High-strength Composite Materials Research Articles

Design, Analysis and Manufacturing of Front Sprocket of a Bicycle using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Sprocket is an essential part of a bicycle which converts rotating motion of the sprocket to linear movement of the bicycle. During operation, teeth of the sprocket mesh with the chain. Ride of a bicycle is a labour intensive process. Use of light materials parts in a bicycle instead of conventional materials can reduce a significant amount of weight, and rider need to apply lower force to drive it. In geared cycles, different sized sprockets are employed which incorporated a substantial amount of weight to it. Composite materials are very strong and lightweight materials. The strength to weight ratio of the composite materials is very high, and they are able to replace traditional metals and alloys in several applications. Along with strength, durability and lightweight, the use of composite material also improves the aesthetic look of the component. Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) is a high strength composite material that is used abundantly in various industries. In this work, virtual and experimental analysis of CFRP bicycle sprocket was carried out. The attributes showed by the CFRP sprocket were compared with the traditional sprocket. The problems faced by the CFRP sprocket fitted bicycle in real life conditions is also documented.

Кинематический накопитель энергии для децентрализованной энергетики

In mastering the use of decentralized renewable energy sources, problems of connecting them to the common grid are encountered, including those stemming from the nonuniform power output produced by them. The use of a kinematic energy storage (KES) as an additional source of power for a wind farm is considered. In addition, a high-speed three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machine equipped with an output electronic module, with which the energy storage can operate with a variable rotation frequency, is proposed to be used as the KES motor—generator unit. The parameters of a KES with the inertia moment equal to 100 kgm[1] made using different materials (steel, aluminum, titanium, and high-strength composite material) have been calculated for different flywheel diameter-to-height ratios. It is shown that the energy storage equipped with a 624-kg flywheel made of composite material can produce the power output equal to 5 kW for 8 h in the rotation frequency range 18000—6000 min-1. A three-phase permanent-magnet motor-generator is proposed for such KES.

Розвиток інституту механіки ім. С.П. Тимошенко НАН України (1941-1968)

The chronological sequence of the main stages of the development of Institute of Mechanics of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences named after S.P. Тymoshenko and process of its scientific directions formation during 1941-1968 are depicted in this article. The data of the structure and trends of the institute activities, theoretical and experimental researches, relations with industry and personnel training are represented. At the end of 1968 at Institute of mechanics the following departments functioned: a rheology (H.M. Savin), thermoelasticity and thermoрlasticity (A.D. Kovalenko), loudspeakers and stability of continuous environments (O. M. Huz), construction mechanics of thin-walled designs (I. Ya. Amiro), pilot studies of designs (P.S. Polyakov), plastic deformations in designs (A.I. Strelbytska), plasticity of materials (M.I. Cherniak), computing methods (Ya.M. Hryhorenko), theory of fluctuations (V.O. Kononenko), hydroelasticity (M.O. Kilchevskyi), physics and technology (S.V. Malashenko), experimental methods of a research of fluctuations (M.P. Hotyaintsev), mechanics of composite environments (H.A. Vanin), methods of calculations and designing of products from composite materials (O.A. Horoshko), modeling of designs from composite materials (V.Р. Besonov), a research of properties of new materials (I.I. Ishchenko), static durability (F.P. Beliankin), fatigue of designs (M.E. Harf), dynamics and firmness of the movement (A.N. Holubentsev). Over time reorganization and merges of some subsections was carried out. Scientific activity of institute was directed to development of fundamental research of mechanics of the solid deformed body and the general mechanics which have applied value, and participation in the solution of practical tasks. At the same time works were conducted at such main scientific directions: in the field of basic scientific research (the mechanic (statics, dynamics and stability) of elements of designs and materials at complex (power, thermal electromagnetic, etc.) influences; analytical mechanics, nonlinear fluctuations of systems of bodies and multiphase environments) in the field of applied research works (development of methods of calculations and means of a research of objects of the new equipment, development of methods of designing and creation of skilled products from high-strength composite materials, development of methods and technical means of program tests for fatigue of materials and natural elements of designs taking into account features of their operation. The powerful kernel of the Kyiv school of mechanics which concentrated and developed the activity at Institute of mechanics is created.

High-strength composite materials based on aluminum reinforced by micro and nanostructures (mini review)

This mini review focuses on the analysis of the latest advances in the development of composite materials (CM) based on aluminum reinforced by micro and nanostructures. CM fabrication methods, different reinforcing additives (Al2O3, AlN, SiC, CuO, B4C, Li3N, C, BN) and their morphological types (nanotubes, nanoplates, micro and nanoparticles), and the structure and properties of CM are considered. The paper demonstrates the importance of theoretical modeling methods in studying the strength of interfaces in CM.

Composite Materials in the Zirconia–Tricalcium Phosphate System for Bone Implants

Based on tricalcium phosphate, new high-strength composite materials were synthesized, in which the strengthening phase was ZrO2. To reduce the sintering temperature and obtain a fine crystalline structure, a special additive based on sodium silicate was developed, which favored the formation of low-temperature melts. It was studied how the ratio between the initial components and the sintering conditions affect the phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the obtained composite materials. By improving technology and optimizing composition, strong ZrO2-rich composites were produced in the tetragonal modification with a low sintering temperature of 1250–1350°C and a flexural strength to 260 MPa. The composites had microstructure with tricalcium phosphate and ZrO2 crystal sizes to 500 nm and to 5 μm, respectively. Such materials can be used in medicine for manufacturing bone implants capable of withstanding physiological loads.

Machinability Study of Developed Composite AA6061-ZrO2 and Analysis of Influence of MQL

Aluminium metal matrix replaces high melting point and high density conventional materials, thus minimizing the usage of energy and supporting the environment. This work develops a low-weight, high-strength composite material with the help of AA 6061 and ZrO2 through a stir casting route incorporated with a squeeze casting setup. Machining and machining tools create impacts on clean environments, as they deal with lubricants and power consumption. Having taken this issue into consideration, this research studies the effect of machining parameters on surface roughness, tool wear, and cutting force, while turning the developed metal matrix composite in dry and minimum quantity lubrication conditions. The turning experiment was performed by designing parameters using an L27 orthogonal array. The turning condition was dry and with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). The responses obtained in the turning process were analysed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique to find the most influential factor and its percentage contribution. Optimal machining parameters were investigated and tabulated with the help of main effect plots and S/N ratio graphs. Studies prove that there is a linear relationship between MQL versus surface roughness and tool wear, and there was no substantial effect on cutting force.

Technical aspects of using composite materials for strengthening constructions

The construction industry has experienced the hugest number of changes during all century’s history. Today in construction there is a huge set of scientific completions and innovative solutions that many times increase quality of works and process reliability of construction in general. This publication is devoted to an innovative element for strengthening building constructions and elements - to high-strength composite materials. Due to inevitable exhaustion of natural resources and increase in energy cost in the world the process of composite materials production in industrial is becoming more relevant, important and popular, such as fibreglass, basaltplastic, carbonoplastic. These composite materials possess sufficient characteristics on reliability, durability, profitability and that is the most important - environmental friendliness in comparison with the metal reinforcing elements. It is important that source replenishment of raw materials in modern production is possible due to processing of secondary raw materials and technogenic waste. Experience of using composite materials during strengthening building constructions, the comparative analysis from the point of ecology production and using materials, advantages of composite materials is reflected in this publication. The purpose of this publication is to show validity of using composite materials for strengthening building constructions from the point of view of reliability, profitability and also environmental friendliness in comparison with other reinforcing elements.

MANUFACTURING METHOD OF BRAMHA RESIN AND CARBON COMOSITE LAMINATES FOR VARIOUS QUALIFICATION TESTS

At present Carbon/Glass fiber composite structure are widely used with Epoxy Resin. Epoxy resin is employedn primarilyn forn fabricatingn highn performancen composites with bestn physical properties, corrosion properties, superior electrical properties, smartn performancen atn elevatedn temperatures, smartn adhesionn ton a substraten orn an combinationn ofn these edges. Epoxy resins are used with variety of fibrous reinforcing materials as well as glass, carbon. Epoxies are compatible with most composite producing processes significantly various types of molding, filament winding and hand lay-up. nnnn Light weight and high strength composite material thus made promotes aerospace and missile industries to replace metallic structure. However, there are limitations on their use in thermal environment having maximum temperature range of 120-1500C. Also glass fiber composites are subject to considerable water absorption. This limitation is imposed by Epoxy matrix in composite structure. A new indigenous herbal matrix/resin named ‘BRAMHA' has been developed for fabrication of glass/carbon fiber reinforced composite materials. Since it is made from wheat, cereals, proteins, starch mixed with natural gum, it is categorized as “Herbal” resin. Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer molding (VARTM) composite fabrication process is used for preparation of carbon a glass fiber laminates. This resin is then compared with epoxy for its various physical a mechanical properties such as pure resin shear strength, water absorption, and sand erosion. The strength tests like tensile at room and at elevated temperatures; compression test and inter-laminar shear strength are conducted. The test results obtained show that BRAMHA resin has superior properties than presently used Epoxy resin .The above tests are carried out at Advanced Composite Division (ACD) National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) Bangalore and Composite Research Center (CRC) DRDO-R a D E, Pune

Development of the Testing Machine for Biaxial Loading of Sheet Metals

In sheet metal forming process, most of the materials are under complex stress state. So the mechanical behaviour can’t be applied to the actual projects only by the uniaxial tensile test. In order to get more accurately mechanical properties of materials especially for the anisotropic materials such as high strength steel and composite materials, it is necessary to do the research of biaxial tensile and press test machine. In this study, the biaxial loading machine was developed. The machine can be used for biaxial tensile test under different loading path and uniaxial tensile test. With the developed software, the experimental data can be processed through the program, and the biaxial tensile curve and yield criterion can be obtained. From the perspective of the development of modern industrial equipment and the experimental methods, the research and development of the equipment in this study play an important role in the field of the biaxial tensile test in domestic.

High-strength lignin-based carbon fibers via a low-energy method.

Bio-renewable carbon fibers are fabricated and employed as high-strength composite materials in many fields. In this work, a facile and low energy consumption method was developed to fabricate high-strength lignin-based carbon fibers. Using iodine treatment, the thermodynamic stability of the lignin-based precursor fibers increased significantly, and thus energy consumption during the preparation of the carbon fibers was reduced. The influence of the iodine treatment on fibers was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, tension testing, etc. The resulting iodine lignin-based carbon fibers had better tensile strength (89 MPa) than that of PAN carbon fibers produced by electrospinning technology.

Design and Analysis of a High-Speed Permanent Magnet Compensated Pulsed Alternator

Compensated pulsed alternator (CPA, Compulsator) is a pulsed power supply with high power density and energy density. The principles of electromagnetic shielding and magnetic flux compression are used to provide a huge pulse current to the load. In order to reduce the mass or volume of the alternator and increase the storage density, high-strength composite materials are used in the air-core CPA. They are the preferred sources of modern electromagnetic weapon systems because of their merits. A high-speed air-core permanent magnet CPA (PMCPA) was presented in this paper with Halbach array PM topology of the rotor. The heavy external excitation source was not needed, so the volume and mass of the entire discharge system was reduced. Due to the special topology of air-core PMCPA, the parameters of the PMCPA were designed based on the theory of electromagnetic field analysis, numerical, and analytical methods. The finite element method simulation model is built based on the dimension parameters of CPA. The discharge process is simulated by Ansys Maxwell to optimize the performance of PMCPA.

Effects on four layer composite material by changing their orders

In this paper a composite material would be tested at static load and choosing the same load and fixed condition but order of arranging the layers would be changed. By doing this many deformation changes were observed from the results. A four layer composite material was designed and analysis by changing their order for a batter results. All these results were observed after testing the material on ‘ANSYS Mechanical APDL’. This study shows that if anyone wants to develop a high strength composite material then placed the layers in this order as shown in this paper conclusion.

Research of Influence Electric Conditions Combined ElectroDiamond Processing by on Specific Consumption of Wheel*

The paper presents results of stability research of cutting properties of diamond abrasive tools in metal binder for grinding high-strength composite materials, as well as the need to reduce the specific consumption of wheel, as one of the most important economic indicators of processing. Shows a comparative analysis of the results of preliminary researches of various methods diamond processing, in which determined that the minimum specific consumption of wheel reached by combined electro-diamond grinding, combining electrochemical grinding with simultaneous continuous electrochemical correction surface wheel. Were conducted more research directed at identifying the specific consumption the diamond wheel on metallic binder depending from electric conditions combined electrodiamond processing. Researches have established the advantages of combined electro-diamond of hard alloys processing and define rational modes to ensure a satisfactory consumption of the diamond wheel, as well as significantly increasing quality and performance.

샌드위치 구조를 가지는 복합재의 손실계수 향상을 위한 설계

ABSTRACT Underwater weapon system is required to structurally strong material, since as it is directly ex-posed to external shock. It should also be using the lightweight material in order to take advantage of buoyancy. Composite materials meet these requirements simultaneously. Particularly in the case of submarine, composite materials are widely used. It is important to have a high strength enough to be able to withstand external shock, but it is also important to attenuate it. In a method for the shock damping, viscoelastic damping materials are inserted between the high strength composite material as a sandwich structure. Shock attenuation can be evaluated in the loss factor. In ASTM(American Society of Testing Materials), evaluation method of the loss factor of cantilever specimens is specified. In this paper, mode tests of the cantilever are performed by the ASTM standard, in order to calculate the loss factor of the viscoelastic damping material by the specified expression. Further, for verifying of the calculated loss factor, mode test of compound beams is carried out. In addition, the characteristics of the material were analyzed the effect on the loss factor.

Composite flywheel material design for high-speed energy storage

Lamina and laminate mechanical properties of materials suitable for flywheel high-speed energy storage were investigated. Low density, low modulus and high strength composite material properties were implemented for the constant stress portion of the flywheel while higher density, higher modulus and strength were implemented for the constant thickness portion of the flywheel. Design and stress analysis were used to determine the maximum energy densities and shape factors for the flywheel. Analytical studies along with the use of the CADEC-online software were used to evaluate the lamina and laminate properties. This study found that a hybrid composite of M46J/epoxy–T1000G/epoxy for the flywheel exhibits a higher energy density when compared to known existing flywheel hybrid composite materials such as boron/epoxy–graphite/epoxy. Results from this study will contribute to further development of the flywheel that has recently re-emerged as a promising application for energy storage due to significant improvements in composite materials and technology.

Influence of electrical discharge machining parameters on cutting parameters of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic

ABSTRACTToday the use of high-strength carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) composite as a material for many engineering applications is showing an increasing demand in the industry. These composites are replacing the traditional use of steel because they offer many advantages such as very light weight, high strength, and high stiffness associated with good corrosion-resistant properties. Unfortunately, there is little technological knowledge on the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process of high-strength composite materials, especially about the CFRP. In this work, a study has made into the possibility of using EDM process as a means of machining CFRP composite. Various cutting conditions such as peak current, pulse-on time, pulse-off time and open-circuit voltage were selected to perform electrical discharge machining. The effect of electrode rotation was also studied. Optimum cutting conditions and machine settings for EDM were chosen for machining CFRP composites.

ナノカーボンを用いた 3D プリンター用高強度複合材料の開発

ナノカーボンを用いた 3D プリンター用高強度複合材料の開発

Features of High-Strength Composite Material Structure Creation

The basis of technology proposed is use of a sol-gel method for preventing polycrystalline corundum fiber from crystallization during heating to high temperature and for low-temperature synthesis of prescribed phases in a corundum matrix with the aim of improving the operating properties of composite materials based on corundum. As a result of firing a charge based on corundum powder modified with tetraethoxysilane and polycrystalline corundum fiber modified with ethylsilicate-32 at 1360°C materials are created with very good strength properties. The materials exhibit electrical insulation properties and are stable in ionized gas streams at the level of known analogs as a result of creating self-reinforced mullite and β-SiC corundum matrix, reinforced with polycrystalline fiber and rapidly sintered due to presence of silicon oxynitride.

Strong and electrically conductive graphene-based composite fibers and laminates.

Graphene is an ideal candidate for lightweight, high-strength composite materials given its superior mechanical properties (specific strength of 130 GPa and stiffness of 1 TPa). To date, easily scalable graphene-like materials in a form of separated flakes (exfoliated graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide) have been investigated as candidates for large-scale applications such as material reinforcement. These graphene-like materials do not fully exhibit all the capabilities of graphene in composite materials. In the current study, we show that macro (2 inch × 2 inch) graphene laminates and fibers can be produced using large continuous sheets of single-layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The resulting composite structures have potential to outperform the current state-of-the-art composite materials in both mechanical properties and electrical conductivities (>8 S/cm with only 0.13% volumetric graphene loading and 5 × 10(3) S/cm for pure graphene fibers) with estimated graphene contributions of >10 GPa in strength and 1 TPa in stiffness.

Finite Element Modeling of Fatigue in Fiber–Metal Laminates

Innovative hybrid materials developed at Delft University of Technology (e.g., ARALL and GLARE) dramatically reduce life-cycle costs and offer a great opportunity for service life extension of legacy aircraft. Replacement or repair of damaged aircraft components requires high-strength composite materials with high tailorability, fatigue, and impact-damage resistance, all of which are offered by the advanced hybrid materials. In addition, a reliable fatigue-life evaluation methodology for hybrid structures of arbitrary layup, configuration, constituent materials, and geometry is necessary. An efficient computational framework is presented for simulation of fatigue fracture in fiber–metal laminates based on the homogenized laminate modeled with large shell elements and cohesive zone used to simulate crack propagation. The cohesive traction–separation relationship is calibrated against the analytical solution for the strain-energy release rate, which explicitly accounts for the effect of fiber bridging. Appropriate calibration of the cohesive energy results in approximately constant crack-growth rate, a characteristic for fiber–metal laminates, as well as an accurate distribution of bridging stresses for the considered crack and delamination configurations. The proposed methodology is illustrated by simulating an experimental test conducted on a large glass-laminate-aluminum-reinforced-epoxy panel subjected to a constant-amplitude fatigue loading.