High Tempo Research Articles

Pathogenetic and clinical aspects of interleukin 17 blockade in spondylitis

This article presents analysis of current data highlighted the problem of pathogenic mechanism of the most common spondyloarthritides (SpA) and focused on the pivotal role of interleukin‑17 in immune inflammation realization. Contribution of IL‑17 in mechanism of SpA particularly in different organ damage, in perpetuation of chronic inflammation and in structural progression is discussed. The clinical and experimental evidence of close relationship between IL‑17A levels, on one hand, and disease activity, high tempo of joint and bone affection as well as SpA extra-articular manifestations, on the other, are presented. Contribution of cell-mediated immune response including activated IL‑17A-producing cells to the pathogenesis of different SpA phenotypes is shown. Great attention is paid to the clinical effects of IL‑17A inhibition in Sp A. The results of clinical trials of novel IL‑17A inhibitor netakimab in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis are presented. These data have demonstrated high efficacy and safety of tried preparation used in the regimen 120 mg per 2 weeks. On the basis of performed analysis the key role of IL‑17 in SpA pathogenesis is confirmed and expediency of SpA target therapy with novel IL‑17A inhibitor netakimab is justified.

A Decade of mTBI Experience: What Have We Learned? A Summary of Proceedings From a NATO Lecture Series on Military mTBI.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, also known as a concussion) as a consequence of battlefield blast exposure or blunt force trauma has been of increasing concern to militaries during recent conflicts. This concern is due to the frequency of exposure to improvised explosive devices for forces engaged in operations both in Iraq and Afghanistan coupled with the recognition that mTBI may go unreported or undetected. Blasts can lead to mTBI through a variety of mechanisms. Debate continues as to whether exposure to a primary blast wave alone is sufficient to create brain injury in humans, and if so, exactly how this occurs with an intact skull. Resources dedicated to research in this area have also varied substantially among contributing NATO countries. Most of the research has been conducted in the US, focused on addressing uncertainties in management practices. Development of objective diagnostic tests should be a top priority to facilitate both diagnosis and prognosis, thereby improving management. It is expected that blast exposure and blunt force trauma to the head will continue to be a potential source of injury during future conflicts. An improved understanding of the effects of blast exposure will better enable military medical providers to manage mTBI cases and develop optimal protective measures. Without the immediate pressures that come with a high operational tempo, the time is right to look back at lessons learned, make full use of available data, and modify mitigation strategies with both available evidence and new evidence as it comes to light. Toward that end, leveraging our cooperation with the civilian medical community is critical because the military experience over the past 10 years has led to a renewed interest in many similar issues pertaining to mTBI in the civilian world. Such cross-fertilization of knowledge will undoubtedly benefit all. This paper highlights similarities and differences in approach to mTBI patient care in NATO and partner countries and provides a summary of and lessons learned from a NATO lecture series on the topic of mTBI, demonstrating utility of having patients present their experiences to a medical audience, linking practical clinical care to policy approaches.

Transient mantle cooling linked to regional volcanic shut-down and early rifting in the North Atlantic Igneous Province

The Paleocene to Early Eocene Faroe Islands Basalt Group (FIBG) comprises a c. 6.5-km-thick lava flow–dominated sequence located within the centre of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP). The currently defined pre-breakup and syn-breakup sequences of the FIBG are separated by a significant volcanic hiatus, during which time the coal-bearing Prestfjall Formation was deposited. This major volcanic hiatus is identified across large parts of the NAIP and was preceded on the Faroe Islands by a reduction in eruption rate evidenced by an increased number and thickness of inter-lava sedimentary beds between the simple lava flows of the pre-breakup Beinisvørd Formation. High tempo eruptions resumed after this hiatus with the development of the compound lava flow fields of the Malinstindur Formation which reveal limited evidence for inter-lava breaks. In order to investigate this key transition, flow by flow geochemical sampling of a composite c.1.1-km-thick lava flow sequence spanning this transition were collected and analysed. Three chemically distinct groups are defined based on rare earth elements (REEs) and incompatible trace element signatures. Two high-Ti groups (TiO2 > 2 wt%), B2 and B3, dominate the sampled Beinisvørd Formation and display light REE-enriched signatures (La/YbN c. 2.9–5.9) and evidence for garnet in the source melting region (Dy/YbN c. 1.5–1.6). At the very top of the Beinisvørd Formation, a distinct group of lava flows, B1, displaying lower TiO2 for a given MgO wt% (TiO2 c. 1–2 wt%), weakly light REE-enriched profiles (La/YbN c. 1.7–2.4) and a spinel-dominated mantle melting signature (Dy/YbN c. 1.1–1.2) is identified. Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic signatures for the three groups overlap, revealing limited evidence of crustal contamination, and therefore supporting a mantle melting origin for inter-group variations, rather than source composition or contamination. The group B1 lava flows form a unique stratigraphic occurrence on the islands and provide clear evidence for both a reduction in the initial pressure of melting, alongside an increase in the overall degree of partial melting relative to groups B2 and B3. Increased partial melting is interpreted as evidence for the early onset of rifting and lithospheric thinning to the north of the Faroe Islands. The accompanying reduction in initial pressure of melting provides the first petrological evidence that a transient reduction in mantle temperature leads to the province-wide volcanic hiatus. Our study demonstrates an intimate linkage between rifting history and fluctuations in mantle temperature highlighting that any over-arching model for the evolution of the NAIP must take both into equal account.

Categorical Rhythms Are Shared between Songbirds and Humans

Rhythm is a prominent feature of music. Of the infinite possible ways of organizing events in time, musical rhythms are almost always distributed categorically. Such categories can facilitate the transmission of culture-a feature that songbirds and humans share. We compared rhythms of live performances of music to rhythms of wild thrush nightingale and domestic zebra finch songs. In nightingales, but not in zebra finches, we found universal rhythm categories, with patterns that were surprisingly similar to those of music. Isochronous 1:1 rhythms were similarly common. Interestingly, a bias toward small ratios (around 1:2 to 1:3), which is highly abundant in music, was observed also in thrush nightingale songs. Within that range, however, there was no statistically significant bias toward exact integer ratios (1:2 or 1:3) in the birds. High-ratio rhythms were abundant in the nightingale song and are structurally similar to fusion rhythms (ornaments) in music. In both species, preferred rhythms remained invariant over extended ranges of tempos, indicating natural categories. The number of rhythm categories decreased at higher tempos, with a threshold above which rhythm became highly stereotyped. In thrush nightingales, this threshold occurred at a tempo twice faster than in humans, indicating weaker structural constraints and a remarkable motor proficiency. Together, the results suggest that categorical rhythms reflect similar constraints on learning motor skills across species. The saliency of categorical rhythms across humans and thrush nightingales suggests that they promote, or emerge from, the cultural transmission of learned vocalizations. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Elements of assisted bodily care: Ethical aspects.

Many frail older persons who die in Swedish nursing homes need assisted bodily care. They must surrender their bodies to the authority of assistant nurses, which may affect their autonomy and dignity of identity. While assistant nurses claim to support older persons' wishes, older persons claim they have to adapt to assistant nurses' routines. The provider-receiver incongruence revealed here warrants investigation. To describe the elements of assisted bodily care, as performed in a nursing home. Data were collected through thirty-nine observations of assisted bodily care, analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Seventeen older persons and twenty-two assistant nurses from a Swedish nursing home. The research was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki, further approved by the regional ethics committee. Findings show that assisted bodily care consists of assistant nurses' practical work, performed at a high tempo. Assistant nurses still attempt to adapt this work to the older persons' wishes for self-determination, taking into account their day-to-day state of health. In spite of time pressure and occasional interruptions, there is room for consideration and affection in assisted bodily care. Assistant nurses try to promote older persons' dignity of identity, but sometimes fail, possibly due to lack of time. They nevertheless seem to know the older persons well enough to adapt the assisted bodily care according to their preferences and to support self-determination. This indicates that openness to older persons' lifeworlds may be more important than the amount of time available. Nursing home contexts might benefit from adopting a person-centered palliative care perspective, highlighting the value of relationships and shared decision-making. If so, older persons and assisted nurses could agree on practices and goals in assisted bodily care beforehand. Such routines may be time-saving and beneficial to all.

Mental health problems and suicide in the younger generation - implications for prevention in the Navy and merchant fleet.

Psychologists and psychiatrists worldwide are expressing concerns regarding the growing prevalence of mental health problems and the incidence of suicide in young adults. The reasons are seen in the extremely high tempo of social changes, information pressure, and values evolution in the younger generations, which are exposed to growing inequalities, loneliness and lack of social support. Poverty, social isolation, consumerism, hedonism, and unrealistic expectations of the future generate in the vulnerable part of the young adults inevitable frustrations, which give way to depression, anxiety, addictions, and suicide. This creates additional risks for the situation on board ships, both military and merchant, and requires greater efforts during pre-admission selection and in the course of the service or voyages. Suicides in the Navy are better registered than in the cargo fleet and are lower than in the same age and gender groups from the general population, and usually lower than in other types of forces. Data on suicides in the civilian maritime sector are less conclusive, but suggest it as a growing problem, especially considering stress on board. Recent studies revealed quite a lot of mental health problems in the merchant fleet crews, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. Among the reasons such factor as "flag of convenience" strategy that implies lower standards, recruiting of the less trained and lower-paid workforce, multinational and multilanguage rotating crews, higher workload and stress and insufficient level of the pre-employment medical examination are mentioned. Recent trends in the mental health of the youth demand higher awareness both in the military ships and in the merchant fleet. We consider that more education and training aimed at mental health problems identification and stress-resilience promotion are needed both for the military and civilian staff on board. Better education of the whole personnel and "healthy ship" approach (better recognition of the crew members' needs, attention to mental health problems, nutrition, physical activity, etc.) may be applied both for the Navy and merchant fleet.

Evolution of geodynamics since the Archean: Significant change at the dawn of the Phanerozoic

Abstract A time-series analysis of thermobaric ratios (temperature/pressure [T/P]) for Paleoarchean to Cenozoic metamorphic rocks identified significant shifts in mean T/P that may be related to secular change in the geodynamics on Earth. Thermobaric ratios showed significant (>95% confidence) change points at 1910, 902, 540, and 515 Ma, recording drops in mean T/P, and at 1830, 604, and 525 Ma, recording rises in mean T/P. Highest mean T/P occurred during the Mesoproterozoic, and lowest mean T/P occurred from the Cambrian to the Oligocene. Correlated changes were seen between T/P and global data sets of time-constrained hafnium (Hf) and oxygen (O) isotope compositions in zircon. The range of correlated variation in T/P, Hf, and O was larger during the formation of Rodinia than Columbia. Large changes and a wide range for these variables continued through the Phanerozoic, during which a statistically significant 83 m.y. frequency of T/P excursions recorded the high tempo of orogenic activity associated with the separation, migration, and accretion of continental terranes during the formation of Pangea. Since the early Tonian, the decreasing mean T/P of metamorphism, widespread appearance of blueschist and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism, and wide fluctuations in Hf and O isotope compositions document a change to the modern plate-tectonic regime, characterized by widespread continental subduction and deeper slab breakoff than in the Proterozoic.

Tempo variance and micro-timig pattern on the beat level in the performance of banyeop ‘Nam ha yeo(남하여)’

Banyeop ‘Nam ha yeo’ for female singer (accompanied by daegeum, geomungo, and janggu)is a piece composed of two parts, one of which is different from the other in terms of tempo and mode. Thus, It can be observed what different micro-timing pattern on the beat-level reveals in the temporal fluidity of the 16-beat jangdan according to the change of tempo. The micro-timing on the beat-level is measured by the interval of inter-onsets(IOI) of janggu, and the location of the temporal stresses is observed by comparing IOI values of three performances by the same player. In the high tempo section, the beat tends to be played relatively evenly, but in the slow section, the intervals between beats are much more fluid. Investigating the beats showing the higher IOI-value in all three performances, no change on the micro-timing pattern was found with the change of tempo, and a difference was found between the part of the instrumental music (prelude) and the part including the vocals. In the instrumental part, the metrical structure centered on the 1st beat and 12th beat appears, while grouping structure has a greater influence on shaping time of the performance than metrical structure in the vocal-including part. As a result, the advantage of 12th beat is emphasized, and 3rd or 4th beat became more important than 1st since vocals comes in. In conclusion, we discuss music-theoretical significance of this result, comparing with the results of other studies conducted abroad.

‘Straight and Late’: Analytical Perspectives on Coltrane’s Time-feel

ABSTRACTThis paper examines aspects of Coltrane’s rhythm by adopting a relatively simple model of expressive micro-timing (“time-feel”), wherein swing (the symmetry of the offbeat subdivision) is treated as a discrete parameter for each ensemble member and is kept distinct from latency – the relative micro-rhythmic placement of each player’s onbeats. The interaction of these two parameters is examined in the context of original analyses from Coltrane’s repertoire, with the micro-rhythmic placements of onsets in Coltrane’s ensemble visualized in linear, planar and – similar to those conceived by Charles Mingus1 and employed analytically by Fernando Benadon2 – circular representations at the tactus level. Coltrane’s characteristically straight-and-late eighth feel3 is here seen not just as a solution to creating a swung offbeat at high tempos, but as a dynamic expressive mechanism, with the ability to move from a high swing value to a behind-the-beat straight feel in varying consonance and friction with his ensemble’s onbeat and offbeat placement. This perspective offers novel analytical and pedagogical approaches, as well as an insight into an otherwise hidden facet of Coltrane’s virtuosity.

Facing Adversity and Factors Affecting Resilience: A Qualitative Analysis of the Lived Experiences of Canadian Special Operations Forces.

Special Operations Forces (SOF) personnel are required to withstand considerable physical and psychological hardship. Research examining resilience and mental health among SOF personnel is limited and has provided mixed results; in addition, minimal research has been undertaken on the subjective experiences of adversity and the process of resilience among SOF personnel. This unique qualitative study describes the lived experience of Canadian SOF personnel, the challenges they face, and the factors they believe impact their resilience. Seventy Canadian SOF personnel participated in in-depth, semistructured interviews. A thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that operational demands, paired with an organizational culture of performance, were important stressors for most participants, negatively affecting both themselves and their families. SOF organizations select members with resilient characteristics; however, the same characteristics that make these members resilient also lead to self-imposed pressure to perform and avoid taking time for proper recovery. Team members were reported to help such members process difficult or traumatic experiences and facilitate their seeking care. Findings provide insight into the adverse experiences that participants encountered while serving in an SOF organization and the intertwined individual, social, and organizational factors affecting their resilience. Results point to the importance of managing and mitigating the impact of high operational tempo and a culture of performance to protect the health and wellness of SOF personnel and their families.

МОРСКОЙ ТРАНСПОРТ ЯПОНИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

The process of globalization which today engulfed the majority of world countries, is most closely related to the development of international transportation infrastructure and, in the first turn, of maritime transport, which have the significant portion of cargo transportation service. The maritime transport is the important instrument of these processes. Simultaneously the high tempos of the international cooperation force to search for the new ways of upgrading the efficiency with the aim to satisfy the time demands. Starting from this fact there is observed the appearance of international transportation corridors and innovations based on the recent science and technology achievements. The international freight transportation of Japan is dominated by maritime transport. The volume of cargo carried by Japanese shipping vessels increased enormously during globalization. But the railway and automobile transport corridor between Japan and Russia will do much to upgrade the efficiency of Eurasia cargo service.

Nonparametric Tests for Purity of Low Statistics Data

The nonparametric methods are most suitable for tasks facing the uncertainty or complexity of models and the small statistics of the analyzed data. They are irreplaceable in those cases when high tempo of the analysis is required.

The Semantics of Virtuosity in Genre-Stylistic System of C. Saint-Saëns’s Album for Piano op. 72

The Semantics of Virtuosity in Genre-Stylistic System of C. Saint-Saëns’s Album for Piano op. 72

Metabolic Demands of Yoga at Varying Tempos and Compared With Walking.

Yoga is a popular alternative to walking, but the tempo at which asanas must be performed to elicit comparable metabolic and cardiorespiratory demands is unknown. Therefore, the authors aim to compare the metabolic demands of moderate-intensity walking to Surya Namaskar yoga performed at varying tempos. Inactive obese adults with limited prior yoga experience (n = 10) completed 10 minutes of treadmill walking at a self-selected pace (rating of perceived exertion = 12-13) and three, 10-minute bouts of yoga at a low (6s/pose; LSUN), medium (4s/pose; MSUN), and high (3s/pose; HSUN) tempo with 10-minutes rest between exercise bouts. Mean metabolic equivalents observed in MSUN (3.64 [0.607]), HSUN (4.22 [0.459]), and treadmill (5.29 [1.147]) were greater than 3.0 (P ≤ .01), but not LSUN (3.28 [0.529], P = .13). Treadmill elicited greater caloric and kilocaloric expenditure (1.36 [0.23]L·min-1; 64 [11] kcal) than LSUN (0.87 [0.24]L·min-1; 39 [11]kcal) and MSUN (1.00 [0.29]L·min-1; 45 [13]kcal) (P ≤ .01). Absolute V˙O2 between yoga tempos were not different, but relative V˙O2 was higher in HSUN (14.89 [1.74]mL·min-1·kg) versus LSUN (11.39 [1.83]mL·min-1·kg) (P = .02). Yoga can meet (LSUN) or exceed (MSUN and HSUN) moderate-intensity exercise recommendations. For unfit or obese populations, varying tempos of yoga practice may serve as a lower-impact option for beginning an exercise program.

Intersection of corrosion prevention strategy and practice

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to objectively evaluate the cost benefit of applying corrosion prevention coatings throughout a mid-life logistics fleet supporting the Canadian Army. Design/methodology/approach A database of maintenance records for an Army logistics vehicle throughout a four-year study period is mined. Statistical analysis (primarily ANOVA) accounting for the frequency of treatment and geographic region is executed. Findings Statistical analysis indicates counter-intuitive results. Vehicles that are most frequently treated to prevent corrosion incur the highest maintenance costs. Consultation with operational units suggests that a strategic approach to corrosion prevention is largely absent. Instead, vehicles are treated on an ad hoc basis, or – equivalently – on an as available basis. Practical implications Among high tempo organizations, vehicles most readily available to maintenance support are those that are in the greatest state of disrepair. Vehicles that are in better condition are preferred by operators for daily operations and are not available. Consequently, the vehicles that are subject to preventative maintenance most often are those near their end-of-life or are in disrepair and therefore gain little through further investments in corrosion prevention initiatives. Originality/value Clearly, having corrosion prevention compounds applied to a fleet on an ad hoc basis suffers from the natural bias occurring among operators to retain vehicles in best condition for operational purposes. Corrosion prevention requires a more strategic approach including disciplined maintenance operations in order to provide dividends on a fleet-wide basis.

The relationship between isokinetic knee strength and jumping in young male volleyball players

Volleyball is a dynamic physical game that does not have a definite match duration but is based on high tempo, quickness, strength, flexibility, endurance and jumping. The aim of this study is to research the relationship between isokinetic knee strength and jumping height in young male volleyball players. 8 male volleyball players aged between 18-22 participated in the research voluntarily. In the study, the physical characteristics of the subjects (body height, body weight, body mass index) were determined, vertical jump heights were measured and at low (60 0 /sec) and high (300 0 /sec) speeds, the right and left knee flexion/extension concentric isokinetic strength test was applied. Data was analyzed with paired sample t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship between vertical jump and isokinetic strength (p<0.05). The right and left knees peak torque of the athletes were compared at low and high angular speeds and no significant difference was found. A significant positive correlation was detected between the jumping height and the right knee peak torque at low angular speed (r =.817, p<0.05). This result can be explained by the fact that quadriceps femoris, which is the biggest muscle of the lower extremity, is in the foreground during the jumps that volleyball players perform frequently. It may be advisable to give importance to leg strength training to increase the jump height.

Discourse “Radiotelephony of Civil Aviation”: psycholinguistic aspect

The article focuses on psycholinguistic aspects of the discourse “Radiotelephony of civil aviation” (RTF). The relevance of the research is related to the key role that this discourse plays in ensuring flight safety. Psycholinguistic analysis of radiotelephony allowed us to prove its discursive nature based on procedural, interactive, and real-time attributes. The RTF discourse is defined as a closed, narrow-professional, institutional and dynamic type. This discourse is intentional and focused on safe operation of flight; conventional, limited by a set of stereotyped phrases enshrined in regulatory documents and obligatory for radiotelephony participants’ use, by strict regulation of radiotelephony procedures at all stages of flight. We determined that RTF discourse users as representatives of a certain professional space could realize themselves in a limited set of communicative roles. Communicative process “pilot – air traffic controller” is based on the “circular model”, since one-way communication in this type of discourse is not provided for. The “status-role” relations of RTF participants are primarily realized by means of the binary opposition “the initiator of the message” – “the executor / non-executor of the requested action”. Main speech functions realized in RTF discourse are informative and regulatory.&#x0D; RTF discourse is a “language code”, since information transmitted in it is understandable only to the actors of aviation community. Non-compliance with norms of this language code use, as well as a number of psycho-linguistic, psycho-physiological, and extra-linguistic factors lead to disruption of information coding / decoding processes, cause communicative failures, become concomitant factors of aviation accidents.&#x0D; Analysis of psycholinguistic features of RTF discourse, nature and causes of RTF communication failures, and psycho-physiological features of pilot in-flight activity (information overloading, high tempo of work due to time limits, work in stressful conditions) allowed us to determine types of exercises facilitating the process of future pilots training to cope with real difficulties of professional communication in RTF discourse.

Effects of affective priming through music on the use of emotion words.

Understanding how music can evoke emotions and in turn affect language use has significant implications not only in clinical settings but also in the emotional development of children. The relationship between music and emotion is an intricate one that has been closely studied. However, how the use of emotion words can be influenced by auditory priming is a question which is still not known. The main interest in this study was to examine how manipulation of mode and tempo in music affects the emotions induced and the subsequent effects on the use of emotion words. Fifty university students in Singapore were asked to select emotion words after exposure to various music excerpts. The results showed that major modes and faster tempos elicited greater responses for positive words and high arousal words respectively, while minor modes elicited more high arousal words and original tempos resulted in more positive words being selected. In the Major-Fast, Major-Slow and Minor-Slow conditions, positive correlations were found between the number of high arousal words and their rated intensities. Upon further analysis, categorization of emotion words differed from the circumplex model. Taken together, the findings highlight the prominence of affective auditory priming and allow us to better understand our emotive responses to music.

HEADLINES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN PRESENT-DAY POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF MASS MEDIA

This paper considers headlines of German-language news articles and their functions in present-day political discourse of mass media. The concept of "political communication" is specified and the main target trends in studying news headlines from a linguistic point of view are interpreted. The headline is a text sign with a very strong effect, it has the following characteristics: informativeness, modality, formal construction and semantic completeness, interpretability, polyfunctionality. The high tempo and the level of the IT development change the manner of presenting material by focusing mostly on the readers of Internet news to whom of special importance is the degree of the newness of some information or the special viewpoint under which an information event is covered. The data for research within the framework of this paper are the headlines of articles with political news on the Deutsche Welle website. To reveal the mechanism of the influence of headlines on political discourse construction, special attention is paid to their functional and structural peculiarities in contemporary media space. The main structural types of news headlines are two-member sentences, headlines in the form of questions, elliptical headlines and nominative headlines difering from each other in the manner of presenting information. The prevailing structural pattern of the headline in the German-language press is a two-member sentence with a direct word order, the number of the words varying from six to eight. In the course of the analysis of news headlines the most typical functions are described: nominative-informative, graphically-highlighting, informational, influencing, advertising and evaluative-expressive as well as integrative and searching functions of headlines. Briefness and structural rigidity are characteristic of German-language news articles. The following principles are typical of the news articles on the Deutsche Welle website: intensified visualization, strongly pronounced interactivity, simplicity and promptness.

A model of different cognitive processes during spontaneous and intentional coupling to music in multiple sclerosis.

Evidence for using auditory-motor coupling in neurological rehabilitation to facilitate walking is increasing. However, the distinction between spontaneous and intended coupling and its underlying mechanisms is yet to be investigated. In this study, we include 30 persons with multiple sclerosis and 30 healthy controls (HCs) in an experiment with two sessions in which participants were asked to walk to music with various tempi, matching their preferred walking cadence (PWC) up to 10% above in incremental steps of 2%. In the first session, no instructions were given to synchronize. In the second, participants were instructed to synchronize steps to the beats. Spontaneous synchronization was possible at 0% and +2% of the PWC, and fewer persons with multiple sclerosis were able to do so compared with HCs. Instruction was needed to synchronize at above +2% tempo in all participants. In the instructed session, the +6% condition marked a cutoff for cognitively impaired persons, as they were no longer able to synchronize. Based on our findings, we constructed a model illustrating that spontaneous entrainment is limited, operating during spontaneous coupling at only 0% and +2% of the PWC, and that at a higher tempo, entrainment requires intentional synchronization, with an active cognitive control mechanism.