High-speed Rolling Stock Research Articles

Determining patterns in the influence of the geometrical parameters of the connecting pipeline on the dynamic parameters of the pneumatic spring of railroad rolling stock

The object of this study is the process of determining the dynamic indicators of the pneumatic spring, which is used as the main element of the second stage of spring suspension in the high-speed rolling stock of the railroad, based on the influence of the geometric parameters of the connecting pipeline. It has been established that the dynamic indicators of rolling stock mainly depend on the operation of the pneumatic spring, the characteristics of which are largely determined by the geometric parameters of the connecting element between the pneumatic spring and the additional tank. A mathematical model of oscillations of a dual-mass system has been constructed, the elements of which are connected through a pneumatic spring suspension system. The operation of the pneumatic system is described using the Boyle–Mariotte equations, the state of the ideal gas, the energy for the flow in the connecting pipeline, and the law of conservation of energy. Theoretical studies into the influence of the diameter and length of the connecting element of the pneumatic spring suspension system on energy loss and damping coefficient for the cycle of its operation and the rigidity of the pneumatic spring have been carried out. It was established that the dependence of the stiffness of the pneumatic spring, while changing the value of the diameter of the connecting element from 6 mm to 30 mm, is nonlinear. In the process of compression, the rigidity of the pneumatic spring changes with the length of the connecting element of 1 m from 927 kN/m, static rigidity, to 497 kN/m, dynamic rigidity. The dependences of energy loss and damping coefficient for the operation cycle of the pneumatic spring suspension system based on the hysteresis loop have been constructed. It was found that the difference between the damping coefficient in the process of compression and expansion of the pneumatic spring is no more than 4 %. It was established that the design of high-speed rolling stock is impossible without high-quality modeling of the process of operation of the pneumatic spring suspension system

Energy Efficiency of High-Speed Railways

The world is becoming more dependent on energy resources, which translates into political dependency on energy-exported states. This will significantly impact the economy, transport, and the environment around the world. Railway transport is becoming an essential mode of transportation because it can operate on an electrified network and has zero carbon emissions. High-Speed Railways (HSR) is an energy-intensive transport system, and it is important economically and environmentally to reduce the amount of used energy. This study examined high-speed rail from an energy efficiency point of view and found factors that can significantly reduce the energy consumption of high-speed rail. This research aims to answer the question that motivated this research: what fundamental factors affect the energy consumption of the selected HSR systems? It estimated the dynamic changes in the total energy consumption for seven HSR systems from 2010-2017 and benchmarked the most energy efficient HSR systems. The non-radial Data Envelopment Analyses methodology has been used to fulfil this research. To conduct complex statistical analyses, IBM SPSS has been applied. The main findings have shown that the decrease in vehicle mass, improved design of high-speed rolling stock and increased occupancy of trains will support the reduction of energy consumption by high-speed railways. The changes in energy consumption strongly correlate with the type of high-speed rolling stock and operational strategies. The expected outcomes of this research will contribute to developing and advancing more sustainable HSR systems. This research will support train operators in making decisions when acquiring new trains and assess the benefits of acceleration in modernising the current rolling stock.

Работоспособность опор контактной сети на высокоскоростных железнодорожных магистралях

Purpose: To perform working efficiency analysis of catenary separately standing reinforced-concrete supports in high-speed railway conditions, to develop measures and constructive solutions of the supports of increased reliability and durability. Methods: Analysis of typical constructive solutions according to Russia State Standard GOST 19330-99 given their exploitation experience, the use of numerical calculation methods involving calculation programs. Results: The disadvantages of being applied structures of catenary supports on railways with the use of steel and reinforced concrete are analyzed. The calculations of typical reinforced-concrete support bearing capacity and rigidity according to GOST 19330-99 with the use of SCAD computing complex for the effect of vital climatic and exploitational burdens, including ones from wind pressure at high-speed rolling stock motion trains at the speed of 300 km/h, are made. Innovative support construction has been developed which includes pillar of reinforced concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete or steel on reinforced-concrete foundation, the construction is combined with alignment-free mounting method to ensure the impermeability of construction being united parts. Practical significance: The reserves for working efficiency of typical separately-standing reinforced-concrete catenary supports in the conditions of high–speed railway trunk St. Petersburg - Moscow on project documentation basis are revealed. The possibility of pressure perception by supports from wind flow at train motion of 300 km/h speed has been established. The application of innovative combined steel-concrete structure of catenary support construction and its mounting ways are proposed. The use of support mounting and construction new way would allow to reduce support mounting laboriousness as well as to rise support reliability and durability in exploitation changing conditions.

Braking forces of a traction linear induction motor with an adjustable resistance of a short-circuite winding of the secondary element

Background: The study of the properties of linear traction drives for new types of rolling stock seems to be an urgent task. Linear motors are multifunctional and are capable of providing both traction and braking of promising high-speed rolling stock.
 Aim: Investigation of the braking characteristics of an adjustable traction linear induction motor with variable resistance by a short-circuited winding of the secondary element.
 Methods: Analytical methods have been used to obtain relations for calculating the braking forces of an adjustable linear induction motor with a short-circuited winding of the secondary element.
 Results: The obtained ratios made it possible to calculate the braking forces of linear induction motors.
 Conclusion: The results of calculating the braking forces of adjustable linear induction motors make it possible to reasonably choose the braking modes of a new type of rolling stock.

Сложная пространственная геометрия криволинейных участков трассы высокоскоростных железнодорожных магистралей

Purpose: The paper poses some promising trends of modern projection science development for high-speed railway plan and profile. The main objective of the trends is to critically rethink the provisions of the existing regulatory design base of the projection. The question on inadmissibility of the arrangement of complex spatial geometry sections — the sections of coincidence of a vertical curve in a profile and a passage curve in a plan — is one of such provisions. Methods: In the frames of the conducted research, a theoretical approach to the determination of force impacts at the section of complex spatial geometry is proposed. Results: It is established that force impact value is caused by vertical curve direction (convex or concave), as well as by calculated value of outstanding acceleration in being considered curve, Studies of the influence of sections with complex spatial geometry on the dynamics of high-speed rolling stock motion show that at certain combination of circular and vertical curve radii for motion various speeds, it is possible to minimize negative dynamic effects caused by the presence of complex spatial geometry section. Practical importance: As a result of the work, it was found that at speeds of 350 km/h or more, the superimposition of a vertical curve in the profile and a passage curve in the plan is acceptable without applying additional requirements to the curve parameters. The radius of the circular curve should be increased by 30-60% at speeds of less than 350 km/h.

Оптимизация эксплуатационных расходов за счет улучшения условий взаимодействия подвижного состава и пути по параметру эквивалентной конусности

Purpose: Calculation of an economic effect by introducing the parameter of equivalent taper of wheel pairs on account of reduction of operating costs on high-speed train motion and track facility maintenance. Methods: The study used the methods of computer simulation of interaction between a rolling stock and a railway track, methods of mathematical statistics, methodology to make traction calculations in automated system. Results: Measures have been proposed to reduce the forces of a drag for a high-speed rolling stock motion. We’ve calculated an economic effect from introduction of wheel pair equivalent taper parameter on Russian Federation high-speed railroads. Practical importance: Recommendations have been proposed on consideration of wheel pair equivalent taper parameter for to reduce the forces of drag to the motion and on pursuing rail mobile treatment on the sections of high-speed train traffic sections.

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ТОКОПРИЕМНИКА ВЫСОКОСКОРОСТНОГО ПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА И КОНТАКТНОЙ ПОДВЕСКИ В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ

The paper presents a mathematical model that describes interaction of a current collector of high-speed rolling stock and catenary suspension in various conditions of operation such as rolling stock speed, current collector opening height, wear rate of current collection plates, ambient temperature, wind and glaze. The authors have determined limits of permissible operation according to quality of current collection, have established parameters of climatic and technogenic factors at which it is necessary to restrict speed on high-speed lines according to conditions of current collection. Results of the study can be used at development and production of domestic high-speed current collectors and catenary suspensions and at adaptation of import models for operation in Russia.

Formation of performance indicators of railway transport for calculating labor productivity

Labor productivity in railway transport is determined using the “reduced performance” indicator, which is formed using a reduction factor designed to take into account the difference in unit costs of the payroll fund when performing a unit of work performance: ton-kilometers in freight traffic and passenger-kilometers in passenger traffic. The article reflects the results of a study to determine the value of the passenger turnover reduction factor in the formation of the total transportation performance of Russian Railways in modern conditions. The relevance of the revision of the current reduction factor is due to a change in the organizational structure as a result of the reform of railway transport, an increase in costs per unit of production by improving the quality of passenger traffic, strengthening security measures at stations and platforms, development of electronic passenger information systems, a significant increase in the volume of high-cost types of high-speed and high-speed passenger transportation.A comparative analysis of the costs of the payroll fund in passenger and freight traffic in the context of tariff components is carried out. The comparison was carried out both in general and differentially for each type of activity carried out by the company in the passenger complex, namely: the provision of services for long-distance and suburban passenger transportation, long-distance passenger transportation and suburban traffic, carried out in high-speed rolling stock. The most costly items in each facility were identified, which characterize the labor intensity by type of activity of Russian Railways. For calculating the labor productivity of the company's employees, proposals have been developed for the formation of the reduced freight turnover using a single coefficient for passenger turnover, equal to 3.7.

Влияние неровностей пути на вертикальные ускорения вагонов при высокоскоростном движении поездов по мостам

Objective: Obtaining differential equations of the “bridge-train” system, the solution of which allows one to identify the optimal dynamic parameters of the vehicle of high-speed rolling stock and bridge structures when rolling load moves at high speed. Methods: Derivation of differential equations of the “bridge– train” system by the analytical method. Results: Obtaining formulas for determining the acceleration of the spring borne part of rolling stock vehicles depending on track irregularities. Practical importance: Based on the results of calculations according to these formulas, a reasonable assignment of the values of camber and the possibility of assessing the effect of random irregularities of the rail track on the bridge are provided.

World Experience in Creating Mathematical Models of Air Springs: Advantages and Disadvantages

Purpose. Taking into account the production and commissioning of modern high-speed rolling stock, the authors are aimed to analyze the currently created mathematical models describing the dynamic behavior of the air spring, systematize them and consider the advantages and disadvantages of each model type. Methodology. For the analysis, a comparative chronological method was used, which makes it possible to trace the development of several points of view, concepts, theories. In accordance with the adopted decision equations, the existing models of air springs were divided into three groups: mechanical, thermodynamic and finite-elements. When analyzing mathematical models, the influence of a number of parameters on the dynamic behavior of the air spring, such as disturbing force frequency, heat transfer, nonlinear characteristics of materials, the shape of the membrane, etc., was considered. Findings. A feature of mechanical models is the determination of input parameters based on the analysis of experimental results, requires access to complex measuring equipment and must be performed for each new model of an air spring separately. Unlike mechanical models, which allow taking into account the damping effect of an air spring in the horizontal and vertical direction, thermodynamic models are mainly focused on studying the dynamic behavior of an air spring in the vertical direction. The use of the finite element method makes it possible to most accurately reproduce the dynamic behavior of an air spring, however, it requires significant expenditures of time and effort to create a finite element model and perform calculations. Originality. Mathematical models of the dynamic behavior of an air spring are systematized, and the importance of their study in conjunction with a spatial mathematical model of high-speed rolling stock is emphasized. Practical value. The analysis of the mathematical models of the dynamic behavior of the air spring shows the ways of their further improvement, indicates the possibility of their use in the spatial mathematical model of the rolling stock in accordance with the tasks set. It will allow, even at the design stage of high-speed rolling stock, to evaluate its dynamic characteristic and traffic safety indicators when interacting with a railway track.

ОДНО КРИТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ К ИСПЫТАНИЯМ БУКСОВЫХ ПОДШИПНИКОВЫХ УЗЛОВ СКОРОСТНОГО И ВЫСОКОСКОРОСТНОГО ПОДВИЖНОГО ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО СОСТАВА

The release of rolling stock and its components for free circulation on the territory of the Customs Union shall be allowed only upon conformity confirmation with the requirements of Technical Regu lations ТР ТС 001/2011 and ТР ТС 002/2011. For conformity assessment of such critical safety related rolling stock component as axle-box bearings the supporting standard GOST 32769–2014 (or GOST 18572–2014) is used. For traditional and high-speed rolling stock the standard foresees changing of the single run duration in the course of full-scale bench tests of axle-box bearings for determination of certification parameter. The example of the test runs of a high-speed train showed that during the time of such single run (in accordance with the standard) the axle-box bearings fail to reach the maxi- mum values of the certification parameters, which can result in unreliable conformity assessment of the axle-box bearings with the safety requirements. With the purpose to increase the reliability of the assessment of the maximum temperature of the axle-box bearings for traditional and high-speed rolling stock and also to bring the conditions of the bench tests of axle-box bearings to the full-scale operating conditions as possible, we propose to consider in the supporting standard the possibility of upholding the duration of single runs while conducting bench tests unchanged, independent of the design speed of the rolling stock

2D and 3D numerical and experimental analyses ofthe aerodynamic effects of air fences on a high-speed train

This perusal surveys the design criteria indispensable for fences that are installed alongside the high-speed railway tracks to protect the passing high-speed rolling stock under strong side winds. Using a numerical code based on Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) it is attempted to initially investigate the airflow behavior behind the fences. A variety of geometries for air fences in a two-dimensional space are compared. A wind tunnel test is performed to verify the numerical results. The three-dimensional flow patterns around the German Intercity Express (ICE3) high-speed train with and without the air fences are numerically examined to be more realistic. It is found that the presence of the fences has a significant impact on decreasing the intensity of the airflow above the train. The edges on the top of the fences cause more reduction in the velocity of air flowing above the train.

New bench for testing the reliability of windows and doors of passenger cars

The article describes a new bench for testing the reliability of passenger car windows and doors. The bench can be used in various industries, mainly in transport engineering, as well as in the construction industry. This bench is functionally designed to test the entire product (windows or doors), as well as to determine the service life of individual mechanisms of this product. In contrast to the known analogs, the new bench for testing the reliability of windows and doors allows testing under the influence of variable aerodynamic pressure arising from the operation of windows and doors on moving objects, for example on high-speed transport. Specially developed test method is proposed on this bench, which allows simulating alternating aerodynamic effects on windows and doors that occur when a train passes tunnels or when trains in opposite directions diverge at high speeds. Thanks to this, bench tests can serve as an actual addition to the existing methods of testing windows and doors of modern high-speed rolling stock.

ВИСОКОШВИДКІСНИЙ РУХОМИЙ СКЛАД УКРАЇНИ

A brief history of the development of high-speed passenger traffic in the countries of the world is shown, it is shown that the length of high-speed highways (SMM) in the world is 44 thousand km. Despite the fact that Ukraine is not included in the list of 28 countries with the SMM, a two-system electric train ECR1 "Tarpan" was created on the basis of the PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY "KRYUKOVSKY RAILWAY CAR BUILDING WORKS" (PJSC "KVBZ") for the speed of movement of more than 200 km / h. A description of the electric train and the peculiarities of the brake system are given. It is shown that the brake system corresponds to world counterparts for high-speed trains about what evidence test results, which, due to the lack of ATS, were carried out for a speed of 160 km / h. The results of the settlement research, using the mathematical model and the results of the driving brake tests, showed that the braking pathway of the electric train at a speed of 200 km / h is 1539 m, and at a speed of 300 km / h - 3172 m. The obtained brake path values comply with the technical requirements of the European Union TSI . Studies confirm that Ukraine has high-speed rolling stock for speeds up to 300 km / h. Key words: high-speed rolling stock, electric train, brake system, brake path, speed

Согласование интересов компании-заказчика высокоскоростного подвижного состава и предприятия транспортного машиностроения как составляющая устойчивого развития высокоскоростного движения

The article presents a model of interaction between a customer company of high-speed rolling stock and a transport engineering enterprise, which ensures the coordination of the interests of organizations for the sustainable development of high-speed traffic.

Study of the deformation characteristics of the pneumatic spring of the high-speed rolling stock of railways within the cross section of the turnout

Study of the deformation characteristics of the pneumatic spring of the high-speed rolling stock of railways within the cross section of the turnout

The Concept of Development and Implementation of High-Speed Transport

The article discusses the issues of implementation and organization of high-speed transport. The objective of the article is to consider possible options for implementing highspeed (HS) motion systems using the principle of magnetic levitation, which will ensure high speeds for delivery of goods and carrying people over long distances. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to develop an engine and technical solutions for design of HS rolling stock, make decisions on energy supply infrastructure and the HS track, address safety issues and new control systems considering the state of the infrastructure and its design elements. The article discusses several options for implementation of high-speed transport systems, differing in the power supply system, current collection and track based on the magnetic levitation approach. An original approach is proposed in implementation of magnetic levitation transport using the technology of electromagnetic guns designed to implement traction forces of a magnetic levitation vehicle. The advantage of this approach is that it opens the possibility of maneuvering for the vehicle while driving. This allows to abandon switch turnouts, now significantly limiting the use of magnetic levitation transport. A mathematical model describing interaction of an electromagnetic gun and supermagnets located on the track is considered. In constructing the model, methods of the theory of electromagnetic field and interaction of magnetic bodies were used, and when constructing a model of interaction of rolling stock with a magnetic track, methods of mathematical algebra and the Cauchy theorem were used. The article discusses various principles of organization of movement using the magnetic levitation for urban, suburban, and intercity transport.

Research of the effect of temporary reservation on the reliability of equipment locomotives

The article deals with the issues of the effect of the temporary reservation of the work of a separate locomotive equipment on its reliability, under the conditions different laws of distribution of time of work, time of recovery, time for temporary reservation. At the same time, the issue of the influence of the random nature of the occurrence of refusals with the justification of the strategy of their prevention is considered. The effect of temporary reservation of work of separate equipment of locomotives on its reliability is investigated. Calculation takes place taking into account different laws of distribution of time of work to the failure, time on recovery, time on temporary reservation. This research is relevant because, in recent years, in our country gradually develops high-speed railway traffic. In the majority, the high-speed rolling stock (SRS) operating in the country, built abroad, and not always the mode of its operational loads meets the recommendations of suppliers of this technique. This leads to a breakdown in train traffic and great downtime, due to both the general condition of the railways and the intensity of the use of this SRS. One more negative factor is the problem of organization of technical maintenance (TM) and current repair (СR) of this rolling stock. But not only for SRS there are such problems, because the current traction rolling stock has reached or exceeded the normative term of use, the repair base is updated slowly, technological processes TM and СR are not corrected during the life cycle. All this requires both practical and theoretical substantiation of the strategy and tactics of TM and СR of the transport rolling stock. Therefore, there were formulated and scientifically substantiated methods for ensuring and improving the reliability of technique, on the basis of the analyzed functional relationships between the reliability indicators and the calculated ratios for reliability indicators of complex systems, which are is the traction rolling stock and locomotives. It has been determined that the temporary reservation of the work of the locomotive systems significantly affects the time to the failure, recovery time and readiness factor and significantly improves these parameters, in contrast to the system performance without temporary reservation. It is also concluded that it is advisable to organize the recovery process in such a way that the distributions of time for recovery were close to gamma-distribution. And the value of the readiness factor depends significantly on the type of the law of distribution of exploitation to failure and the type of the law of distribution of time for recovery.

Boundary rod elements for modeling the railway at the bridge crossing under the action of the speed railway load

New rod boundary elements on an elastic foundation (finite elements of large length, when approximating the displacements by a set of linear and trigonometric functions) are proposed for calculating the path oscillations outside the bridge and on the bridge, combined with a double-track beam bridge connected through a layer with a high-speed rolling stock movement. The selection of interlayer material is related to the dynamics of the bridge. To build the methodology, the articles published earlier by the author are used: a step-by-step procedure for solving the problems of unsteady dynamics of structures and the method of “nodal accelerations” to take into account the action on the structures of a moving inertial load.

Study of effect of wheel steel microalloying by calcium and barium on nonmetallic inclusions modification

The increase in freight cars axis loads, dynamic loads and heat impact on the wheels, change of other factors, stipulated by railway transport traffic intensification lead to considerable decrease of service life of solid-rolled wheels. To increase the service life of them, provision of the transport metal purity in non-deformed oxide nonmetallic inclusions with high content of Al2O3, decrease of general steel pollution by nonmetallic inclusions by micro-alloying and modification is an actual task. The purpose of the study was elaboration of wheel steel ladle treatment technology, including the steel micro-alloying and modification by barium-containing alloys to create material, which could meet high operation requirements, made to the railway wheels of new generation, intended to operate under increased axis loads conditions at the modern high-speed rolling-stock. It was shown, that replacement of everywhere applied silicocalcium by barium-based alloys is one of perspective ways of modification mechanism perfection. Results of industrial tests of micro-alloying of wheel steel by barium during ladle treatment presented. It was shown, that application for modification of cored wire with silicobarium filler instead of cored wire with silicocalsium filler СК-30, enabled to transform the nonmetallic inclusions into globular form practically completely, to raise the steel purity for all kinds of inclusions in both middle and maximum points range and to refine to some extent the grain size by 1-2 points. In the pilot metal at the depth of 40 mm from the surface, the gain was somewhat finer and more uniform (number 7), comparing with the existing technology (number 5-6). The pollution of the pilot metal by nonmetallic inclusions meets requirements of GOST 10791—2011 for category A and those of the standard EN 13262: 2004+А2:2011 for category 1.