High-temperature Dyeing Research Articles

Enaminones-Assisted Synthesis of Disperse Dyes. Part 2: High Temperature Dyeing of Polyester Fabrics

Some new disperse dyes has been prepared and used in dyeing polyester fabrics at a temperature of 130 °C and a study of the optimum conditions for the use of the dispersing agent. The relationship between the dye concentration used in dyeing polyester fabrics with dispersed dyes and the color strength K/S were studied using three different concentrations of dye weight. Finally, polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes have shown that they possess very good fastness against washing, perspiration and rubbing and acceptable fastness properties of light.

Nano TiO2 Imparting Multifunctional Performance on Dyed Polyester Fabrics with some Disperse Dyes Using High Temperature Dyeing as an Environmentally Benign Method.

Polyester fabrics were dyed with prepared disperse dyes using the high temperature dyeing method. The dye exhaustion of the dye baths were compared to the low-temperature dyeing method in an attempt to study the proportion of the dye effluent solution that affects the environment. The dye uptake of the high temperature dyeing method (HT) of polyester fabric was compared with low temperature dyeing, hence (HT) increased the color strength of the investigated dyes by 309 and 265%. This means that the amount of dye present in the dye effluents by using the high-temperature dyeing method is almost non-existent, and this is reflected positively on the environment as these wastes pollute the environment. Post-treated polyester fabric was prepared through a two-step hot process after being immersed in a solution of Titanium (IV) oxide nanoparticle sizeTiO2 NPs (21 nm primary particle size) at 80 °C followed by curing at 140 °C. The treated fabric realized an optimum UV protection factor of 34.9 and 283.6 degrees. These fabrics also demonstrated a strong ability to improve the light fastness properties. Finally, the potential applications of such value-added fabrics as self-cleaning and antifungal activities were investigated. The results indicated that the treated dyed fabrics with TiO2 NPs endowed fabrics with the excellent self-cleaning of methylene blue dye. From the above, the treated fabrics with nano-titanium dioxide can be used in some promising fields, for example, medical ones.

A novel green continuous dyeing of polyester fabric with excellent color data

Polyester fabrics are conventionally dyed mainly at either high temperature and high pressure or normal pressure using a toxic carrier. These harsh method not only energy consuming but as well affects the environment severely. Thus, for cleaner production and with an eye on energy saving, a green and ecological viable and sustainable continuous dyeing process were developed for polyester fabrics using aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyester fabrics were dyed with CI Disperse Blue 56 in a continuous process by padding the fabric in an aqueous solution of PEG10000 with 100% pick-up. Different factors that may affect the dyeability of polyester fabrics, such as PEG water ratio, drying time and method, curing temperature and time, were investigated. The selected conditions obtained were applied using four disperse dyes; namely, CI Disperse Blue 56, CI Disperse Red 50, CI Disperse Red 343, and CI Disperse Orange 29. A tentative mechanism is suggested for the role of PEG10000 in the dyeability of polyester fabrics that relies on nanodispersed dye together its action as a fiber plasticizer and swelling agent. The excellent color data, levelling and fastness properties of the dyed fabrics using this facile method suggest its potential as a viable and ecological alternative for carrier-atmospheric dyeing and high-temperature dyeing of polyester fabrics with great potential for application to a broad range of synthetic fibers.

Improving the photostability of curcumin using functional star-shaped polyamidoamine dendrimer: Application on PET

Three novel 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone UV-absorber-containing compounds, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone-conjugated G0-PAMAM dendrimer-curcumin (D4), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone-conjugated G1-PAMAM dendrimer-curcumin (D5) and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone-conjugated G2-PAMAM dendrimer-curcumin (D6) were synthesized from reactant cyanuric chloride via coupling to PAMAM (G0,G1,G2) as well as curcumin. Chemical structures of newly prepared materials were proved by means of elemental analysis, FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, UV–vis and DSC techniques. The spectral features of D4-D6 were studied in comparison with those of unmodified curcumin. The novel 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone UV-absorber-containing compounds exhibited a narrow peak at 420–440 nm with high molar extinction coefficient. To study their dyeing features and the obtainable color gamut, synthesized compounds were used in the high temperature dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics and their light fastness was also evaluated. The outcomes revealed that the building-up and light fastness of new dyes were considerably developed.

High temperature dyeing of PET fabric with natural colourants extracted from annatto seeds

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of dyeing polyester (PET) fabric with natural dye extracted from annatto seeds using high temperature dyeing method.Design/methodology/approachPET fabric was dyed with annatto extract by varying dyeing parameters (temperature, time, pH and dye concentration) to determine the optimum dyeing conditions. The influences of KAl(SO4)2, FeSO4, gallnut mordants or a commercial UV absorber on colour yield and fastness properties were further studied.FindingsOptimum results were obtained when the fabric was dyed at 130°C for 30 min in a dyebath containing 15 per cent (owf) annatto dye at pH 6. The dyed fabric had an orange shade and exhibited good to excellent wash, crock, perspiration fastness and fair light fastness. Further dyeing with mordants or UV absorber mostly resulted in lower colour yield and similar fastness properties.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the light fastness was slightly improved to moderate level for the sample with UV absorber, a noticeable colour staining on cotton portion of multi-fibre fabric occurred when subjected to standard washing test. Compared to C.I. Disperse Orange 73, the annatto dye exhibited comparable colour fastness but had inferior light fastness when dyed at approximately the same colour strength.Originality/valueNatural colourants from annatto seeds can be used to dye PET fabric at high temperature without mordants, yielding deep orange shade and satisfactory fastness properties. This study provides a promising application to reduce the environmental impact of synthetic dyes.

Blocking erythemally weighted UV radiation using cotton fabrics functionalized with ZnO nanoparticles in situ

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized by a precipitation method from zinc nitrate hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide using high-temperature dyeing equipment. This synthesis was studied within the framework of the percent yield to determine the most favorable concentrations of the chemical reagents. The in situ functionalization of cotton textiles with ZnO NPs was carried out via an exhaust dyeing method using the previously determined favorable concentrations of zinc nitrate (2, 5, 8 and 10% on-weight-fabric) and sodium hydroxide (0.7, 1.7, 2.5 and 3.0 g/L). The results demonstrated that the ZnO NPs in powder form and those synthesized in situ on the fabric exhibited a wurtzite hexagonal crystalline structure. The powder displayed a star-like morphology with very pronounced sharp points, whereas the NPs grown on the fabric showed a similar morphology but with not very pronounced sharp points. For all concentrations of zinc nitrate studied, before and after 20 washing cycles, the cotton fabric functionalized with the ZnO NPs exhibited a UV protection factor between very good and excellent.

Comparison of conventional and ultrasonic method for dyeing of spunbond polyester nonwoven fabric

Nonwoven spunbonded polyester has wide applications for both household goods and home furnishings and their usage has continually been growing. Nowadays, coloration of nonwoven fabrics is performed using conventional methods. Conventional polyester dyeing is an energy-intensive process as the dyeing is carried out above 120 °C to obtain efficient diffusion of dye. Furthermore, these high temperatures may cause some harmful effects on delicate nonwoven structures. Ultrasound assisted textile dyeing is an alternative method of conventional dyeing of textile materials, providing energy saving by reduced process temperature and time, lower consumptions of auxiliaries with increased dyeing efficiency. This paper focuses on comparing the conventional (high temperature (HT) and carrier dyeing) and ultrasonic dyeing of nonwoven spunbonded polyester fabrics to investigate the effect of ultrasound energy on dyeing performance. Experimental results indicated that highest or comparable dyeing performance can be achieved with ultrasound dyeing at lower temperature (85 °C, 60 min.) without carrier as compared to carrier dyeing (100 °C, 60 min.) and HT dyeing (130 °C, 60 min.), providing an increase of dye depth depending on the dye concentration and basis weight of the fabric. It was evidently seen that highest basis weight of fabric (107 g/m2) used in this study exhibited greater color yield for each dye concentrations (K/S value of 4.90 at 0.2% dye concentration) as compared to conventional ones. The effect of ultrasound energy on reductive washing and fastness properties were also evaluated.

Reuse of wastewaters on dyeing of polyester fabric with encapsulated disperse dye

ABSTRACT The textile industry can benefit from the use of microcapsules, both adding value to products through the production of technical or functional textiles and improving the processes in the production chain. Some applications have been widely explored in academic research, but many are not feasible for use in industrial scale. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop consistent and efficient methodologies for the encapsulation of active compounds commonly used in the textile industry, employing materials which are viable for large-scale application. In this study, polyurethane-urea microcapsules were formulated by interfacial polymerization and encapsulated with C.I Disperse Blue 60 for the dyeing of polyester fabric without the use of dispersing agents and other auxiliaries. The dyeing was carried out in a high temperature dyeing machine with a very simple dyebath, in which there are only dissolved dye molecules, microencapsulated dyes and the fabric. Additionally, the dyebath wastewaters were reused on a further dyeing as 100% bathwater and mixed with 50% distilled water. Colorimetric measurements show excellent colour removal in both samples.

Indigo Dyeing of Mongolian Cashmere Fiber

Mongolian cashmere sliver, yarn, and fabric were dyed and bleached with a solution of ascorbic acid and iron sulfate at 70℃, and then dyed using natural indigo powder at the dyeing temperature of 25℃ to 90℃ for 15- 90 minutes using the IR dyeing machine. K/S values of bleached samples decreased significantly when dyed above 70℃ dyeing temperature for a longer dyeing time. Bleached cashmere fabric showed a greater loss of tensile strength than unbleached cashmere fabric, even when the samples were dyed at 40℃. With a higher dyeing temperature, yarns lost fullness, became thinner, and the pores between the yarns were enlarged. The xray diffraction pattern exhibited a prominent increase in crystallinity and the protein assay indicated a loss of protein in the bleached sample dyed at 90℃. Thinning of scales, fractured or raised tip of scales, and roughness on the entire surface of the fiber were also observed. The results indicate that bleaching and high temperature dyeing cause a serious damage to cashmere fibers. In addition, bleaching and high temperature dyeing cause significant fiber damage. Natural indigo dyeing using low temperature dyeing is recommended to produce blue color cashmere.

Improving the low temperature dyeability of polyethylene terephthalate fabric with dispersive dyes by atmospheric pressure plasma discharge

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber and textile is one of the largest synthetic polymer commodity in the world. The great energy consumption and pollution caused by the high temperature and pressure dyeing of PET fibers and fabrics with disperse dyes has been caused concern these years. In this study, an atmospheric pressure plasma with fine and uniform filament discharge operated at 20kHz has been used to improve the low temperature dyeability of PET fabric at 95°C with three cation disperse dyes: Red 73, Blue 183 and Yellow 211. The dyes uptake percentage of the treated PET fabrics was observed to increase as twice as much of untreated fabric. The color strength rate was increased more than 20%. The reducing of the water contact angle and the raising of the capillary height of treated PET fabric strip indicate its hydrophilicity improvement. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results display nano to micro size of etching pits appeared uniformly on the fiber surface of the treated PET. Simultaneously, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates an increase of the oxygen content in the surface caused by the introduction of polar groups such as CO and COOH. The rough surface with improved polar oxygen groups showed hydrophilicity and affinity to C.I. dispersive dyes and is believed to be caused by the strong and very fine filament discharge appearing randomly at one place at an instant but evenly at many places at a longer period. This increases the diffusion and absorption of the C.I. disperse dyes on the PET fiber surface, which improve its low temperature dyeability.

A Novel High Temperature and High Pressure Yarn Dyeing Machine with UltraLow Liquor Ratio

A Novel High Temperature and High Pressure Yarn Dyeing Machine with UltraLow Liquor Ratio

An aqueous sol–gel process for the fabrication of high-flux YSZ nanofiltration membranes as applied to the nanofiltration of dye wastewater

Ceramic nanofiltration (NF) membranes are becoming increasingly important for the recovery and purification of dyes and salts (e.g., NaCl) in high salinity waste streams. This work reports an aqueous sol–gel process for the preparation of high-flux yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) NF membranes derived from zirconium oxychloride, and the procedure is completely free of organic solvents. The use of zirconium oxychloride as a precursor dissolved in deionized water was expected to contribute to environmental protection and reduce cost. A crack-free thin YSZ layer was fabricated on α-Al2O3 supported ZrO2 ultrafiltration membranes. The YSZ NF membrane exhibited a great water permeability of 28Lm−2h−1bar−1 and a low molecular weight cut-off of 800Da. Furthermore, the desalination and recovery were examined with fluorescent brightener wastewater in different operation parameters by YSZ NF membranes. The filtration results revealed that the fluorescent brightener retention increased slightly with increasing transmembrane pressure and cross-flow velocity. When the filtration was operated at 60°C, the fluorescent brightener recovery value of 99% was obtained while the NaCl removal was greater than 98%, meanwhile the flux was up to 89Lm−2h−1 under suitable conditions, indicating that ceramic NF membranes were the technology of choice in treatment of high temperature dye wastewater.

Azo and anthraquinone dye mixture decolourization at elevated temperature and concentration by a newly isolated thermophilic fungus, Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae

Toxic, high temperature synthetic dye wastewater is currently treated biologically at lower temperatures via adsorption-based decolourization due to lack of suitable thermophilic candidates. Here, the dye decolourizing abilities of a thermophilic fungus, Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae at different temperatures and dye concentrations were investigated in an azo–anthraquinone dye mixture (Azure B, Congo Red, Trypan Blue and Remazol Brilliant Blue R) over 6 days. Assays with living and inactivated T. indicae-seudaticae, Aspergillus fumigatus and the combined culture indicated that inactivated fungi were substantially better at dye decolourization. Inactivated T. indicae-seudaticae was a faster and more effective dye decolourizer in the temperature range, 30–55°C at 100, 500 and 1000mgl−1 concentrations over 12h than either A. fumigatus or the combined culture. At 1000mgl−1 and 55°C, Thermomucor adsorbed up to 1.7-fold (74.93% decolourization) more dye than Aspergillus (44.67%) over 12h. Adsorption was predominantly metabolism independent, fitting both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the Pseudo second-order kinetic model. Low pH values (3.87–4.17 in living and 5.86 in inactivated biomass) were required for effective adsorption by Thermomucor sp. T. indicae-seudaticae is therefore an excellent candidate for high temperature dye decolourization.

Physical and dyeing properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/montmorillonite nanocomposite filament yarns

AbstractThis research paper describes the generation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/organoclay nanocomposite filaments by melt‐spinning method and investigation of their physical and dyeing properties. Two montmorillonite types of clay were modified using an intercalating agent synthesized and PET/organoclay (85/15 wt/wt) master batches were prepared using a corotating intermeshing twin screw extruder. Afterward, nanocomposite filaments containing different amounts of organoclay (0.5–5 wt%) were produced and dyed with two disperse dyes at atmospheric and high temperature dyeing conditions. Increased clay concentration led to reduced mechanical properties. Nonetheless, PET/organoclay nanocomposite filaments showed enhanced dyeability. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © Society of Plastics Engineers

Dyeing of woven polyester fabric with curcumin: effect of dye concentrations and surface pre‐activation using air atmospheric plasma and ultraviolet excimer treatment

Dyeing of polyester fabric with curcumin was studied at 90 and 130 °C without and with a prior surface activation of polyester fabric using two different ecotechnologies: air atmospheric plasma treatment and ultraviolet excimer lamp at 172 nm. Without surface activation, dyeing with curcumin followed classical disperse dye behaviour, with higher dye uptake at 130 °C than at 90 °C, and saturation was readily reached at 2% dye owf at 130 °C with a colour yield of 22. Surface‐sorbed curcumin molecules extracted with ethanol seemed to increase the colour yield values at 90 °C dyeing, while at 130 °C they decreased the colour yield values. When dyeing was carried out after a prior surface activation of the polyester fabrics, increased colour yield was observed at both dyeing temperatures for the ultraviolet excimer lamp only (with colour yield increasing from 2 to 10 at 90 °C and from 22 to 28 at 130 °C for a 2% dye owf). Indeed, both surface activation methods yielded hydrophilic species at the polyester fabric fibre surface, which were confirmed by water contact angle, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements and atomic force microscopy. However, the surface of the polyester fabric activated using plasma lost all of its hydrophilic species, reaching the water contact angle of untreated polyester when subjected to the dyeing conditions. The excimer treatment yields hydrophilic species that are more resistant to high temperature and pressure dyeing.

Synthesis and Application of New Benzotriazole Derivatives as UV Absorbers for Polyester Fabrics

2-(2′-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-amino-2H-benzotriazole was synthesized and subjected to acylamidation to yield three new ultraviolet (UV) absorbers. The largest absorption wavelength and the relationship between the concentration and the maximum absorbance of the UV absorbers were measured in dimethylsulfoxide. Then the four benzotriazole type UV absorbers were dispersed and applied onto polyester fabrics with the high temperature and pressure dyeing method. The stabilizing effect against UV light of the finished fabrics was studied by ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and UV transmittance measurement.

IR Study on N719 Dye Adsorption with High Temperature Dye Solution for Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

N719 dye adsorption by immersing electrodes in a high temperature N719 solution for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) was investigated by IR absorption spectroscopy using a multiple internal reflection geometry. In this study, an N719 dye solution of a mixture of 10 mL acetonitorile and 10 mL tertiary-butyl alcohol containing N719 at a concentration of 0.36 mg/mL was examined. When the solution temperature for dye adsorption was increased from 20 to , the N719 dye chemisorbed on with the bidentate bond was increased and this high temperature dye adsorption was effective in promoting power generation in the DSCs. Decreasing the solution temperature from room temperature to resulted in an increase in the physisorbed dye on the surface, which may rather deteriorate power generation. The IR absorption spectroscopy indicates the presence of an activation barrier for N719 to chemisorb on the surface. A dye adsorption method using a high temperature dye solution for higher power generation efficiency is discussed in this paper.

Promotion of Power Generation in N719 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Made by Dye Adsorption with a High-Temperature Dye Solution

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The Influence of Stabilization under Various Conditions and Subsequent Treatment of Polyester Fabric on the Quantity and Composition of Extracted Oligomers

The study examined the effect of stabilization under various conditions (temperature, time and tension) and the treatment of polyester fabric in buffered solution (pH 12) prior to high-temperature dyeing, on the migration of oligomers. The content of oligomers in the treated polyester fabric was determined by extraction in petroleum ether and dichloromethane. The extract was analyzed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Based on the results it was established that oligomer migration was affected by temperature, time, and the stabilization tension. The greatest reduction in the content of oligomers was in polyester fabric that was stabilized in a restricted state at higher temperatures and longer times (220°C, 600 seconds). The oligomer content decreased even further if the polyester fabric was alkaline pre-treated. The GPC chromatograms showed that all oligomeric extracts consisted mainly of cyclic trimers, whereas the presence and proportion of other cyclic oligomers varied with treatment conditions.

Dyeing of polyester using micro‐encapsulated disperse dyes in the absence of auxiliaries

Polyurea microcapsules were prepared in this study, using disperse dye as the core material and diphenylmethane‐4,4′‐diisocyanate as the wall‐former. Microencapsulated disperse dyes have been characterised in terms of their thermal properties, average particle size and size distribution, morphological structure and composition. Polyester fabric was dyed with microencapsulated CI Disperse Blue 56 using a high temperature dyeing process without dispersing agents, penetrating agents, levelling agents or other auxiliaries. The quality of the polyester fabric dyed in this manner – without reduction clearing – was at least as good as that dyed traditionally after washing and reduction clearing. After separating off the polyurea microcapsules, the dyebath was virtually colourless and was shown to be suitable for reuse.