High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Research Articles

Conquering Heavy-Loading Decay of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with a Conductive Polymer-Based Phosphoric Acid Reservoir

Conquering Heavy-Loading Decay of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with a Conductive Polymer-Based Phosphoric Acid Reservoir

Investigating the Impact of Catalyst Penetration into Gas Diffusion Layer on the Performance of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

The catalyst fabrication method, cell assembly, and operating conditions in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) impact the catalyst penetration into the gas diffusion layer (GDL), alter its porous structure, and, consequently, the overall cell performance. This study investigates the effect of the catalyst layer (CL) penetration thickness, catalyst loading amount, and cell compression during assembly on species and current distributions, and overall cell performance. GDLs with large penetration thickness show a substantial resistance to reactant and proton transport, particularly at high current densities resulting in a drop in the cell performance. For zero, 50%, and 100% penetrations, the average current densities at an operating voltage of 0.4 V are 0.8329, 0.7920, and 0.71112 A cm−2, respectively. This indicates a performance loss of 5% and 15% for 50% and 100% penetrations in comparison to zero penetration. Higher catalyst loading results in greater penetration, negating the benefit of enhanced kinetics. Performance typically decreases by 3%–5% for 50% penetration and 12%–15% for 100% penetration when penetration levels increase for a certain Pt loading. An attempt is made to investigate the interplay between the effect of reactant and proton transport limitations on their distributions and cell performance. The combined effect of catalyst penetration and cell compression during the assembly has a crucial impact on cell performance with the starvation of reactants at high-density regions. The study highlights the necessity of optimizing the penetration thickness, catalyst loading, and cell assembly to achieve maximum cell performance.

Catalyst Development for High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC) Applications.

A constant increase in global emission standard is causing fuel cell (FC) technology to gain importance. Over the last two decades, a great deal of research has been focused on developing more active catalysts to boost the performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC), as well as their durability. Due to material degradation at high-temperature conditions, catalyst design becomes challenging. Two main approaches are suggested: (i) alloying platinum (Pt) with low-cost transition metals to reduce Pt usage, and (ii) developing novel catalyst support that anchor metal particles more efficiently while inhibiting corrosion phenomena. In this comprehensive review, the most recent platinum group metal (PGM) and platinum group metal free (PGM-free) catalyst development is detailed, as well as the development of alternative carbon (C) supports for HT-PEMFCs.

A Critical Review of Electrolytes for Advanced Low- and High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

In the 21st century, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) represent a promising source of power generation due to their high efficiency compared with coal combustion engines and eco-friendly design. Proton exchange membranes (PEMs), being the critical component of PEMFCs, determine their overall performance. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) based Nafion and nonfluorinated-based polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes are commonly used for low- and high-temperature PEMFCs, respectively. However, these membranes have some drawbacks such as high cost, fuel crossover, and reduction in proton conductivity at high temperatures for commercialization. Here, we report the requirements of functional properties of PEMs for PEMFCs, the proton conduction mechanism, and the challenges which hinder their commercial adaptation. Recent research efforts have been focused on the modifications of PEMs by composite materials to overcome their drawbacks such as stability and proton conductivity. We discuss some current developments in membranes for PEMFCs with special emphasis on hybrid membranes based on Nafion, PBI, and other nonfluorinated proton conducting membranes prepared through the incorporation of different inorganic, organic, and hybrid fillers.

Self-Phosphorylated Polybenzimidazole: An Environmentally Friendly and Economical Approach for Hydrogen/Air High-Temperature Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells.

The development of phosphorylated polybenzimidazoles (PBI) for high-temperature polymer-electrolyte membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cells is a challenge and can lead to a significant increase in the efficiency and long-term operability of fuel cells of this type. In this work, high molecular weight film-forming pre-polymers based on N1,N5-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine and [1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-dicarbonyl dichloride were obtained by polyamidation at room temperature for the first time. During thermal cyclization at 330-370 °C, such polyamides form N-methoxyphenyl substituted polybenzimidazoles for use as a proton-conducting membrane after doping by phosphoric acid for H2/air HT-PEM fuel cells. During operation in a membrane electrode assembly at 160-180 °C, PBI self-phosphorylation occurs due to the substitution of methoxy-groups. As a result, proton conductivity increases sharply, reaching 100 mS/cm. At the same time, the current-voltage characteristics of the fuel cell significantly exceed the power indicators of the commercial BASF Celtec® P1000 MEA. The achieved peak power is 680 mW/cm2 at 180 °C. The developed approach to the creation of effective self-phosphorylating PBI membranes can significantly reduce their cost and ensure the environmental friendliness of their production.

Non-uniform Anode Design for High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with Mitigated Hydrogen Starvation

Non-uniform Anode Design for High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with Mitigated Hydrogen Starvation

Optimization on Composition and Structure of Catalyst Layer for High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Abstract High-temperature polymer membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are considered the trend of PEMFC future development due to their accelerated electrochemical reaction kinetics, simplified water/thermal management, and improved tolerance to impurities (CO). As the core part of the membrane electrode assembly in HT-PEMFCs, the catalyst layer significantly affects the cost, performance, and lifetime of HT-PEMFCs. However, platinum (Pt) catalyst degradation and carbon corrosion are apparently accelerated because of the high-temperature and acid environment in HT-PEMFC. Moreover, the loss of phosphoric acid (PA) that serves as the proton conductor is observed after long-term operation. In addition, the adsorption of phosphate on the Pt surface leads to poor Pt utilization. Thus, high cost and fast performance decay must be addressed to achieve better commercialization of HT-PEMFC. Optimizing the composition and structure of the catalyst layer is demonstrated as an effective strategy to resolve these problems. In this review, we first summarize the latest progress in the optimization of the catalyst layer composition for HT-PEMFC, including catalysts, binders, electrolytes (PAs), and additives. Thereafter, the structural characteristics of the catalyst layer are introduced, and the optimization strategies are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and research perspectives of the catalyst layer in HT-PEMFC are discussed.

Research Trends of Polybenzimidazole-based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for High-temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Research Trends of Polybenzimidazole-based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for High-temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Integrated Effect of Flow Field Misalignment and Gas Diffusion Layer Compression/Intrusion on High Temperature – Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Performance

Misalignment in the flow field plates of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC) due to manufacturing tolerances, assembly process, or unavoidable vibration during the cell operation is contemplated its performance and durability. This study investigates the effect of flow field plate misalignment and its concomitant impact with varying the clamping pressures on HT-PEMFC operation. The study considers six degrees of cathode flow field misalignment, varying from 0% to 100% with respect to the anode flow field. Clamping pressures ranging from 1 to 2 MPa are applied to the various cases of misalignment to study their effect on GDL deformation and intrusion into the channels. The structural analysis shows that as the misalignment increases from 0 to 100%, the GDL compression increases from 26.72% to 37.75% for 1 MPa, 40.07% to 56.63% for 1.5 MPa, and 53.43% to 75.51% for 2 MPa, owing to the increase in compression approximately by 41% from their base cases and it is also crucial to note that GDL compression exaggerates at higher clamping pressures. The misalignment results in the sagging of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA), and the amplitude of wave nature is proportional to the degree of misalignment and clamping pressure, indicating the misalignment is the sole factor for structural changes. As a result, considerable variance in current distribution and average value is observed, i.e., at operating voltage 0.5 V, the current density drops from 4472.7 to 4264.4, 4420.7 to 4211.8, and 4374.1 to 4161.3 A m−2 from cases 1 to 6 for clamping pressures 1, 1.5, and 2 MPa, respectively, resulting in a 4.7% loss in performance. According to the observations, a misalignment of 60% is tolerable, with minimal performance loss and negligible non-uniformity in cell distributions.

Combined effect of channel to rib width ratio and gas diffusion layer deformation on high temperature – Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance

The present study investigates the combined influence of Channel to Rib Width (CRW) ratio and clamping pressure on the structure and performance of High Temperature-Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC) using a three-dimensional numerical model developed previously. It also considers the impact of interfacial contact resistance between the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) and Bipolar Plate (BPP). The structural analysis of the single straight channel HT-PEMFC geometry shows that the von-Mises stress greatly increases in the GDL under the ribs as the CRW ratio increases resulting in considerably high deformation. The cell performance analysis depicts the significance of ohmic resistance and concentration polarization for different CRW ratios, particularly at higher operating current densities. However, in low to medium current density regions, the CRW ratio has little influence on cell performance. A substantial impact on the species, overpotential, and current distributions is observed. The findings also reveal that the CRW ratio significantly affects the temperature distribution in the cell.

Dispersing Agents Impact Performance of Protonated Phosphonic Acid High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

The microstructure of ionomers plays a significant role in the performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). Here, we establish direct correlations between the properties of dispersing agents and the microstructure of a protonated phosphonic acid ionomer. Most importantly, the formation of the porous structure of a protonated phosphonic acid ionomer depends on the pKa of the liquid media. Namely, the acid–base interaction between the charged polymer and dispersing agents determines the porosity in the ionomer thin films. The HT-PEMFC performance increases with the level of porosity of the ionomer, as the pores enable fast reactant gas accessibility. This study concludes the importance of the pKa of ionomers’ dispersing media for the HT-PEMFC performance.

Enhancing proton conductivity on polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane doped acid

Abstract This study provides various condition for acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane which giving the best proton conductivity result with respect to the High Temperature-Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC). A highly phosphonated polymer membrane based on acid-base complex membrane system was introduced where phytic acid (PyA) was chosen as an acid doping instead of phosphoric acid (PA) due to its properties of having high phosphate group content and ability to participate in H bonding interactions with the functionalities in PBI matrix. By introducing this PBI/phytic acid membrane helped to overcome the issues arise from PBI/PA membrane system especially on acid leaching problem. In this study, a simple and cost effective technique on porous PBI membrane fabrication and acid doping condition were employed to search an optimum acid-doping level and to further improve the stability and durability of the membrane.

High-Efficiency Combined Heat and Power through a High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine Hybrid System

High-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are a promising technology for distributed power generation thanks to their high-power density, high efficiency, low emissions, fast start-up, and excellent dynamic characteristics, together with their high tolerance to CO poisoning (i.e., CO in the feed up to 3%). In this paper, we present an innovative, simple, and efficient hybrid high-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell gas turbine combined heat and power system whose fuel processor relies on partial oxidation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the state-of-the-art fuel processors based on steam reformation may not be the optimal choice for high-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells’ power plants. Through steady-state modeling, we determine the optimal operating conditions and the performance of the proposed innovative power plant. The results show that the proposed hybrid combined heat and power system achieves an electrical efficiency close to 50% and total efficiency of over 85%, while a state-of-the-art system based on steam reformation has an electrical efficiency lower than 45%. The proposed innovative plant consists of a regenerative scheme with a limited power ratio between the turbine and fuel cell and limited optimal compression ratio. Therefore, micro-gas turbines are the most fitting type of turbomachinery for the hybrid system.

Multiphase and Pore Scale Modeling on Catalyst Layer of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

Phosphoric acid as the electrolyte in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell plays an essential role in its performance and lifetime. Maldistribution of phosphoric acid in the catalyst layer (CL) may result in performance degradation. In the present study, pore-scale simulations were carried out to investigate phosphoric acid’s multiphase flow in a cathode CL. A reconstructed CL model was built using focused ion beam-SEM images, where distributions of pore, carbon support, binder, and catalyst particles can be identified. The multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method was employed to simulate phosphoric acid invading and leaching from the membrane into the CL during the membrane electrode assembly fabrication process. The predicted redistribution of phosphoric acid indicates that phosphoric acid of low viscosity or low wettability is prone to leaching into the CL. The effective transport properties and the active electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) were computed using a pore-scale model. They were subsequently used in a macroscopic model to evaluate the cell performance. A parametric study shows that cell performance first increases with increasing phosphoric acid content due to the increase of ECSA. However, further increasing phosphoric acid content results in performance degradation due to mass transfer limitation caused by acid flooding.

Spatial analysis of CO poisoning in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

The improved tolerance of the High Temperature-Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC) to CO allows the use of reformate as an anode feed. However, the presence of several per cent of CO in the reformate, which is inevitable particularly in on-board reformation in automobiles, which otherwise demands complex systems to keep the CO level very low, will significantly lower the cell performance, especially when the HT-PEMFC is operated at 160 °C or below. In this study, a three-dimensional, non-isothermal numerical model is developed and applied to a single straight-channel HT-PEMFC geometry. The model is validated against the experimental data for a broad range of current densities at different CO concentration and operating temperatures. A significant spatial variation in current density distribution is observed in the membrane because the CO sorption is a spatially non-homogeneous process depending on local operating conditions and dilution of the H2 stream. To investigate the local spatial effects on HT-PEMFC operation, the model is applied to a real cell of size 49.4 cm2 with an 8-pass serpentine flow-field at the anode and the cathode. The membrane and anode catalyst layer are segmented into 5×5 array to investigate the spatial resolution of the polarization curves, H2 concentration, current density, and anode polarization loss. The simulation results show that the presence of CO in the anode feed reduces cell performance, however, the results reveal that uniformity in current density distribution in the membrane improves when the cell is operated in potentiostatic mode. The results are discussed in detail with the help of several line plots and multi-dimensional contours. The study also emphasizes on the importance of optimizing the reformate anode feed rate to improve cell performance.

Understanding the role of the anode on the polarization losses in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using the distribution of relaxation times analysis

To investigate the role of the anode on the polarization losses of a High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC), we analyzed impedance data using the Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) method. Thereby, we varied the operating conditions of the anode (humidification, nitrogen dilution, and carbon monoxide (CO) impurities) to study its impact on Nyquist plot and DRT spectrum. Humidification of the hydrogen was found to dilute phosphoric acid, which is visible in the DRT. Nitrogen dilution of the anode gas slightly increases the Mass Transport (MT) resistance. Furthermore, CO was added to anode gas fed and it impacts the impedance throughout the whole frequency range, specifically the medium and low-frequency range, typically assigned to ORR kinetics and oxygen MT. For a more detailed analysis of the impedance data, a reference electrode was employed to separate the overpotential caused by each electrode. The DRT spectrum of the anode exhibits only one peak at 1 kHz. In the presence of CO, a second peak arises corresponding to side-reactions occurring as the anodic half-cell potential increases. It was found that the cathode is affected by CO on the anode merely by the lowered cell potential and not by CO directly.

Enhanced Durability of Pt-Based Electrocatalysts in High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Using a Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheet Support

The durability issue is a main challenge for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC). In this study, the electrocatalyst of graphitic carbon nitride (gC3N4) nanosheets su...

Enhanced Performance and Durability of High-temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell by Incorporating Covalent Organic Framework into Catalyst Layer

Enhanced Performance and Durability of High-temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell by Incorporating Covalent Organic Framework into Catalyst Layer

Advancement in Distribution and Control Strategy of Phosphoric Acid in Membrane Electrode Assembly of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Advancement in Distribution and Control Strategy of Phosphoric Acid in Membrane Electrode Assembly of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Iron Single Atoms on Graphene as Nonprecious Metal Catalysts for High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells.

Iron single atom catalysts (Fe SACs) are the best‐known nonprecious metal (NPM) catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), but their practical application has been constrained by the low Fe SACs loading (<2 wt%). Here, a one‐pot pyrolysis method is reported for the synthesis of iron single atoms on graphene (FeSA‐G) with a high Fe SAC loading of ≈7.7 ± 1.3 wt%. The as‐synthesized FeSA‐G shows an onset potential of 0.950 V and a half‐wave potential of 0.804 V in acid electrolyte for the ORR, similar to that of Pt/C catalysts but with a much higher stability and higher phosphate anion tolerance. High temperature SiO2 nanoparticle‐doped phosphoric acid/polybenzimidazole (PA/PBI/SiO2) composite membrane cells utilizing a FeSA‐G cathode with Fe SAC loading of 0.3 mg cm−2 delivers a peak power density of 325 mW cm−2 at 230 °C, better than 313 mW cm−2 obtained on the cell with a Pt/C cathode at a Pt loading of 1 mg cm−2. The cell with FeSA‐G cathode exhibits superior stability at 230 °C, as compared to that with Pt/C cathode. Our results provide a new approach to developing practical NPM catalysts to replace Pt‐based catalysts for fuel cells.