People Of Higher Status Research Articles

Children’s Understanding and Use of Four Dimensions of Social Status

ABSTRACT Beginning early in life, children are exposed to people who differ in social status. In five studies, we investigate whether 3- to 6-year-old children recognize different dimensions of status (i.e., wealth, physical dominance, decision-making power, and prestige) and use these dimensions to inform their social judgments (preferences and resource allocation). Across studies, we found that by age 3, children identify high-status people as in-charge. Further, while 3-6-year-olds favor higher status individuals over lower status individuals on a preference measure, 5-6-year-olds allocate a resource to a lower status individual over a higher status individual and 3-4-year-olds are at chance in their allocation. We observed minimal differences across dimensions of status in these studies. Taken together, across five pre-registered studies, we demonstrated that children identify and use social status distinctions to inform their social judgments across a variety of different dimensions.

Narcissitic Personality Disorder Pada Tokoh Elena Dalam Komik Tomodachi Gokko Karya Momochi Reiko

The tittle of this research “Narcissitic Personality Disorder at Character Elena Figure in comic Tomodachi Gokko by Momochi Reiko”. The aims of this research are to described NPD Characteristic, the reasons of NPD in character Elena, impact of NPD to Elena and other characters in comic Tomodachi Gokko by Momochi Reiko.The theories that have been used are Wellek and Warren’s literature and psychology theory (2016), Sigmund Freud Narcissism theory (1914), Gunderson’s Narcissitic Personality Disorder (1994), Lajos Egri’s Three Dimensions of Characterrization (1946) and Marcel Danesi’s semiotic theory (2011). 
 Based on the result, Elena is an early adulthood’s girl who experiences with Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Characteristic of NPD in Elena based on Gunderson, dkk, namely (1) has a grandiose of self-importance and is often envious of others, (2)is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love. (3) believes that he or she is “special” and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high status people, (4) requires excessive admiration, (5) has a sense of entitlement, (6) is interpersonally exploitative, takes advantage of other to achieve his or her own ends, (7) lacks empathy, and (8) shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes. The Reason behind Elena’s NPD condition was triggered by her mother, as a child she was often got curse word. The impact of NPD to Elena were 1) difficulted for her to distinguish between good and bad deeds and she almost lost her own life, and she move to the new school. The impact Elena’s NPD to other people around her were 2) she doing bullying, damaging, and traping for personal gain. 
 Keywords : psychology literature, Narcissistic Personality Disorders, Psychoanalytic

Do indirect requests communicate politeness?An experimental study of conventionalized indirect requests in French email communication

AbstractThis article addresses the relationship between linguistic politeness and addressee status in the performance of written requests in French. According to a first view, conventionalizedCan youfollowed by a verbal phrase (in short,Can you VP?) “indirect requests” (IRs) are preferred because they enable speakers to convey politeness effects absent in imperatives. According to an alternative view,Can you VP?is the standard polite request form in written communication because it avoids impoliteness implications. To test these two competing hypotheses, I carried out a production task experiment with 122 native speakers of Belgian French writing email requests. In this experiment, addressee status was manipulated. An important finding is that higher addressee status does not increase the frequency ofCan you VP?requests. Instead of usingCan you VP?more often when they address higher status people, the participants used specific politeness markers such as formal greetings and the V-form of address. These results disconfirm the hypothesis thatCan you VP?is used to convey extra politeness effects and suggests instead that people use such IRs to avoid the risk of being considered impolite.

Back to the original omnivore: On the artefactual nature of Peterson’s thesis of omnivorousness

Developed by Peterson in the early nineties, the thesis of omnivorousness involves a profound transformation of the principles thought to structure the distribution of cultural tastes and consumption. More specifically, this thesis posits that eclectic dispositions have replaced snobbish inclinations among high-status people. While the influence of this thesis has been important in the field over the past two decades, Peterson eventually questioned the reliability of the research literature dealing with omnivorousness. Notably, he raised the possibility that the thesis of omnivorousness may be grounded in a mere methodological artifact. In the present article, I examine such a possibility by focusing on potential flaws that may affect Peterson’s studies. Based on theoretical analyzes as well as empirical investigations, I point out the inconsistencies of Peterson’s operationalizations of omnivorousness, the poor association between taste and consumption in the data that the author mobilized, the arbitrariness of the musical hierarchies that he created, and the lack of validity of Peterson’s main findings regarding the dynamics of omnivorousness over time. All in all, this study supports the “artefact hypothesis” formulated by Peterson and invites investigators to be cautious when theorizing and contextualizing omnivorousness.

Socioeconomic status and the association between arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes

ObjectiveEvaluate whether arsenic-related diabetes risks differ between people of low and high socioeconomic status (SES). MethodsWe used data collected between October 2007-December 2010 from a population-based cancer case-control study (N = 1301) in Northern Chile, an area with high arsenic water concentrations (>800 µg/L) and comprehensive records of past exposure. Information on lifetime exposure and potential confounders were obtained using structured interviews, questionnaires, and residential histories. Type 2 diabetes was defined as physician-diagnosed diabetes or oral hypoglycemic medication use. SES was measured using a 14-point scale based on ownership of household appliances, cars, internet access, or use of domestic help. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between arsenic and diabetes within strata of SES. ResultsAmong those with low SES, the odds ratio (OR) for diabetes comparing individuals in the highest to lowest tertile of lifetime average arsenic exposure was 2.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29–3.49, p = 0.004). However, those in the high SES group were not at increased risk (OR = 1.12 [95% CI = 0.72–1.73]). ConclusionsOur findings provide evidence that risks of arsenic-related diabetes may be higher in Chile in people with low versus high SES.

O modus operandi de Deus e a composição da comunidade cristã. Um estudo de 1 Cor 1,26-31

Ao analisar 1 Cor 1,26-31, este artigo procura destacar a força retórica do argumento paulino que afirma que a maior parte das pessoas a quem Deus chamou para formar a comunidade cristã em Corinto não são “sábios”, “poderosos” e “de família prestigiosa”, mas “as coisas loucas”, “as coisas fracas”, “as coisas desprezíveis” e “as coisas que nada são”. Deus, ao revelar a sua sabedoria e poder na cruz de Cristo, escolhe a fraqueza e loucura do mundo, destruindo os fundamentos do orgulho humano. O artigo demonstra também que as declarações de Paulo não podem ser desvinculadas do discurso de honra próprio da cultura grecoromana, a qual estava associada a poder, gênero e lugar social. Além da riqueza, associada às pessoas de status social elevado, havia uma hierarquia de valores que incluía linhagem familiar, conexões com Roma e sofisticação cultural.

PERBANDINGAN CERITA RAKYAT SASAK DAN SAMAWA: UPAYA MEMAHAMI MASYARAKAT SASAK DAN SAMAWA

In this paper, there are two problems to be answered, namely are (1) the comparison between Sasak and Samawa folktales and (2) the description of Sasak and Samawa people based on the folktales. The folktales used as data are (1) Batu Goloq (Sasak) and Batu Plantolan (Samawa); Mandalika (Sasak) and Lala Buntar (Samawa); and (3) Tegodek dait Tetuntel (Sasak) and Ne Bote Ne Kakura (Samawa). Data are gathered through library research. Problems are answered using Levi-Strauss structural theory saying that tale is the gate of understanding the people. It is found that the relation of each group of tales shows a consistency in similarities and differences. Batu Goloq and Batu Plantolan give a description that Sasak people tend to solve problems by themselves as a consequence of being closed people, while Samawa people tend to invite others in solving their problems as a consequence of being opened people. The similar characters found in Mandalika and Lala Buntar specifically in miteme processing, in taking decision, and solving problems. Mandalika is characterized as a closed figure, while Lala Buntar is an opened one in deciding and solving the problems. The comparison between Tegodek dait Tetuntel and Ne Bote Ne Kakura shows that Sasak and Samawa people tend to protest any mistreatment from high class community toward a lower class community. It is the manifestation of the same view toward refusal and disagreement to the oppression done by high status people.

Examining subgroup effects by socioeconomic status of public health interventions targeting multiple risk behaviour in adolescence

BackgroundMultiple risk behaviour (MRB) refers to two or more risk behaviours such as smoking, drinking alcohol, poor diet and unsafe sex. Such behaviours are known to co-occur in adolescence. It is unknown whether MRB interventions are equally effective for young people of low and high socioeconomic status (SES). There is a need to examine these effects to determine whether MRB interventions have the potential to narrow or widen inequalities.MethodsTwo Cochrane systematic reviews that examined interventions to reduce adolescent MRB were screened to identify universal interventions that reported SES. Study authors were contacted, and outcome data stratified by SES and intervention status were requested. Risk behaviour outcomes alcohol use, smoking, drug use, unsafe sex, overweight/obesity, sedentarism, peer violence and dating violence were examined in random effects meta-analyses and subgroup analyses conducted to explore differences between high SES and low SES adolescents.ResultsOf 49 studies reporting universal interventions, only 16 also reported having measured SES. Of these 16 studies, four study authors provided data sufficient for subgroup analysis. There was no evidence of subgroup differences for any of the outcomes. For alcohol use, the direction of effect was the same for both the high SES group (RR 1.26, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.65, p = 0.09) and low SES group (RR 1.14, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.32, p = 0.08). The direction of effect was different for smoking behaviour in favour of the low SES group (RR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.03, p = 0.09) versus the high SES group (RR 1.16, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.63, p = 0.39). For drug use, the direction of effect was the same for both the high SES group (RR 1.29, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.73, p = 0.08) and the low SES group (RR 1.28, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.96, p = 0.25).ConclusionsThe majority of studies identified did not report having measured SES. There was no evidence of subgroup difference for all outcomes analysed among the four included studies. There is a need for routine reporting of demographic information within studies so that stronger evidence of effect by SES can be demonstrated and that interventions can be evaluated for their impact on health inequalities.

Socio‐economic status and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Up until now, differences in HbA1c levels by socio-economic status (SES) have been identified, but not yet quantified in people with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the difference in HbA1c levels between people with type 2 diabetes of different SES in a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Ebsco, and the Cochrane Library until January 14, 2018. Included studies described adults with type 2 diabetes in whom the association between SES and HbA1c levels was studied. Studies were rated for methodological quality and data were synthesized quantitatively (meta-analysis) and qualitatively (levels of evidence), stratified for type of SES variable, i.e., education, income, deprivation, and employment. Fifty-one studies were included: 15 high, 27 moderate, and 9 of low methodological quality. Strong evidence was provided that people of low SES have higher HbA1c levels than people of high SES, for deprivation, education, and employment status. The pooled mean difference in HbA1c levels between people of low and high SES was 0.26% (95% CI, 0.09-0.43) or 3.12mmol/mol (95% CI, 1.21-5.04) for education and 0.20% (95% CI, -0.05 to 0.46) or 2.36mmol/mol (95%CI, -0.61 to 5.33) for income. In conclusion, our systematic review and meta-analysis showed that there was an inverse association between SES and HbA1c levels in people with type 2 diabetes. Future research should focus on finding SES-sensitive strategies to reduce HbA1c levels in people with type 2 diabetes.

A Comparison of Social Dominance Theory and System Justification: The Role of Social Status in 19 Nations.

This study tests specific competing hypotheses from social dominance theory/realistic conflict theory (RCT) versus system justification theory about the role of social status. In particular, it examines whether system justification belief and effects are stronger among people with low socioeconomic status, and in less socially developed and unequal nations than among better-off people and countries. A cross-national survey was carried out in 19 nations from the Americas, Western and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Oceania using representative online samples ( N = 14,936, 50.15% women, Mage = 41.61 years). At the individual level, system justification beliefs, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, national identification, sociopolitical conservatism, sex, age, and social status were measured. At the national level, the human development index and the Gini index were used. Multilevel analyses performed indicated that results fit better with the social dominance/RCT approach, as system justification was higher in high-status and developed nations; further, associations between legitimizing ideologies and system justification were stronger among high-status people.

Economía naranja colombiana en tiempos modernos

El presente artículo tiene como protagonista al concepto de economía creativa, como un sector que se ha abordado muy poco en Colombia. La industria creativa a lo largo de los años ha presentado altos niveles de crecimiento, teniendo en cuenta que no cuenta con un apoyo real por parte del gobierno, sin embargo, cabe destacar que, si se apoyara esta industria naciente en Colombia, se generaría una participación económica significativa, que resultaría en un ingreso de diferente proveniencia para el país y en general para la región, hablando específicamente de producción de materias primas. Se pretende, por tanto, dar a conocer los posibles cambios que tendrían que darse en Colombia, de índole tanto económica como cultural, para comprender que los bienes y servicios culturales no están exclusivamente dirigidos a grupos de personas de alto nivel socioeconómico, noción que favorecería el incentivo directo a este concepto y con ello traería beneficios en diferentes aspectos para el país.

Infusing fundamental cause theory with features of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of symbolic power.

The theory of fundamental causes is one of the more influential attempts to provide a theoretical infrastructure for the strong associations between indicators of socioeconomic status (education, income, occupation) and health. It maintains that people of higher socioeconomic status have greater access to flexible resources such as money, knowledge, prestige, power, and beneficial social connections that they can use to reduce their risks of morbidity and mortality and minimize the consequences of disease once it occurs. However, several key aspects of the theory remain underspecified, compromising its ability to provide truly compelling explanations for socioeconomic health inequalities. In particular, socioeconomic status is an assembly of indicators that do not necessarily cohere in a straightforward way, the flexible resources that disproportionately accrue to higher status people are not clearly defined, and the distinction between socioeconomic status and resources is ambiguous. I attempt to address these definitional issues by infusing fundamental cause theory with features of a well-known theory of socioeconomic stratification in the sociological literature-Pierre Bourdieu's theory of symbolic power.

A Brief Comparative Study on Tragedy in Desire Under the Elms and in the Javanese Chronicle Account of Rara Oyi

ABSTRACT This paper is aimed at analyzing tragedy in a play entitled Desire Under the Elms portraying the primitive desires that influence several characters of the afore-mentioned play in the 1920s New England, and also that in a Javanese chronicle account of Rara Oyi that happened during the reign of Sunan Amangkurat I from 1646 to 1677 in the kingdom of Islamic Mataram. Tragedy discussed in this paper is an occurrence that involves people of high status or people of high nobility, as well as ordinary people, who suffer and whose lives lead to their downfall partly because of the trouble they are unable to get rid of. The play Desire Under the Elms portrays tragedy that takes place among ordinary people, while the Javanese Chronicle story of Rara Oyi depicts tragedy of Rara Oyi, an ordinary but beautiful young lady vied by two noblemen, the king Sunan Amangkurat I of the kingdom of Islamic Mataram and his own crown prince, Pangeran Adipati Anom alias Prince Tejaningrat. The analysis focuses on comparing the tragedy that befall either the protagonists or the antagonists in both the play and the chronicle account mentioned above. It turns out that their lives are in ruins due to their fate as they are not able to realize their dream of living with the lady they are madly in love with and wish to marry.

Contribution of industrial density and socioeconomic status to the spatial distribution of thyroid cancer risk in Hangzhou, China

BackgroundThe thyroid cancer (TC) incidence in China has increased dramatically during the last three decades. Typical in this respect is the case of Hangzhou city (China), where 7147 new TC cases were diagnosed during the period 2008–2012. Hence, the assessment of the TC incidence risk increase due to environmental exposure is an important public health matter. MethodsCorrelation analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Poisson regression were first used to evaluate the statistical association between TC and key risk factors (industrial density and socioeconomic status). Then, the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) theory and the integrative disease predictability (IDP) criterion were combined to quantitatively assess both the overall and the spatially distributed strength of the “exposure-disease” association. ResultsOverall, higher socioeconomic status was positively correlated with higher TC risk (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.687, P<0.01). Compared to people of low socioeconomic status, people of median and high socioeconomic status showed higher TC risk: the Relative Risk (RR) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI) were found to be, respectively, RR=2.29 with 95% CI=1.99 to 2.63, and RR=3.67 with 95% CI=3.22 to 4.19. The “industrial density-TC incidence” correlation, however, was non-significant. Spatially, the “socioeconomic status-TC” association measured by the corresponding IDP coefficient was significant throughout the study area: the mean IDP value was −0.12 and the spatial IDP values were consistently negative at the township level. It was found that stronger associations were distributed among residents mainly on a stripe of land from northeast to southwest (consisting mainly of sub-district areas). The “industrial density-TC” association measured by its IDP coefficient was spatially non-consistent. ConclusionsSocioeconomic status is an important indicator of TC risk factor in Hangzhou (China) whose effect varies across space. Hence, socioeconomic status shows the highest TC risk effect in sub-district areas.

The unexpected effect of social status on reproduction: a case study in Joseon Korea from the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries

We examine how parents have made decisions about the number of children they have, given their social status in accordance with residential location (either urban or rural areas) and time (either the pre-modern or modern periods). We use two sets of microdata – Jokbo and Jejeokbu – spanning the early nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries in Korea. Combining the two data-sets, we use multiple imputation to fill the missing entries of some observations and apply a Poisson regression model on the augmented data. Our empirical results reveal statistically significant evidence that higher socioeconomic status is related to having more children. Additionally, our findings indicate that: (1) all else being constant, among high-status people, rural residents had more children than urban families; (2) for people born between 1800 and 1945, those born closer to the 1940s tended to have fewer children; and (3) during modernization, there was still a significant trend for high-status families to have more children.

The company you keep: Is socialising with higher-status people bad for mental health?

Socialising with higher-status individuals can be hypothesised to exert opposing influences on the mental health of the ego. On the one hand, socialising with higher-status alters might enable individuals to access valuable resources. On the other hand, status-discrepant friendships could be detrimental to mental health by engendering feelings of unfairness. We sought to examine the impact of status-discrepant social relationships on depressive symptoms in the 2012 Korean General Social Survey (KGSS), a nationally representative sample. We show that socialising with higher-status people is positively associated with depressive symptoms. There is no significant difference between those socialising with equivalent-status or with lower-status alters. Perceived unfairness also increase depressive symptoms. Respondents socialising with higher-status alters tend to report greater depressive symptoms as their perceived unfairness increases. Gender-stratified analyses reveal that the detrimental impact of status-discrepant relationships are observed for men only, not for women. These findings suggest that socialising with higher-status people can be a net detriment for mental wellbeing by increasing stress/frustration or decreasing psychological resources such as self-esteem, and that these effects are more pronounced for individuals who perceive that society is unfair. This pattern appears stronger for men, which might be associated with gender roles internalised through gender socialisation processes.

The Relation between Sasak and Samawa Folktales: Comparative Literature to Multicultural Education

There are three problems which would like to be answered. They are (1) relation between Sasak and Samawa folk folktales; (2) the description of Sasak and Samawa people based on the folktales; and (3) the use of the folktales’ relation which gives the description of both people as the basis of the application of multicultural educational values. Problems answered using Levi-Strauss structural theory which says that tale is the gate of understanding the people. The folktales used as data are (1) Batu Goloq (Sasak) and Batu Plantolan (Samawa); Mandalika (Sasak) and Lala Buntar (Samawa); and (3) Tegodek dait Tetuntel (Sasak) and Ne Bote Ne Kakura (Samawa). Data gathered through library research followed by triangulation by reconfirming to the respondents to have more valid data. Data were analyzed using Levi-Strauss steps: (1) determining the miteme, (2) arranging the miteme syntactically and paradigmatically, (3) comparing the miteme to see the similarities and differences, (4) interpreting using those groups by using logical reasoning of both people, and (5) making different logical reasoning as the material of the application of multicultural educational values. It is found that the relation of each group of tales showed a consistency in similarities and differences. Batu Goloq and Batu Plantolan give a description that Sasak people tend to solve the problems by themselves as the consequence of the closed, while Samawa people tend to invite others as the consequence of the opened. The same characters found in Mandalika and Lala Buntar specifically in miteme processing in taking a decision and solving problems. Mandalika told as a closed one, while Lala Buntar is opened one in deciding and solving her problems. The comparison toward Tegodek dait Tetuntel and Ne Bote Ne Kakura describe hidden protest of Sasak and Samawa. It is the manifestation of the same view toward refusal and disagreement to the oppression done by high-status people. These descriptions of Sasak and Samawa could be used as the material of application of multicultural educational values to students through careful guiding of finding a description of comparison of Sasak and Samawa folktales.

COMMENT: IS RACE REALLY SO FLUID? REVISITING SAPERSTEIN AND PENNER'S EMPIRICAL CLAIMS.

COMMENT: IS RACE REALLY SO FLUID? REVISITING SAPERSTEIN AND PENNER'S EMPIRICAL CLAIMS.

Effect of Raja Yoga Meditation on Pulmonary Functions of Young Obese Medical Students

Obesity is common problem in people of high socioeconomic status of all age group. Obesity reduces the pulmonary as well as cardiac efficiency of subjects. It is associated with depression and negative thought process also making a vicious cycle. Raja Yoga is a type of yogic technique which is widely used by Brahma Kumaries. Raja Yoga generates mental piece and calmness. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of Raja Yoga meditation on pulmonary functions of young obese medical students. A total of 60 obese (BMI>30), non-smoker healthy male subjects of age 18–25 years, voluntarily participated in this study. After getting training of Raja Yoga, subjects practiced Raja Yoga for 4 weeks. Pulmonary function parameters were recorded before and after 4weeks practice of Raja Yoga. Pulmonary function parameters were recorded by using computerized spirometer. Statistical analysis was done by Student's paired t-test. After 4 weeks practice of Raja Yoga; significant increase was found in forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) (p<0.05) and more significant increase was seen in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) (p<0.01). However FEV1/FVC and inspiratory capacity did not show any significant improvement. The results suggest that practicing Raja Yoga is significantly improves the pulmonary functions in obese people.

Cognitive Adjustment of International Students in a Malaysian Public University

This study contributes to the ongoing interest of research into the sociocultural adjustment of international students in host universities in Malaysia. This study examined the sociocultural adjustment of Yemeni postgraduate students in a Malaysian public university. This study adopts a quantitative design (a survey) in which a questionnaire was used to gather data. The data were analysed using SPSS. The results have revealed that the major aspects of cognitive adjustment problems faced by Yemeni postgraduate students in Malaysia include dealing with people of higher status, dealing with people in authority, and understanding the local accent/language. These cognitive adjustment problems can be attributed to postgraduate students’ sociocultural and educational background.