High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Research Articles

A pore scale model study of mass transfer and electrochemical reaction in cathode catalytic layer of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

The mass transfer and related electrochemical reactions in the catalytic layer (CL) are crucial for the performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs), but there is a lack of understanding of the optimal phosphoric acid content and Pt/C catalyst loading in the CL. In this work, we investigate the influences of Pt/C catalyst numbers (NPt/C) and phosphoric acid film thickness (δPA) on mass transfer and electrochemical reactions of the cathode CL using a pore-scale model (300 × 300 × 300 nm3). The results reveal that larger NPt/C and δPA can impede oxygen diffusion, while lower NPt/C and δPA lead to fewer reaction active sites and lower conductivity, both of which result in lower current density. Therefore, the balance of three-phase transport is extremely important for CL. There is a 3D volcanic relationship between current density, Pt/C catalysts, and phosphoric acid film. At NPt/C = 200 (7407 per μm3) and δPA = 4 nm (the volume fractions of 37.22 % and 17.87 %), the highest current density can be achieved at a potential of 0.5 V (vs. RHE), which increased with the decrease of potential. This work is valuable for understanding the optimizing the microstructure and three-phase transport pathway of the CL to improve the performance of HT-PEMFCs.

Performance enhancements of power density and exergy efficiency for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on RSM-NSGA III

In this study, a three-dimensional simulation model was developed and a multi-objective optimization of a single-channel high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was carried out by the response surface methodology (RSM) and the non-dominated genetic algorithm III (NSGA III). Firstly, five main influencing factors including operating temperature (T), operating pressure (p), gas diffusion layer porosity (εGDL), proton exchange membrane (PEM) thickness (Mmem) and anode stoichiometry ratio (λa) were identified. The optimization objectives include three cell performance evaluation indexes: power density (wpow), system efficiency (ηsystem), and exergy efficiency (ηexergy). Secondly, the prediction accuracies of the RSM and artificial neural network (ANN) for the three performance evaluation indexes of high-temperature PEMFC were compared. Finally, the optimal solution from the Pareto solutions derived through RSM-NSGA III. The results show that the maximum wpow, maximum ηsystem and maximum ηexergy are 0.793 W⋅cm−2, 22.31% and 54.69%, respectively. The optimal result obtained by combining EWM and VIKOR is wpow = 0.6726 W⋅cm−2, ηsystem = 19.44% and ηexergy = 54.01%, respectively. The corresponding condition is T = 447.18 K, p = 1.15 atm, εGDL = 0.617, Mmem = 0.0412 mm, and λa = 1.26, respectively. Moreover, the suggestions are provided for the design of more efficient high-temperature PEMFC.

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity with alkaline pyrrolidine and piperidine functional groups for high-temperature proton exchange membranes

Recently, the polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) exhibit good potential in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) due to their tunable microporosity and functionality. In this paper, alkaline pyrrolidine and piperidine functional groups were introduced onto PIM-1 via the classical Mannich reaction obtaining PIM-1/PIM-Py-50 and PIM-1/PIM-MePi-50. It was found that, compared with commercial Meta-polybenzimidazole (m-PBI) membrane, PIMs membranes showed superior retention of phosphoric acid (PA) and conductivity due to their grafting alkaline groups and rich micropores. After equilibration under 80 °C/40% relative humidity (RH) for 150 h, the PA retention of PA doped PIM-1/PIM-Py-50 (PIM-1/PIM-Py-50/PA) and PA doped PIM-1/PIM-MePi-50 (PIM-1/PIM-MePi-50/PA) membranes were 74.13% and 68.52%, respectively, much higher than PA doped m-PBI (m-PBI/PA) (45.73%). PIMs membranes maintain excellent dimensional and conductivity stability at 160 °C operating conditions, e.g. PIM-1/PIM-Py-50/PA membrane showed area swelling retention and volume swelling retention of 84.69% and 82.19% after 230 h at 160 °C. In addition, with the similar PA uptake, PIMs membranes displayed higher conductivity and peak power density (PPD) at 160 °C. In the accelerated stress test (AST) the PPD of the fuel cell (FC) with the PIM-1/PIM-Py-50/PA membrane remained 81.25% after 200 aggressive start-up/shut-down cycles at 80 °C. Therefore, PIM-based membranes alkaline groups exhibit a wider temperature operating window, providing theoretical guidance for the design and study of the next generation of high-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs).

Novel high temperature proton exchange membranes based on functionalized poly(arylene dimethylamino benzene) polymers

The electrolyte membrane is a critical component in high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). We have developed a new triarylmethane-backboned polymer, poly(p-triphenyl dimethylamino benzene) (PTDB), by using p-triphenyl and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde as monomers through a one-step straightforward Friedel-Crafts reaction. The presence of tertiary amine groups in PTDB enables strong interaction with phosphoric acid (PA) molecules. To improve PA doping content and proton conductivity, both copolymers containing biphenyl repeat unite and side-chain quaternized polymers are synthesized. Results show that the 3-bromopropyl trimethylammonium bromide grafted membrane (PTDB-QA) outperforms the poly(triphenyl-biphenyl-dimethylamino benzaldehyde) (P(Tx%-By%-DB)) copolymer membranes. After being doped in an 85 wt% PA solution at 80 °C, the PTDB-QA membrane exhibits a PA uptake of 160%, resulting in an anhydrous proton conductivity of 0.054 S cm−1 at 180 °C and mechanical strength of 10.1 MPa at room temperature. Under the H2-air condition without any back pressure, the peak power density of a single cell based on PTDB-QA/160%PA reaches 230 mW cm−2 at 160 °C. This work presents a promising new membrane for HT-PEMFC applications.

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)-Protic ionic Liquid-Based anhydrous Proton-Conducting composite polymer electrolyte membranes for High-Temperature fuel cell applications

A high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has enormous potential to produce clean energy with minimal environmental pollution along with high energy density and conversion efficiency. In the present work, anhydrous proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes for prospective high-temperature fuel cell application were successfully prepared using different protic ionic liquids (PILs) and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). The protic ionic liquids (PILs), 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate, diethylmethyl ammonium triflate, 1-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1,2-dimethyl imidazolium bis(trifluoro methylsulfonyl)imide, and diethylmethylammonium methanesulfonate were selected based on their favorable physicochemical properties. The effect of the incorporation of the PIL on the structural, thermal, and electrical transport properties of the composite SPEEK polymer electrolyte membranes was studied. The prepared polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. FTIR results indicated an interaction between the PIL and the SPEEK, which resulted in homogeneous and flexible membranes. The DSC results confirmed good miscibility and elucidated plasticizing effect of the incorporated PIL on the SPEEK polymer matrix. All the PEMs showed good thermal stability and high-temperature anhydrous proton conductivity, achieving best proton conductivity, ≈8 × 10–3 S cm−1 at 120 °C and low activation energy ≈0.26 eV, making it suitable for prospective high-temperature PEMFC applications.

TiO2 nanolayer coated carbon support for highly durable high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell cathode

Carbon corrosion of Pt/C electrocatalyst in the cathode is a critical issue for the practical application of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). Herein, we introduce a nanolayer composed of TiO2 nanoparticles between Pt and carbon support, which not only protects the carbon from corrosion but also forms a strong metal-support interaction between Pt and TiO2. The Pt nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the prepared C@TiO2 support (mean size: 2.27 nm). After potential sweeping for 5000 cycles in the acid solution, the electrochemical surface area loss of the homemade Pt/C@TiO2 is 10.9%, which is approximately half of that of commercial Pt/C (19.1%). In the practical HT-PEMFC single cell, Pt/C@TiO2 exhibits superior durability than Pt/C as well. After the accelerated durability test, the maximum power density of Pt/C@TiO2-MEA decreases by 8.6%, which is significantly lower than that of Pt/C-MEA (23.9%), suggesting a great potential application of Pt/C@TiO2 in HT-PEMFCs.

Acid doped branched poly(biphenyl pyridine) membranes for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells and vanadium redox flow batteries

Both high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) and vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) are represented as two advanced energy conversion and energy storage devices. They have a same core component of the separator membrane, which still faces several intractable scientific and industrial issues. For HT-PEMFC, the increase in conductivity is normally as the expense of mechanical strength; while for VRFB, the improvement in proton transport always brings in serious vanadium ion crossover. Meanwhile, the membrane also should possess an excellent chemical stability towards the attack by radicals or high valence vanadium ions. The above questions can be well solved by the preparation of triphenylbenzene (TPB) branched poly(biphenyl-4-acetylpyridine) membranes (x%TPB-PBAP), which are synthesized by one-step Friedel-Crafts polymerization. Amounts of alkaline pyridine groups equip x%TPB-PBAP membranes with good phosphoric acid and sulfonic acid absorption capability, resulting in high proton conductivity in both HT-PEMFC and VRFB. Meanwhile, the construction of the branched structure, i.e. a kind of covalently crosslinked network, can improve the mechanical strength and chemical stability. Consequently, the 1.5 %TPB-PBAP membrane displays large potential in both HT-PEMFC and VRFB. A single H2-O2 cell based on the 1.5 %TPB-PBAP/263 %PA membrane shows a peak power density of 1010 mW cm−2 at 180 °C without any back pressure. Meanwhile, the VRFB based on above membrane also depicts better battery efficiencies and cycle durability than that with Nafion 212.

The fabrication of integrated proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Excellent mechanical strength and electrochemical performance

Traditional membrane electrode assembly, prepared by catalyst coated electrodes (CCE) and catalyst coated membrane (CCM), has a huge interface between electrodes and membranes, which affects the mechanical adhesion, proton/electron transfer and gas/liquid transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this study, an integrated membrane electrode assembly (I-MEA) was fabricated by the casting and doctor blade methods for low- and high-temperature PEMFCs, respectively. The results show that the maximum power density of I-MEALT is improved around 18% and its stripping force increased from 6.091 N to 7.387 N. I-MEAHT reached 0.418 W/cm2, which is 1.5 times higher than that of traditional MEAHT. Meanwhile, it achieved the maximum stripping force of 9.374 N.

Mechanically strengthened polybenzimidazole membrane via a two-step crosslinking strategy for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell

To simultaneously increase the mechanical strength and proton conductivity of Phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI), a facile two-step crosslinking approach is proposed to prepare the imidazole-rich crosslinked polybenzimidazole membranes for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) in this work. Unlike the classic crosslinking approaches that usually enhance mechanical strength of membrane but lead to a decrease of proton conductivity, the mechanical strength of two-step crosslinked membrane improves from 3.93 MPa to 9.62 MPa and proton conductivity increases from 91 mS cm−1 to 183 mS cm−1 at 200 °C compared with pristine OPBI membrane. The promotion should be ascribed to the introduction of PA-affinity sites on crosslinkers and the formation of homogeneous crosslinking networks. Meanwhile, due to the crosslinked networks, the oxidative and dimensional stability of crosslinked membranes are also promoted. In addition, the two-step cross-linking method can avoid the self-reaction between cross-linking agents, thereby obtaining a more uniform cross-linking network, which is of great significance for the use of fuel cells. When the membranes are used in a fuel cells, they exhibited a maximum power density of 448.8 mW cm−2 at 160 °C (H2/Air, without humidification.).

Covalently crosslinked poly(biphenyl dimethylamino benzene) membranes for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The electrolyte membrane plays a pivotal role in high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). Herein, we develops a new triarylmethane-backboned polymer, poly (biphenyl dimethylamino benzene) (PBDAB), synthesized through a facile one-step Friedel-Crafts reaction using biphenyl and 4-(dimethylamino) benzaldehyde as monomers. The presence of tertiary amine groups in PBDAB facilitates strong interactions with phosphoric acid (PA) molecules. To enhance the membrane's dimensional and mechanical stabilities, covalent crosslinking is performed via the Menshutkin reaction between the tertiary amine groups in PBDAB and chloromethyl groups in various crosslinkers. In order to study the influence of crosslinker chemical structure on the properties of PBDAB-based membranes, five different crosslinkers are employed, including small-molecule types such as 1,2-bis(2-chloroethoxy) ethane (BCE) and 1,4-bis(chloromethyl) benzene (BCB), siloxane type 3-chloropropyl (trimethoxy) silane (CTS), polymer types such as poly (vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVBC) and polyepichlorohydrin (PECH). Results reveal that the flexible and ether containing polymer crosslinker of PECH crosslinked membrane, denoted as CL-y%PECH, exhibits superior overall performance. When doped in an 85 wt% PA solution, the CL-5%PECH membrane achieves a PA uptake of 201%, resulting in an anhydrous proton conductivity of 0.064 S cm−1 at 180 °C and a mechanical strength of 7.2 MPa at room temperature. Using H2 and O2 as fed gases without humidification and backpressure, a single cell with abovementioned membrane attains a peak power density of 302 mW cm−2 at 160 °C. This work offers a kind of promising PBDAB based membranes for HT-PEMFC applications.

Comprehensive performance assessment of a novel biomass-based CCHP system integrated with SOFC and HT-PEMFC

The combination of biomass gasification and fuel cell is a promising way to enhance the system energy efficiency and decrease the fossil fuel consumption. In this study, a new biomass-based combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system considering high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is proposed. Syngas from biomass gasifier is utilized by SOFC and HT-PEMFC for power generation, waste heat derived from SOFC and HT-PEMFC are recovered by ORC and absorption chiller for electricity and cooling production, respectively. Energetic, exergetic, economic and environmental investigations are performed to illustrate system comprehensive performances. The results demonstrated that power generation ratio of SOFC to HT-PEMFC is 2.32, exergy and energy efficiency of CCHP system are 25.06% and 49.48%, respectively. Levelized cost of production and CO2 emission rate of multi-products are 0.069$/(kW·h) and 0.673kg/(kW·h), respectively. Moreover, steam to biomass ratio and equivalent ratio show different effects on system performances due to the distinction of syngas composition. Operating temperature of SOFC has a great influence on system exergy and energy efficiency, with increasing by 11.18% and 16.97% respectively. In general, this novel system provides a new pathway for integrating biomass with different fuel cell technologies.

Operando synchrotron-based X-ray study and intervention approaches of graphene-related-materials for investigating the performance and durability of HT-PEMFC

The application of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) addresses challenges in water management, fuel purity, and overheating under high current density. However, phosphoric acid (PA) migration hinders their development. This study uses synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate PA and catalyst migration. Interventions with single-layer graphene and electrochemically exfoliated graphene oxide improve performance and durability. X-ray absorption spectroscopy provides insights into relevant mechanisms, advancing understanding of membrane electrode assembly preparation and the intricate influences of PA and catalyst migration on performance and durability in HT-PEMFCs.

Numerical investigation of parameter distributions in high-temperature PEMFCs under various cooling surface temperature gradients

Non-uniform current density distribution can lead to localized hotspots, resulting in shortened lifespans of fuel cells. The temperature distributions on the bipolar plate cooling surface significantly influence various parameters within a fuel cell. This study develops a mathematical model for a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) to simulate its operation in four different directions of temperature gradient on the cooling surface. The distributions of membrane temperature, proton conductivity, oxygen concentration, activation loss, and current density were obtained to clarify the interaction mechanism between cooling surface temperature and these parameters in fuel cell. The results show that the membrane temperature and proton conductivity increase and the oxygen concentrations decrease with increasing cooling surface temperature. A lower temperature in the catalyst layer regions leads to a decrease in the current density. In particular, when the cooling surface temperature distribution is characterized by a temperature decrease in the upstream area with a high reactant concentration and an increase in the downstream area with a low reactant concentration, the fuel cell has an excellent current density uniformity, which reaches 92.61 % at a voltage of 0.6 V and a cooling surface temperature difference of 10 K.

High ion exchange capacity perfluorosulfonic acid resine proton exchange membrane for high temperature applications in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) have attract much attention from academic and industry, which can improve the catalyst activity, reduce Pt loading, enhance CO tolerance, and simplify water and heat management. High-temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) is the key component for HT-PEMFCs. Here, we provide an investigation of newly developed HT-PEM to evaluate its properties and performances in fuel cells above 90 °C. The HT-PEM exhibits an excellent proton conductivity of 136.1 mS cm−1 at 90 °C and 95% RH, and remarkable power density of 0.95 Wcm−2 at 105 °C and 80% RH. The stability and durability of HT-PEM are studied with varied testing methods. After the continuous operation at open circuit voltage (OCV) for 500 h and continuous dry-wet circulation for 20000 cycles at 90 °C, negligible change of OCV and hydrogen permeation current density are recorded, indicating good chemical and mechanical stability for HT-PEM. The improved property and performance originate from the new PFSA base material and improved morphology, in which the larger ionic clusters and continuous proton-transfer channels contribute to the superior performance, and the high glass transition temperature (Tg∼132 °C) induces good stability.

Using distribution of relaxation times to separate the impedances in the membrane electrode assembly for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

In the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs), many types of resistance existed, but they have not been distinctly characterized in previous research. In this study, the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) methodology is employed, in conjunction with a home-built electrochemical electrode analysis system (EEAS), to figure out the specific resistance components in the cathode gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The impedance analysis by the DRT method was conducted using the electrochemical impedance spectrum obtained at different temperatures and current densities of the cathode only, isolated from the MEA environment. The four peaks (designated as Peak 0 to 3) were depicted at DRT plots of cathode GDE below 103 Hz. By comparing the DRT plots for different conditions and considering the EEAS structure, the four peaks were explained to be caused by distinct resistances occurring at the electrode and interface. The regions of each peak were distinguished according to their position changes with temperature and current density. Furthermore, by contrasting the DRT plots of the cathode GDE with those of MEA containing the same cathode, an additional peak (referred to as Peak 4) is identified between 103 Hz and 104 Hz, which was attributed to resistance originating from the anode. This study could provide a new approach for future research of new catalysts and electrodes utilizing the resistance analysis of MEA for HT-PEMFC.

Rhombohedral platinum-copper intermetallic compound: A high phosphate tolerance electrocatalyst for HT-PEMFC

In high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC), phosphate anions act as a poisonous 'spectator species', binding strongly to the Pt surface through PtO bonds similarly to O2. This blocks the Pt active sites, resulting in slow ORR kinetics. Herein, we synthesized ultrafine L11-PtCu intermetallic compound nanoparticles (O-PtCu/S-C) loaded on an S-doped carbon support with an average size of about 3 nm through wet impregnation followed by hydrogen annealing, which showed high resistance to phosphate poisoning. The introduction of S notably improved the metal-support interaction and prevented particle growth during annealing, which is beneficial for the uniform distribution of nanoparticles and prevents detachment and agglomeration during ADT. The pronounced Cu-Pt electronic interaction in O-PtCu/S-C induced electron transfer from Cu to Pt, which effectively modified the electronic structure of Pt and weakened the adsorption energy of phosphate anions on the catalyst surface. In addition, the phosphate poisoning test results from both room temperature RDE and high-temperature RDE demonstrate that O-PtCu/S-C possesses excellent phosphate tolerance, superior ORR activity, and remarkable stability. It exhibits a superior peak power density of 800.5 mW cm−2 in 160°C H2-O2 HT-PEMFC with Pt loading of 0.5 mg cm−2. This research offers a novel approach to designing phosphate-resistant electrocatalysts for HT-PEMFC.

Elucidating the Complex Oxidation Behavior of Aqueous H3PO3 on Pt Electrodes via In Situ Tender X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy at the P K-Edge.

In situ tender X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the P K-edge was utilized to investigate the oxidation mechanism of aqueous H3PO3 on Pt electrodes under various conditions relevant to high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) applications. XANES and electrochemical analysis were conducted under different tender X-ray irradiation doses, revealing that intense radiation induces the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 via H2O yielding H3PO4 and H2. A broadly applicable experimental procedure was successfully developed to suppress these undesirable radiation-induced effects, enabling a more accurate determination of the aqueous H3PO3 oxidation mechanism. In situ XANES studies of aqueous 5 mol dm-3 H3PO3 on electrodes with varying Pt availability and surface roughness reveal that Pt catalyzes the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 to H3PO4. This oxidation is enhanced upon applying a positive potential to the Pt electrode or raising the electrolyte temperature, the latter being corroborated by complementary ion-exchange chromatography measurements. Notably, all of these oxidation processes involve reactions with H2O, as further supported by XANES measurements of aqueous H3PO3 of different concentrations, showing a more pronounced oxidation in electrolytes with a higher H2O content. The significant role of water in the oxidation of H3PO3 to H3PO4 supports the reaction mechanisms proposed for various chemical processes observed in this work and provides valuable insights into potential strategies to mitigate Pt catalyst poisoning by H3PO3 during HT-PEMFC operation.

Design, modeling, and optimization of a novel 6 kWe hybrid solid oxide fuel cell high temperature-proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

This work investigates a novel approach in terms of design, configuration, heat integration and optimization of a 6 kWe total energy system fueled with natural gas. Specifically, a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is used for both electricity generation and fuel reforming, since its exhaust stream fuels a polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based, High Temperature-Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC). The study investigates the possible advantages of such a system in both technical and economic terms. After modeling each component/subsystem, the total system model is optimized with the objective function aiming to maximize the net electrical efficiency of the total hybrid system. The system is optimized with a genetic algorithm-based optimization strategy, reaching a net electrical efficiency of 43.6 %. In comparison to standalone fuel cell systems with the same net electrical power output, the proposed hybrid system outperforms both an HT-PEMFC system and an SOFC system, which perform at net electrical efficiencies of 23.2 % and 40.7 %, respectively. Also, the lifecycle cost for the proposed system is $64,097, which is lower than both standalone HT-PEMFC and SOFC systems. Therefore, with the current high rising costs for natural gas, such highly efficient systems are likely to become important elements of the future energy infrastructure.

Low stress creep response of PTFE sealants applied to PEM fuel cells

AbstractViscoelastic properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) play a crucial role in forecasting its long‐term behavior in engineering applications. An attempt is made to explore the viscoelastic properties of PTFE sealants that are utilized in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). It is to be noted that PTFE sealants are vulnerable to creep under constant loading at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the creep of sealants will lead to leakage of reactants from the cell, which affects the performance of PEMFC. PTFE is an excellent choice as a sealant material in low‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (LT‐PEMFC), which operates in the temperature range of 60–80°C. PTFE can be prominently used as sealants in high‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT‐PEMFC), as it possesses no significant change in its physical properties within the temperature range of −150 to 300°C along with the working conditions of HT‐PEMFC. In LT‐PEMFC, the sealants will typically be subjected to low stresses in the range of 1–5 MPa. In this article, the creep response of PTFE sealant material is extensively studied at various temperatures of 25 (room temperature), 35, 45, 55, and 65°C and at three stress levels of 2, 3, and 4 MPa. The time–temperature superposition principle is utilized to develop master curve at a reference temperature of 25°C, to forecast long‐term creep characteristics of PTFE sealants. Moreover, the master curve for creep compliance is developed for 4.5 h.

Achieving 1060mWcm-2 with 0.6mgcm-2 Pt Loading Based on Imidazole-Riched Semi-Interpenetrating Proton Exchange Membrane at High-Temperature Fuel Cells.

Enhancing phosphoric acid (PA) doping in polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes is crucial for improving the performance of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). However, excessive PA uptake often leads to drawbacks such as PA loss and compromised mechanical properties when surpassing PA capacity of PBI basic functionality. Herein, a new strategy that integrates high PA uptake, mechanical strength, and acid retention is proposed by embedding linear PBI chains into a crosslinked poly(N-vinylimidazole) (PVIm) backbone via in-situ polymerization. The imidazole (Im)-riched semi-interpenetrating polymer network (sIPN) membrane with high-density nitrogen moieties, significantly enhancing the PA doping degree to 380% shows an excellent conductivity (0.108Scm-1 ). Meanwhile, the crosslinking structure in the sIPN membrane ensures adequate mechanical properties, low hydrogen permeability, and a relatively low swelling ratio. As a result, the single cell based on the membrane achieves the highest power density of 1060mWcm-2 with a low Pt loading (0.6mgcm-2 ) up to now and exhibits excellent fuel cell stability.