Applications Of High Temperature Superconductors Research Articles

Feasibility of high temperature superconducting cables for energy harvesting in large space-based solar power satellite applications: Electromagnetic, thermal and cost considerations

The aim of this paper is to present feasibility of application of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cables for Space-Based Solar Power (SBSP) application. SBSP is a promising technology that can deliver an infinite amount of clean and eco-friendly energy to the Earth. To deliver the harvested solar energy to the power systems on Earth, efficient energy transmission is critically important. To address the challenges of conventional transmission means, an ideal solution would be using HTS cables. In this research, the design procedure of a Direct Current (DC) HTS cable considering electromagnetic, thermal, and cost constraints is presented. The study considered a 2 MW bipolar DC HTS cable in five operational temperatures: 20 K, 30 K, 50 K, 65 K, and 77 K. The results were showed that the cost and weight of the designed HTS cables were increased by operational temperature increase. However, the cooling cost of HTS cable in higher temperatures, was less than lower temperatures. Also, the total efficiency of the HTS cable and cooling system were increased, when operational temperatures were changed from 20 K to 77 K, from 99.70% to 99.97%, respectively.

Feasibility study on quench detection methods of Raman and Rayleigh scattering techniques in optical fiber encapsulated HTS coils

Quench detection is a key issue to be solved for safe operation of high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets. Recently, distributed optical fiber sensors based on Raman and Rayleigh scattering techniques are proposed for quench detection in HTS applications. However, sensing and demodulating principles of these two techniques are different, and they may show different performances in quench detection. In this paper, a 13 m long optical fiber encapsulated HTS coil (OF-coil) was fabricated. Two sensing devices based on Raman and Rayleigh techniques, which are named Raman-device and Rayleigh-device, were prepared. Overcurrent and heater induced quench detection experiments in the OF-coil were carried out and the above two devices were used for quench detection. The results show that both Raman-device and Rayleigh-device can measure temperature changes of the OF-coil in the overcurrent experiment. And their quench response time is 36 s and 14 s, respectively. In heater induced quench detection experiment, Rayleigh-device can successfully acquire local temperature rise of the OF-coil, and the quench response time is 1.7 s. For Raman-device, its spatial resolution is too large to realize local quench detection.

Cryogen-free 400-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer as a versatile tool for pharmaceutical process analytical technology.

The discovery of new ceramic materials containing Ba-La-Cu oxides in 1986 that exhibited superconducting properties at high temperatures in the range of 35 K or higher, recognized with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987, opened a new world of opportunities for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMRs) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) to move away from liquid cryogens. This discovery expands the application of high temperature superconducting (HTS) materials to fields beyond the chemical and medical industries, including electrical power grids, energy, and aerospace. The prototype 400-MHz cryofree HTS NMR spectrometer installed at Amgen's chemistry laboratory has been vital for a variety of applications such as structure analysis, reaction monitoring, and CASE-3D studies with RDCs. The spectrometer has been integrated with Amgen's chemistry and analytical workflows, providing pipeline project support in tandem with other Kinetic Analysis Platform technologies. The 400-MHz cryofree HTS NMR spectrometer, as the name implies, does not require liquid cryogens refills and has smaller footprint that facilitates installation into a chemistry laboratory fume hood, sharing the hood with a process chemistry reactor. Our evaluation of its performance for structural analysis with CASE-3D protocol and for reaction monitoring of Amgen's pipeline chemistry was successful. We envision that the HTS magnets would become part of the standard NMR and MRI spectrometers in the future. We believe that while the technology is being developed, there is room for all magnet options, including HTS, low temperature superconducting (LTS) magnets, and low field benchtop NMRs with permanent magnets, where utilization will be dependent on application type and costs.

Ultraviolet laser-driven ultra-high transverse voltage in Bi-2201 thin films

The development of high-performance optically induced voltage materials represents a significant challenge within the realm of optical detection. The constraints posed by low induced voltage and extended response times have impeded the practical applicability of optical and thermal radiation detectors. In this investigation, we propose the utilization of superconducting Bi2Sr2CuOy (Bi-2201) as a pulsed laser-induced voltage material, revealing the emergence of notable transverse voltage signals in tilted thin films. A noteworthy peak voltage of 25.12 V is attained upon exposure to ultraviolet pulsed laser (248 nm), with a rapid rise time of merely 60 ns. Furthermore, we establish an empirical equation specific to our laser detection heterostructure, serving as a benchmark for Bi-2201-based laser detection systems. These findings introduce a promising avenue for the expanded practical applications of high-temperature superconductors.

DC and AC Testing of HTS Coils for Magnetoelectric Generator

Application of high temperature superconductors in electrical machines aims to achieve extremely high specific power. Recent research has shown that the maximum specific power could be obtained when both DC and AC windings are superconducting. This parameter is critically important for the implementation of projects such as electric aircraft. In addition, a systematic approach is important when several devices, for example, an electric machine, a cable and an electronic converter are developed together. Such a system is currently being manufactured and tested at Moscow Aviation Institute. The main element is a superconducting electric 90 kW generator, with this particular article being devoted to the coils that make up its winding. <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Nowadays application of high temperature superconducting tapes for DC coils is well-known. Different projects demonstrate successful application of them. In order to successfully use AC HTS coils, it is necessary to characterize them in terms of critical current and losses. Results of DC and AC testing of high temperature superconducting coils are provided in this paper.

Numerical simulation on AC loss in REBCO tapes carrying non-sinusoidal currents

AC loss is one of the greatest obstacles for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) applications. In some HTS applications, coated conductors carry non-sinusoidal currents. Thus, it is important to investigate the effect of various waveforms on AC loss in coated conductors. In this work, transport AC loss in a 4 mm - wide REBCO coated conductor carrying sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal currents, is numerically investigated. The current amplitudes, the frequency of the transport current, and n-value are varied. Non-sinusoidal transport current waveforms studied include square, five types of trapezoidal, and triangular waveforms. Simulated results show that, for a given current amplitude, AC loss for the square current waveform is the greatest, that for the triangular waveform is the smallest. The sequence of AC loss in the conductor for different current waveforms coincides with the penetration depth, which implies the penetration depth determines the AC loss of the coated conductor. Furthermore, the transport AC loss in the conductor was found to decrease with frequency as f-2/n for non-sinusoidal transport current.

Dynamic resistance and voltage response of a REBCO bifilar stack under perpendicular DC-biased AC magnetic fields

The dynamic resistance of REBCO (REBa2Cu3O7-d, RE stands for rare earth), coated conductors (CCs) is a key parameter in many high-temperature superconductor applications where CCs carry DC currents exposed to AC and DC magnetic fields, such as field-triggered persistent current switches, flux pumps, and fault current limiters. In this work, dynamic resistance and dynamic voltage have been studied via experiments and finite element method (FEM) simulations in a REBCO bifilar stack at 77 K, under combined AC and DC magnetic fields with different magnitudes, frequencies, and waveforms. Our results show some distinct features of dynamic resistance and voltage from those under pure AC magnetic fields. With an increasing DC magnetic field, the dynamic resistance exhibits an obvious linearity with the applied AC magnetic field, and becomes less dependent on the AC field frequency. The fundamental frequency of the dynamic voltage under a DC magnetic field becomes the same as that of the applied AC field, which completely differs from the pure AC field case where the fundamental frequency doubles. For the first time, instantaneous threshold field (B th) values are obtained from the dynamic voltage, which are substantially different in the field-increasing and field-decreasing processes. These key differences are attributed to the dominant role of DC magnetic fields in determining the critical current of the superconductor, which significantly dwarfs the influence of AC fields. These new discoveries may help researchers better understand the electromagnetism of superconductors and be useful for relevant applications.

Anomalously small magnetic relaxation rate of Ca10(Pt3As8)(Fe2−x Pt x As2)5 superconductor

Large critical current density and low magnetic relaxation are the main challenges for practical applications of high-temperature superconductors (HTSs). Magnetic relaxation refers to the decay of superconducting current density caused by thermal activation and/or quantum fluctuations. This process involves the motion of vortices, particularly vortex creep, which leads to energy dissipation. HTSs typically exhibit strong superconducting fluctuations and magnetic relaxation due to their short coherence length and large anisotropy. These characteristics are usually manifested by the large Ginzburg number Gi and high magnetic relaxation rate S. The correlation between the relaxation rate S and Gi is informative to understand the interplay between vortex dynamics and relevant parameters. Recently, Eley et al (2017 Nat. Mater. 16 409) proposed that almost all the HTSs follow a universal lower limit S∼ Gi 1/2(T/T c), providing new clues to design HTSs with small relaxation rate and evaluate their application potential. Here, we systematically studied the vortex dynamics in the Ca10(Pt3As8)(Fe2−x Pt x As2)5 superconductor with a large Gi∼ 0.16. Strikingly, this material exhibits a small relaxation rate (S ∼0.02 at T c/4 under 1 T), approaching the proposed lower limit of S∼ Gi 1/2(T/T c). We propose that such a small value of S in Ca10(Pt3As8)(Fe2−x Pt x As2)5 may originate from its unique structure with metallic skutterudite blocking layers. Our results suggest a promising new avenue for the search and design of HTSs with low magnetic relaxation.

Interrelations among zero-field critical current density, irreversibility field and pseudogap in hole doped high-Tc cuprates

Critical current density and the irreversibility magnetic fields are two parameters which control most of the applications of high-temperature superconductors. In this brief communications we have investigated the intrinsic effects that determine the magnitudes of these two parameters. The roles of hole concentration in the CuO2 plane (p) and oxygen deficiency (δ) in the CuO1-δ chains on the zero-field low-temperature critical current density, Jc0, were studied for a series of Y1-xCaxBa2Cu3O7-δ (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20) thin films. Jc0 above the optimum hole concentration were found to be high. The magnitude of Jc0 were largely determined by the hole concentration, maximizing at p ∼ 0.185 ± 0.005, regardless of the values of x and δ. This implied that oxygen deficiency/disorder plays a secondary role and the intrinsic Jc0 is governed largely by the number of doped holes in the CuO2 planes of Y1-xCaxBa2Cu3O7-δ. Further support in favor of this finding was garnered from the analysis of the in-plane resistive transitions of thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) with magnetic fields (H) applied along the crystallographic c-direction. The characteristic magnetic field (H0), linked to the vortex activation energy and the irreversibility field, exhibits similar p-dependence as shown by Jc0(p). We have explained these observations in terms of the doping dependent pseudogap (PG) energy/temperature scale in the low-energy electronic energy density of states observed in high-Tc cuprates. Both the intrinsic critical current density and the irreversibility field depend directly on the superconducting condensation energy, which in turn is primarily determined by the magnitude of the hole concentration dependent PG in the quasiparticle spectral density.

Design and test of a setup for calorimetric measurements of AC transport losses in HTS racetrack coils

The estimation and measurement of AC losses in coils based on high-temperature superconductors (HTS) are relevant aspects of HTS applications. They influence the cooling power requirement, operating temperature and efficiency, which can be decisive in the construction and implementation of superconducting equipment, such as superconducting electrical machines. The measurement of losses due to AC transport current (without external magnetic field) is not an easy task. Several efforts have been made to measure these AC transport losses in superconducting coils with a calorimetric approach by trying to minimize the influence of the environment, improve the accuracy and ensure the reproducibility of the results. This work presents the design and construction of a setup to measure transport AC losses in high-temperature superconducting coils based on a calorimetric approach (boil-off method). The evaporated cryogen (nitrogen) related to the dissipation of energy is collected by using a 3D printed bubble collector that guides the gas into a flow sensor. A box-inside-a-box approach is used to surround the measurement chamber with a cryogenic environment. This approach allows re-directing the heat transfer from the surroundings into an intermediate zone (space between external and internal box). Since this intermediate zone operates under cryogenic temperatures, the noise and the heat transfer in the internal part of the setup are reduced. A statistical analysis of the results based on a standard load cycle, average value, and standard deviation calculations allows assessing the variability in the measurements and expressing the results as average value and uncertainty range. The calibration and reproducibility of the measurements are verified with a set of resistors under different conditions and during different weeks. Finally, the AC transport losses in a racetrack coil for an electrical machine application are measured and compared with 3D simulation results based on the homogenization of the T-A formulation.

Calculation, Design, and Winding Preliminary Tests of 90-kW HTS Machine for Small-Scale Demonstrator of Generating System for Future Aircraft With Hybrid Propulsion System

Achieving high values of specific power for electric machines needs application of high temperature superconductors (HTS). Production of HTS machines requires development of calculation methods, technology and experimental verification of applied methods. This article represents the results of calculation and modeling of a 90-kW 6000-r/min synchronous machine with HTS armature winding. The considered machine consists of permanent magnet rotor and three-phase stator HTS winding which contains nine double pancake racetrack coils. All coils have been produced and critical current for each coil and n-value were obtained. Machine design was developed. Obtained results allow us to finally assemble the machine and provide experimental research.

A Method to Probe the Interfaces in La2−xSrxCuO4-LaSrAlO4-La2−xSrxCuO4 Trilayer Junctions

C-axis trilayer cuprate Josephson junctions are essential for basic science and digital circuit applications of high-temperature superconductors. We present a method for probing the interface perfection in La2−xSrxCuO4 (LSCO)-LaSrAlO4 (LSAO)-La2−xSrxCuO4 trilayer junctions. A series of LSCO-LSAO superlattices with atomically smooth surfaces and sharp interfaces were grown by the atomic-layer-by-layer molecular beam epitaxy (ALL-MBE) technique. We have systematically varied the thickness of LSCO and LSAO layers with monolayer precision. By studying the mutual inductance and electrical transport in these superlattices, we detect the non-superconducting (“dead”) layers at the interfaces and quantify their thicknesses. Our results indicate that two optimally doped LSCO monolayers just above and below the one monolayer LSAO barrier are no longer superconducting, rendering the actual barrier thickness of five monolayers. Next, we have shown that introducing a protective highly-overdoped LSCO layer reduces the thickness of dead layers by one or two monolayers.

AC Loss in High-Temperature Superconducting Bulks Subjected to Alternating and Rotating Magnetic Fields.

High-temperature superconductor (HTS) bulks have demonstrated extremely intriguing potential for industrial and commercial applications due to their capability to trap significantly larger magnetic fields than conventional permanent magnets. The magnetic field in electrical rotating machines is a combination of alternating and rotational fields. In contrast, all previous research on the characterization of electromagnetic properties of HTS have solely engrossed on the alternating AC magnetic fields and the associated AC loss. This research paper gives a thorough examination of the AC loss measurement under various conditions. The obtained results are compared to the finite element-based H-formulation. The AC loss is measured at various amplitudes of circular flux density patterns and compared with the AC loss under one-dimensional alternating flux density. The loss variation has also been studied at other frequencies. The findings in this research paper provide more insights into material characterization, which will be useful in the design of future large-scale HTS applications.

Crack nucleation and propagation of electromagneto-thermo-mechanical fracture in bulk superconductors during magnetization

Bulk high-temperature superconductors (HTS) like REBCO (RE: rare earth element or Y) have been widely adopted in a variety of engineering applications. With high magnetic flux applied in a short time of milliseconds, significant tensile stresses are induced during pulsed field magnetization by the Lorentz electromagnetic forces and Joule heating thermal expansions. Consequently, potential damage and fracture may occur in bulk HTS, leading to degradation of the capacity in trapping the magnetic field. In this multi-physical problem, due to the complex stress distribution even in the elastic stage and the intensive redistribution once crack nucleation occurs, the resulting fracture pattern is very complicated. Accordingly, it is a challenging issue to model crack nucleation and propagation of such electromagneto-thermo-mechanical fracture involving both the Lorentz electromagnetic forces and the Joule heating. In this work, the mechanical stresses and multi-physical fracture in bulk HTS during magnetization are studied systematically by the phase-field cohesive zone model (PF-CZM). The governing equations and the involved constitutive relations for the electromagnetic, thermal and cracking-mechanical sub-problems are given together with the numerical implementation. The elastic semi-analytical solutions for the Lorentz forces and thermal expansions induced stresses in an infinitely long cylindrical bulk HTS during magnetization are derived for the determination of crack nucleation. Numerical results are then discussed in details regarding the whole fracture process in bulk HTS under isothermal and non-isothermal cases. It is found that the first crack nucleation occurs at a certain interior position along the circumferential direction after which a couple of cracks nucleate and propagate outwards along the radial direction. The effects of Joule heating and cracking on the electromagnetic performances are quantified, and those of the inhomogeneity in the critical current density are also briefly discussed. Moreover, extension of the proposed PF-CZM to more complex cases is straightforward, making it a promising tool in optimizing the fabrication and practical application of bulk HTS.

News From Japan

Dr. H. K. Onnes discovered the zero electric resistance or superconductivity (SC) in mercury (Hg) in 1911, and Dr. J. G. Bednorz and Dr. K. A. Müller discovered high-temperature SC (HTSC) in ceramics in 1986. Although a long time has passed since the discovery of various SC phenomena and materials, their industrial use is still limited. Among various SC phenomena, applications using the generation of a strong magnetic field have been used relatively widely. This column, “News from Japan,” has reported the development of HTSC coil windings for a power transformer [1], HTSC magnetic resonance imaging used in medical diagnosis [2], and flywheel energy storage using HTSC magnetic bearings [3], as typical Japanese examples of HTSC applications.

Loading capacity, rotation loss and torsional oscillation research on an Evershed-type hybrid superconducting bearing used for micro-thrust measurements

Characterized by their very low rotational drag, applications of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) bearings have been expanded in some high-precision instruments. We have developed a sensitive magnetic suspension stand based on an Evershed-type hybrid HTS bearing to measure μN-level thrust. The hybrid HTS bearing uses the strong attractive force of a permanent magnet (PM)-biased bearing to support the main load in the bearing, while instability in the PM-biased bearing is compensated by the magnetic stability from a HTS bearing. Compared with a single PM/HTS bearing, the hybrid HTS bearing is intended not only to support larger loads but also to suppress rotation loss and levitation drift. Loading capacity, loss and damping torque were explored for different design parameters such as bearing gaps L 1, L 2 and the field cooling height (FCH) of bulk HTSs. Spin-down testing suggested that the loss of a hybrid HTS bearing can be reduced by increasing the HTS bearing gap L 2 or reducing the FCH. The hybrid HTS bearing showed a typical oscillation behavior at extreme low frequencies, and torsional pendulum testing suggested that the spring constant k of the hybrid HTS bearing can be as low as 36.39 μN m deg–1. A micro-thrust stand based on the hybrid HTS bearing was established to test an electrospray thruster in a vacuum chamber, and the measurement result of 26.61 μN shows the ability of the micro-thrust stand to achieve μN level testing.

Coupling electromagnetic numerical models of HTS coils to electrical circuits: multi-scale and homogeneous methodologies using the T-A formulation

Numerical simulation is an effective tool for predicting the electromagnetic behavior of superconductors. Recently, a finite element method-based model coupling the T-A formulation with an electrical circuit has been proposed: the model presents the superconducting constituent as a global voltage parameter in the electrical circuit. This allows assessing the overall behavior of complex high-temperature superconductor (HTS) systems involving multiple power items, while keeping a high degree of precision on the presentation of local effects. In this work, the applicability of this model has been extended to large-scale HTS applications with hundreds or thousands of tapes by referring to two widely recognized methodologies, multi-scale and homogenization, to improve the computation efficiency. Based on the two approaches, three different models were developed and their effectiveness was assessed using the case study of a 1000 turn cylindrical HTS coil charged by a DC voltage source. The comparison of the calculated global circuit parameters, local field distributions, losses, and computation time proves that the computation efficiency can be improved with respect to a model simulating all HTS tapes, without compromising accuracy. The results indicate that the developed models can therefore be efficient tools to design and optimize large-scale HTS devices used in electrical machines and power grids. It is also found that the inductance of an HTS coil is varied according to the transport current and can be even higher than that of a normal conductor coil with the same geometry. We attribute this result to the superconductor’s non-uniform current distribution and relaxation effect during the dynamic process.

Computation of AC loss of HTS coils wound by coated conductors with different widths

The second-generation high-temperature superconductor (HTS) tape is a promising material for the HTS application. However, the extremely large aspect ratio of the HTS coated tape leads to high power dissipation in the environment of a time-varying magnetic field. Reducing the width of HTS coated tape is a feasible way to decrease the alternating current (AC) loss of devices composed of HTS tapes. In this study, a numerical model of the HTS coil group composed of six sub-coils based on the T-A formulation is presented in which each HTS sub-coil is wound with original or narrow width Y-Ba-Cu-O (YBCO) tape. The 1/3 and 1/4 narrow width tapes are used to represent the tapes, which are divided into three and four equal parts, respectively. Then, we calculate the AC losses in 1/3 and 1/4 narrow width HTS coil groups in different cases. The estimated results of AC loss are compared with those of the HTS coil group wound by HTS tapes with original width. The numerical results show that AC transport losses of 1/3 and 1/4 narrow width HTS coil groups are smaller than that of the original HTS coil group for the applied high current. Furthermore, with the decrease in tape width, the reduction of AC loss becomes more significant. In contrast with the original width HTS coil group, the magnetization losses of the 1/3 and 1/4 narrow width HTS coil groups will decrease at the high magnetic field. In addition, the influences of harmonic components on AC loss are also considered.

Analysis of a No-Insulation HTS Pancake Coil Including Multiple Resistive Joints

One of the technical issues in the application of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) tapes to magnet technology is the need to wind long tape sections with uniform electric properties along the length. It has been reported that a No-Insulation (NI) coil can properly work even in the presence of defective super-conductive regions, with a minimal drop of performance as com-pared to its “defect-free” counterpart. This could open up the possibility of manufacturing coils by jointing together several tape segments of limited length, lowering the conductor cost. In this work, a single pancake NI HTS coil is wound using several tape segments cut from the same lot, jointed together. The electrical resistance of each joint is set independently, realizing either high or low resistance joints. Thus, the coil is designed to include multiple defective sections at specific locations. The coil is refrigerated by conduction-cooling, and tested at different temperatures and charging rates. The coil instrumentation allows measuring the voltage over the whole winding, as well as the magnetic field in the central bore. The measurements are used to study the defect-irrelevant behavior of the coil. A simple equivalent lumped parameter circuit is applied to derive the coil effective parameters and analyze its electromagnetic behaviour.

Control the Output of an HTS Dynamo With a DC Background Field

This paper proposed and demonstrated a feedback control method for a high temperature superconducting (HTS) dynamo, which was based on an additional DC coil. This method was based on the theory of macroscopic magnetic coupling effects (MMCE) discovered by Wang and Coombs, "Macroscopic magnetic coupling effect: The physical origination of a high-temperature superconducting flux pump," <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Phys. Rev. Appl.,</i> by using this theory, we had realized very flexible and accurate control of the pumped current in the HTS closed-loop. In this experiments, we had shown that the DC background field has a significant impact on the DC output of HTS dynamo, for instance, by applying a reversed DC bias field to the AC travelling wave generated by the HTS dynamo, we had managed to reverse the pumped current from 69.5A to -28.7A in the YBCO coil, without changing the rotation of HTS dynamo. Based on this experiment, we had developed a feedback control system, i.e., by controlling the direction of the DC bias field, we had managed to control the direction of HTS dynamo's DC output. By doing this, we had realized the adaptive control of the pumped current in the HTS closed-loop, with the control accuracy reached up to about 0.15A. This work verified that the state of superconducting magnetic flux quanta plays an important role in HTS dynamo's DC output, as had been explained in the theory of MMCE. This work had proven the “four-quadrant control” method proposed in MMCE, which may have important implications in HTS applications, especially in applications with high current accuracy such as in magnetic resonance imaging, etc.