High-speed Optical Transmission Research Articles

Research on High-Speed Digital Optical Signal Jitter Measurement Technology Based on Clock Recovery Algorithm Using Eye Diagram Opening Area

With the rapid development of information technology, high-speed digital optical signal transmission technology has become the core of modern communication networks. However, the increase in transmission rates brings challenges such as noise, distortion, and interference, which affect the accuracy of clock recovery. To address these issues, this study proposes a clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area to improve the accuracy and efficiency of high-speed digital optical signal jitter measurement. The proposed method extracts clock information from the signal using the opening area and curvature characteristics of the eye diagram for jitter measurement. Experimental results demonstrate that the clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area can stably reconstruct the signal eye diagram and obtain jitter parameters under different optical power conditions. At optical powers of -7.2 dBm, -12.2 dBm, and -17.2 dBm, the Q-factors were 8.8, 7.6, and 4.3, respectively, and the RMS jitter values were 12.2 ps, 13.4 ps, and 21.2 ps, respectively. At optical powers of -2.3 dBm, 0.1 dBm, 2.4 dBm, 4.6 dBm, and 6.0 dBm, the Q-factors were 9.1, 9.3, 9.5, 9.7, and 10.0, respectively, and the average jitter values were 8.9 ps, 8.5 ps, 8.0 ps, 7.5 ps, and 7.0 ps. These results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs excellently under low optical power conditions and maintains high recovery accuracy even when jitter increases at higher optical powers. The clock recovery algorithm based on the eye diagram opening area significantly improves the accuracy and stability of high-speed digital optical signal jitter measurement, enriches the theoretical research of clock recovery algorithms, and shows significant advantages in improving signal transmission quality, reducing bit error rate, and enhancing communication link reliability. The research outcomes provide key technical support for the optimization of modern high-speed optical communication systems.

Recent Advances and Applications of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

This paper describes the recent advances in device designs and optical transmission applications of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). The device advances described are quantum-dot-based SOA and photonic-integrated circuits using SOA. The use of nonlinear properties of SOAs in high-speed optical transmission is discussed.

Efficient Direct Detection of Twin Single-Sideband Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying Using a Single Detector with Hierarchical Blind-Phase Search

We propose a novel reception scheme for twin single-sideband (twin-SSB) signals using just a single photodetector (PD), significantly reducing the system complexity and cost. To detect a twin-SSB with power-unbalanced quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK) sidebands upon detection via a single PD at the receiver side, two QPSKs carried in two sidebands are coherently superposed and detected in a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) format. This technique notably diminishes the linearity and effective number of bits required for the transmitter components in high-speed optical transmission systems. Moreover, a hierarchical blind-phase search (HBPS) algorithm is proposed to compensate for the imperfect phase rotation of QPSK signals during transmission. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, we successfully conducted simulations of 112 Gb/s 16-QAM signal transmission over a 10 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), achieving bit error ratios (BERs) of 7.84×10−4, well below the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8×10−3. In addition, the synthetic transmission scheme proposed in this paper is compared with the traditional 16-QAM signal transmission scheme, and the results show that the proposed scheme does not introduce a performance cost with the same received optical power (ROP) and transmission distance.

Increase in Modulation Speed of Silicon Photonics Modulator with Quantum-Well Slab Wings: New Insights from a Numerical Study

A Silicon Photonics modulator is a high-speed photonic integrated circuit for optical data transmission in high-capacity optical networks. Silicon Photonics modulators in the configuration of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, in which a PN-junction rib-waveguide phase shifter is inserted in each arm of the interferometer, are studied in this paper because of their superior performance of high-quality optical data generation in a wide range of spectral bands and their simplicity in fabrication processes suitable to production in foundries. Design, fabrication, and fundamental characteristics of Silicon Photonics Mach–Zehnder modulators are reviewed as an introduction to these high-speed PICs on the Silicon Photonics platform. Modulation speed, or modulation bandwidth, is a key performance item, as well as optical loss, in the application to high-speed optical transmitters. Limiting factors on modulation speed are addressed in equations. Electrical resistance–capacitance coupling, which causes optical modulation bandwidth–optical loss trade-off, is the most challenging limiting factor that limits high-speed modulation. Expansion of modulation bandwidth is not possible without increasing optical loss in the conventional approaches. A new idea including quantum-mechanical effect in the design of Silicon Photonics modulators is proposed and proved in computational analysis to resolve the bandwidth loss trade-off. By adding high-mobility quantum-well overlayers to the side slab wings of the rib-waveguide phase shifter, the modulation bandwidth is doubled without increasing optical loss to achieve a 200 Gbaud modulation rate.

"Extending Amdahl's and Gustafson Baris's Laws by Adding Communication Overheads"

The extension of Amdahl's law and Gustafson-Barsis' law presented in this article provides insight into the relationship between communication costs and network topology in parallel computing. By considering communication latency in parallel computation execution time, these extensions can help researchers and developers optimize the interconnected network architecture of processing nodes and improve the performance of parallel computing systems. Today, parallel computer systems consisting of hundreds and thousands of processing nodes based on multiprocessor chip technology, high-speed optical transmission such as supercomputers are being researched, developed, and applied in many fields many areas. Although chip technology has progressed to the 3 nm process, the network architecture connecting processing nodes continues to be a problem that greatly affects the communication delay in the parallel computation time of the applications. In this paper, extensions of Amdahl's law and Gustafson-Barsis' law are presented with the addition of communication costs depending on the topology of the topology. These extensions provide insight into the relationship between communication costs and network topology in parallel computing. By considering communication latency in parallel computation execution time, these extensions can help researchers and developers optimize the interconnected network architecture of processing nodes and improve the performance of parallel computing systems.

Coherent Nyquist optical pulse transmission at nearly 1-Tb/s/λ over 1,600 km with a capacity of 21.5 Tb/s using PS-32 QAM signals

We demonstrate the 1,600-km transmission at nearly 1-Tb/s/λ signals with a capacity of 21.5 Tb/s. Probabilistic shaping was newly applied to high-speed coherent optical Nyquist pulse transmission systems to maximize the transmission capacity. Employing a 160-GBd PS-32 QAM format, WDM signals at nearly 1-Tb/s/λ were successfully transmitted over 1,600 km with a capacity of 21.5 Tb/s.

Flexible light-induced self-written optical waveguide with 50 μm core size

We demonstrate a NIR light-induced self-written (LISW) optical waveguide between graded-index (GI) glass optical fibers with a 50 μm core size (50GIFs) using gel material. We describe the optical properties of the LISW optical solder in terms of its flexibility, adhesiveness, and loss. The results demonstrate that the two 50GIFs were self-coupled through the LISW optical waveguide, and the connection maintained adhesiveness against displacement. A low loss and relaxation of alignment tolerance were demonstrated for the optical interconnection between two 50GIFs using flexible LISW optical soldering. This technology is applicable to future autonomous driving systems using high-speed optical data transmission.

Research Progress on Carrier-Free Phase-Retrieval Receivers

In order to deal with the chromatic dispersion-induced power fading issue for short-reach direct-detection optical fiber communication applications, such as the ever-increasing data-center interconnections (DCIs), optical filed recovery is intensively being under investigation. To date, various direct detection schemes capable of optical field recovery have been proposed, including the Kramers–Kronig (KK) receiver, asymmetric self-coherence detection (ASCD) receiver, carrier-assisted differential detection receiver (CADD), Stokes vector receiver (SVR), and carrier-free phase-retrieval (CF-PR) receiver. Among those, the CF-PR receiver attracts lots of research attention because it can circumvent the requirement of a strong continuous-wave (CW) optical carrier for the beating with the signal. Generally, the CF-PR receiver consists of only two single-ended photodiodes (PDs) and one dispersive element, for the field recovery of the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies reported so far, this paper reviews the latest progress of CF-PR receivers designed for high-speed optical short-reach transmission links.

Research on Over-the-Horizon Perception Distance Division of Optical Fiber Communication Based on Intelligent Roadways.

With the construction and application of more and more intelligent networking demonstration projects, a large number of advanced roadside digital infrastructures are deployed on both sides of the intelligent road. These devices sense the road situation in real time through algorithms and transmit it to edge computing units and cloud control platforms through high-speed optical fiber transmission networks. This article proposes a cloud edge terminal architecture system based on cloud edge cooperation, as well as a data exchange protocol for cloud control basic platforms. The over-the-horizon scene division and optical fiber network communication model are verified by deploying intelligent roadside devices on the intelligent highway. At the same time, this article uses the optical fiber network communication algorithm and ModelScope large model to model inference on real-time video data. The actual data results show that the StreamYOLO (Stream You Only Look Once) model can use the Streaming Perception method to detect and continuously track target vehicles in real-time videos. Finally, the method proposed in this article was experimentally validated in an actual smart highway digital infrastructure construction project. The experimental results demonstrate the high application value and promotion prospects of the fiber optic network in the division of over the horizon perception distance in intelligent roadways construction.

Micro-transfer printing InP C-band SOAs on advanced silicon photonics platform for lossless MZI switch fabrics and high-speed integrated transmitters.

We present an approach for the heterogeneous integration of InP semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and lasers on an advanced silicon photonics (SiPh) platform by using micro-transfer-printing (µTP). After the introduction of the µTP concept, the focus of this paper shifts to the demonstration of two C-band III-V/Si photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that are important in data-communication networks: an optical switch and a high-speed optical transmitter. First, a C-band lossless and high-speed Si Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) switch is demonstrated by co-integrating a set of InP SOAs with the Si MZI switch. The micro-transfer-printed SOAs provide 10 dB small-signal gain around 1560 nm with a 3 dB bandwidth of 30 nm. Secondly, an integrated transmitter combining an on-chip widely tunable laser and a doped-Si Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) is demonstrated. The laser has a continuous tuning range over 40 nm and the transmitter is capable of 40 Gbps non-return-to-zero (NRZ) back-to-back transmission at wavelengths ranging from 1539 to 1573 nm. These demonstrations pave the way for the realization of complex and fully integrated photonic systems-on-chip with integrated III-V-on-Si components, and this technique is transferable to other material films and devices that can be released from their native substrate.

High-speed Optical OFDM transmission by reducing the nonlinearity of LEDs in Visible light Communication Systems

High-speed Optical OFDM transmission by reducing the nonlinearity of LEDs in Visible light Communication Systems

Reducing Computational Complexity of Neural Networks in Optical Channel Equalization: From Concepts to Implementation

In this paper, a new methodology is proposed that allows for the low-complexity development of neural network (NN) based equalizers for the mitigation of impairments in high-speed coherent optical transmission systems. In this work, we provide a comprehensive description and comparison of various deep model compression approaches that have been applied to feed-forward and recurrent NN designs. Additionally, we evaluate the influence these strategies have on the performance of each NN equalizer. Quantization, weight clustering, pruning, and other cutting-edge strategies for model compression are taken into consideration. In this work, we propose and evaluate a Bayesian optimization-assisted compression, in which the hyperparameters of the compression are chosen to simultaneously reduce complexity and improve performance. Next, this paper presents four distinct metrics (RMpS, BoP, NABS, and NLGs) that are discussed here that can be used to evaluate the amount of computing complexity required by various compression algorithms. These measurements can serve as a benchmark for evaluating the relative effectiveness of various NN equalizers when compression approaches are used. In conclusion, the trade-off between the complexity of each compression approach and its performance is evaluated by utilizing both simulated and experimental data in order to complete the analysis. By utilizing optimal compression approaches, we show that it is possible to design an NN-based equalizer that is simpler to implement and has better performance than the conventional digital back-propagation (DBP) equalizer with only one step per span. This is accomplished by reducing the number of multipliers used in the NN equalizer after applying the weighted clustering and pruning algorithms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an equalizer based on NN can also achieve superior performance while still maintaining the same degree of complexity as the full electronic chromatic dispersion compensation block. We conclude our analysis by highlighting open questions and existing challenges, as well as possible future research directions.

Adaptive parallel decision deep neural network for high-speed equalization.

The equalization plays a pivotal role in modern high-speed optical wire-line transmission. Taking advantage of the digital signal processing architecture, the deep neural network (DNN) is introduced to realize the feedback-free signaling, which has no processing speed ceiling due to the timing constraint on the feedback path. To save the hardware resource of a DNN equalizer, a parallel decision DNN is proposed in this paper. By replacing the soft-max decision layer with hard decision layer, multi-symbol can be processed within one neural network. The neuron increment during parallelization is only linear with the layer count, rather than the neuron count in the case of duplication. The simulation results show that the optimized new architecture has competitive performance with the traditional 2-tap decision feedback equalizer architecture with 15-tap feed forward equalizer at a 28GBd, or even 56GBd, four-level pulse amplitude modulation signal with 30dB loss. And the training convergency of the proposed equalizer is much faster than its traditional counterpart. An adaptive mechanism of the network parameter based on forward error correction is also studied.

Integration of QKD Channels to Classical High-speed Optical Communication Networks

Integrating Quantum Key Distribution service with classical high-speed optical data transmission using a dense wavelength division multiplexing technique in a fiber is a cost-effective solution to improve the network's security. In this multichannel system, several noise sources degrade the quality of the quantum channel. The dominant degradation effect is determined by modeling in different cases. Optical filtering cannot decrease spontaneous Raman Scattering caused by the classical optical channels. So this nonlinear optical effect is investigated in detail with different system parameter setups. The optimal channel allocation and the required bandgap between the classical and quantum channels are determined.

Implementation of 10 Gbps optical wireless link for 200 km inter-aircraft optical communications

Abstract The enhancements related to optical devices are highly required for high-speed compact wireless optical transmission systems. This paper focuses on development and analysis of the communication system for inter-aircraft applications. The vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is employed at the transmitter for generating directly modulated non-return to zero (NRZ) signal. Direct detection along with Gaussian low pass filtering is employed in the receiver. The performance of the system is examined as well as compared with and without application of filtering at the receiver. The performance of optical wireless system is analyzed in terms of BER, eye-pattern, sensitivity, SNR, and Q-factor. The data rate is enhanced by 4-fold and transmission distance is improved by 250% in comparison with earlier inter-satellite links.

Joint Linear and Nonlinear Equalization Based on Cascaded ANN-MLSE With a Modified Loss Function for PAM-4 Optical Transmission

High-speed optical transmission systems suffer from severe inter-symbol interferences (ISIs) and nonlinear distortions due to the limited bandwidth and the nonlinear response of optical and electrical components at the transceivers. Previous work has shown the benefits of applying maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) to deal with the ISI and using the neural network-based equalizer (NNE) to mitigate strong nonlinearities. However, most of the NNE has a quasi-hard output as the training and validation loss continue to drop to an over-equalized state in which the quasi-hard output sequence loses the symbol-wise soft information of the signal and fails to obtain the BER performance gain from MLSE. In this work, we investigate the cascaded NNE and MLSE equalization scheme to deal with linear and nonlinear impairments. To solve the over-equalized problem, we propose a modified loss function (MLF) assisting NNE to achieve soft-out without entering into the over-equalized state. With the soft output after NNE, joint linear and nonlinear equalization can be realized by cascading the NNE with MLSE. Both numerical simulations and experimental demonstrations confirm the improved performance of our proposed method. With joint linear and nonlinear equalization, improved back-to-back (BtB) and fiber transmission performances of the 220-Gbps PAM-4 signal are demonstrated.

Design and development of coherent-OOFDM techniques in wavelength division multiplexing optical network for long-haul communication

Abstract Today, communication is a crucial factor and requires a high data rate for transmission with in an error-free environment, so optical communication has emerged as a best solution to high-speed transmission systems due to its higher bandwidth and higher data rates. Fiber optic transmission integrating with some modern processing and modulator techniques are applied in various areas that need transfer of data from one point to another through reducing an optical affect. Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a popular technique in optical communication today because of the excessive spectral efficiency, immune to interference, tolerance of the fiber dispersion and it is long-haul application. It employs the OFDM modulation method, which is a type of multicarrier modulation in which data statistics are distributed over a large number of low-cost subcarriers and is a solution to inter-symbol interference. Inter-symbol interference is generated by chromatic dispersion in high-speed optical transmission systems, and it is a severe issue in long-haul systems in the case of higher data rates transmission. The use of standard dispersion compensating devices, such as dispersion compensating fiber, does not completely compensate for high order dispersion, which includes third-order and high dispersion effects and also increase the loses of the system because it is a fiber in itself. This study proposes introducing the concept of coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing techniques in to the wave division optical network in the case of multiple users, high data rate transmission and long-haul and ultra-long-haul optical link to reduce the optical transmission on related issues and to improve the performance of optical network. The performance of the proposed network can be evaluated by using different parameters such as signal to noise ratio, bit error rate, optical signal to noise ratio, Quality factor and eye-diagram at different distance transmission up to 8000 km by using Optisystem software.

High-speed multi-channel long-haul coherent optical transmission system

In this work, high-speed transmission over the long-haul optical channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was investigated. Furthermore, we recommend mixing polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent OFDM (CO-OFDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) to improve spectral efficiency (SE) while transmitting over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. An 800 Gb/s WDM PDM-CO-OFDM-16QAM transmission system with various channel spacing of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz is examined utilizing the OptiSystem (2021) version 18.0 software package over ten spans of 60 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Different channel spacing WDM systems have been compared in terms of performance and SE. The results reveal that the WDM system with 100 GHz channel spacing has a longer transmission range and needs minimal optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at the reception. The 25 GHz channel spacing WDM system exceeds the others in terms of SE. Further, the effect of ultra-low loss and large effective area fiber in lowering span loss and nonlinear effects for 25 GHz channel spacing WDM system is investigated. The findings show that the system performance with the new fiber outperforms the SSMF. The acceptable bit error rate (BER) for this study is 0.033 (20% concatenated forward error correction (FEC) threshold).

Experimental demonstration of synchronous privacy enhanced chaotic temporal phase en/decryption for high speed secure optical communication.

Protecting confidential high speed optical signal transmission at the lowest physical layer is a critical challenge for modern fiber-optic communication systems. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a novel synchronous privacy enhanced chaotic temporal phase en/decryption scheme for high-speed physical layer secure optical communication. A remote chaos synchronization architecture relying on common source signal driving and private response hardware modules comprising of dispersive components and slave lasers is employed to generate synchronized private chaotic en/decryption signals, and simultaneously suppress residual driving-response correlation for enhancing the security. A proof-of-principle demonstration by secure transmission of a 28 Gb/s on-off-keying modulated confidential signal over 100 km single mode fiber link based on the private chaotic temporal phase en/decryption scheme is successfully achieved. The demonstrated hardware optical en/decryption approach may provide a promising way towards future ultra-high speed physical layer secure optical communication systems.

Multi-dimensional disturbance secure communication system with dynamic key hiding transmission based on power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access

Data security is becoming more critical in networks as high-speed and large-capacity optical transmission becomes more common. Cryptographic protocols at the MAC layer and higher tiers of the protocol stack are under threat as a result of quantum computer developments. Optical physical layer encryption has great advantages in optical communication security transmission, which can be compatible with a variety of networks, and achieve an efficient and secured ultra-high high-speed data transmission. In this work, we propose a physical layer encryption scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (OFDM-PD-NOMA) technique for the dynamic key hiding transmission and multi-dimensional disturbance. The encryption scheme realizes multi-point mutual-coupling key transmission and multi-dimensional disturbance encryption by a 3D discrete chaotic model. The encrypted data and the dynamic key are transmitted together by multichannel signals in PD-NOMA, then, the chaotic signal generated by chaotic generator is used to mask the dynamic key. 3D chaotic sequences generated by the dynamic key are used to encrypt bits, symbols and carriers of the original signal. The initial key, the dynamic key and the chaotic signal realize multi-point mutual-coupling. We conduct a 74.6 Gb/s encrypted quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)-OFDM-PD-NOMA signal transmission over 2 km 7 core fiber. The key space of encrypted scheme can reach 10462. Finally, experimental results show that the original data can be recovered accurately, and the bit error rate (BER) of the dynamic key is close to zero. The security and reliability of the system have been verified, and this scheme has an important application prospect in the future optical communication system.