventionally produced alloy counterparts. Using a scanning strategy with 66° rotation between layers decreased the strength of the crystallographic texture. Electrochemical cyclic potentiodynamic polarization testing in 0.6 M NaCl solution at room temperature showed that the heat treatment improved the pitting corrosion resistance of the as-built SLM-processed material.

A comparative study of tensile strength of Cf/SiC composites having single layer and multilayer interphases

Tensile behaviour of stitched 2D carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (Cf/SiC) composites having variable interphases was studied in detail. Two types of interphases (single layer of pyrocarbon interphase and multilayers of pyrocarbon/silicon carbide) were deposited initially on the carbon fiber preforms followed by silicon carbide matrix infiltration. Multilayer interphase was deposited for two different durations. Cf/SiC composites were prepared by isothermal chemical vapour infiltration (ICVI) technique. The as-cut and silicon carbide seal coated samples were subjected to tensile tests in air at room temperature and at 1200 °C. The effect of seal coating and type of interphase on the tensile properties was studied. It was observed that the composites (in uncoated and seal coated condition) with multilayer interphase showed higher values of tensile strength at both the test temperatures as compared to single layer interphase. Also, the composites fabricated with multilayer interphase deposition for longer duration showed highest values of tensile strength at both the test temperatures. The fractured regions of tensile tested samples were analyzed in detail by SEM in order to understand microstructure-property relationships.

Mechanical and magnetic properties of flexible magnet Ba-hexa Ferrite

A Flexible magnet was made by using magnetic particle of Ba-Ferrite (BaFe12O19) and silicon rubber binder with composition 15%, 25%, 35 % and 45% wt of silicon rubber (SR). Both raw materials are mixed until homogen and then formed by casting method. Furthermore the samples which have been formed in sheet form were dried at room temperature for 4 hours. Characterization of samples was carried out which included tensile strength testing, elonggation measurements, hardness and magnetic properties using VSM. Based on tensile strength measurement result that the increasing of SR composition hence value of tensile strength and percent elongation tends to increase . Samples with a composition of 45% SR have the highest value of tensile strength (11.50 MPa) and percent elongation (111%). The hardness value tends to decrease with increasing of silicon rubber content, more higher silicon rubber content, the sample tends become soft and more lower silicon rubber content, the sample tends become hard. The result from BH-curve shows that the highest value of remanence about 55 emu/g is at sample with 15 % wt. of silicon rubber, but sample with 45 % wt. of silicon rubber has lowest value of remanance about 21.40 emu/g. Based on the observation of the SEM photograph shown that the rubber material has been successfully covered the whole surface of the grain and fill some of the voids that are in the grain boundary.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Friction-welded AISI 304 with AISI 430 Dissimilar Steels

In this paper, standard SS304 austenitic stainless steel and SS430 ferritic steel cylindrical rods were fabricated by friction welding process by varying the frictional pressure and forge pressure in order to understand the effect of process parameter. The tensile strength and Vickers micro hardness tests were conducted for each fabricated joint to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welded specimen. It was found that sample S5 with friction pressure of 90 MPa and forging Pressure of 120 MPa has the high tensile strength value of 637 MPa and 372HV at the interface region. A detailed microstructural analysis was performed at the interface to reveal interconnecting of dissimilar metals.

Improved structure-stability and packaging characters of crosslinked collagen fiber-based film with casein, keratin and SPI.

To improve the structure-stability and packing characters of collagen fiber, we manufactured crosslinked collagen fiber (CColF)-based edible films using transglutaminase (TGase). Then we made a comparison on structure-stability and packing characteristics among the CColF-based films loaded with casein (CN), keratin (KRT) and soy protein isolate (SPI), respectively. Observed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the CColF loaded with CN, KRT and SPI showed some unique morphology of the additional proteins. The CColF-protein films performed better packing characteristics including barrier properties, mechanical properties and thermal-stability properties, compared with CColF films. Importantly, with 500 g kg-1 CN (of CColF) addition, CColF-based films possessed a greater thermal stability than the other films judged from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Meanwhile, the CColF loaded with 100 g kg-1 CN provided a higher value of tensile strength (TS) and the CColF loaded with 100 g kg-1 KRT showed a higher value in elongation-at-break (EAB) than the other films. In conclusion, the collagen fiber-based edible films with better structure-stability and packing characteristics for food packaging was obtained which could be an advantage to promote the development of the application of collagen in packing products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of carbon black loading on mechanical and rheological properties of natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber/nitrile butadiene rubber blends

This study investigated the effect of carbon black (CB) filler loading on mechanical and rheological properties of natural rubber (NR)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) ternary rubber nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were prepared using a melt mixing method. Four different samples with different filler loadings namely S2 (15 phr), S3 (30 phr), S4 (45 phr), and S5 (60 phr) were prepared in this work. The mechanical properties of these samples were investigated such as tensile strength, stress at 100, 200, and 300% elongations, elongation at break %, tear strength, compression set, compression stress, and crosslink density. Results indicate that minimum torque, maximum torque, tensile strength, stress at 100, 200, and 300% elongations, elongation at break %, tear strength, compression set, compression stress, and crosslink density were increased while the scorch time, cure time, cure rate index, elongation at break %, swelling coefficient, and filler–rubber interaction decrease with increasing CB loading. The higher value of tensile strength for these samples was S4 (loading with 45-phr CB). Therefore, had higher stiffness compared to the other content ratio. Additionally, S4 showed 233.58% increment in tensile strength. These results showed that the optimum filler loading can increase the compatibility between CB and NR/SBR/NBR. These results were confirmed by scanning electron microscope micrography.

Utilization of Rubber Powder of Waste Tyres in Foam Concrete

Abstract Foam concrete or light concrete has become increasingly recognizable in commercial and construction field. Foam concrete is not just light in its weight but also light in cost, as there is no coarse aggregate needed in its production. Application of foam concrete is limited due to the fact that it is not as strong as conventional concrete in terms of strength and rigidness. Therefore, this study is to investigate the potential of foam concrete incorporating with rubber powder of waste tire and admixture as an additive material to improve its strength and workability. Thus, the use of rubber powder in this study could enhance the strength by filling the voids in foam concrete. The amount of rubber powder added as additive in foam concrete is 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. The amount of plasticizers used is limited to less than 0.4% to the weight of cement. The mix design was set to achieve density of 1800kg/m3. The workability of foam concrete is decreasing as the percentage of rubber power was increasing. The foam concrete containing 5%of rubber powder has highest compressive strength with value of 20.6 MPa for 7 days water curing and 22.3 MPa for 28 days water curing. Significantly showing an increase of 1.7 MPa. The highest value of tensile strength for both air curing 7 and 28 days are 1.86 MPa and 1.97 MPa also held by 3% of rubber powder mix. As a conclusion the optimum rubber powder content to be used in foam concrete is 5% that gives the highest results in terms of workability and strength.

Development of bioplastic from wheat Janeng starch for food packaging

Agricultural and industrial products need a high performance of packaging that can preserve its properties in a long period. A high-performance bioplastic was developed in this study from wheat Janeng starch. The bioplastics were prepared by casting on the glass plate and formed by phase inversion method. Bioplastics are made from a mixture of starch and glycerol provides transparent films with high tensile strength and elongation value. The optimum bioplastics compositions were 12 % (w/w) of starch and 5 % (w/w) of glycerol as plasticizer. Glycerol was used as a plasticizer to modify its mechanical properties. The addition of glycerol with the concentration of 5 % (w/w) produced a bioplastic with a high tensile strength of 20.95 kgf/mm2 and 42.69 % of elongation. The bioplastics are made from janeng starch can be used for packaging apples and tomatoes slice with a high protective barrier.