High Sodium Levels Research Articles

Analyses of the Elemental Content of three Brands of Natron in Four Local Government Areas in Kebbi State

Natron is the second most consumed salt in Nigeria. It is used as a food additive to cook beans, maize, and other palatable foods. Several studies have investigated the elemental content in this salt in Nigeria. However, there is paucity of information on the elemental content of this widely consumed salt in Kebbi State. Thus, this study is focused on the analyses of elemental content in Natron in sold in four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kebbi State. Three brands of Natron were collected from markets in Birnin Kebbi, Jega, Kalgo and Bunza local governments. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to analyse the elemental content. Furthermore, the elemental content values were collated for the samples of the different brands of Natron. The sodium content of the Kanwa Jarirai brand in Jega had the lowest sodium content of while the Balma brand in Bunza had the highest sodium content of . All three Natron brands investigated in the four LGAs exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for potassium, iron and, manganese levels. All the brands of Natron did not satisfy the adult daily calcium intake except for the Kanwa Jarirai from Jega with . Moreso, all the three brands in the selected four LGAs satisfied the sodium permissible WHO limits. The iron, manganese, and potassium WHO permissible limits were not met. In addition, the Natron from the four LGAs did not satisfy the adult daily intake of calcium except the Kanwa Jarirai from Jega. Consumers will need to be cautious of the usage of the analysed Natrons as they contained high levels of sodium which might not be beneficial to cardiovascular health.

A holistic assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes

Abstract This study discusses about suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation use in Rohtak district of Haryana (India). The entropy water quality index (EWQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly ratio (KR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), US salinity, and Gibbs diagram were analyzed. The spatial maps suggest that groundwater quality in central part extending towards southwestern part of area can be categorized as poor. The major ions were reported in the following order: Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+, and Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > HCO3− > F− > CO32− respectively. Moreover, results revealed that most of groundwater exceeded desirable limits for drinking water. The EWQI assessment indicates that 23.4% and 38.4% of groundwater samples have extremely poor quality in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. Further other indices shows that various indices exceed their standard limit, and mostly samples are unsuitable for irrigation. The Gibbs diagram and other bivariate plots demonstrate that various ions in groundwater can be attributed to silicate and carbonate weathering, which occur through water -rock interactions and ion exchange phenomena. In addition, the US Salinity diagram verifies that most groundwater samples exhibit significant salinity hazards, particularly concerning high sodium levels.

FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KONSUMSI FAST FOOD PADA MURID SMA BUDHI WARMAN 1 JAKARTA TIMUR

Fast Food is a type of practical food that contains high levels of fat, sodium, sugar, and energy. However, it’s low in vitamins and fiber. The aim of research is to determine the factors associated with fast food consumption among students at SMA Budhi Warman 1 East Jakarta in 2023. The research location at Budhi Warman 1 High School, East Jakarta. The research time in August 2023. This research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional research design. The research population is 180 students with a total sample of 137 samples. The sampling technique uses stratified random sampling. Sources and types of primary and secondary data. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate with the chi square test. Univariate results: frequent fast food frequency 65%, lack of nutritional knowledge 62,8%, peer influence 62,8%, negative attitude 70,1%. Meanwhile, the bivariate results showed that there was a relationship between nutritional knowledge, peer influence, and attitudes towards fast food consumption (p value <0,001). This research recommends that can better understand about snacks and healthy foods that are good for consumption.

Benchmarking the nutrient composition and labelling practices of dry or instant cereals for older infants and young children across seven Southeast Asian countries.

In Southeast Asia, the increasing availability of commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF), including dry or instant cereals (CPCF cereals), has been noted, however, concerns exist around their nutrient profile and labelling practices. This 2021 study assessed the nutrient composition, labelling practices, and micronutrient content of CPCF cereals sold in the capital cities of seven Southeast Asian countries: Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila (Philippines), Bangkok (Thailand), Vientiane (Lao PDR), Hanoi (Vietnam), and Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The study adapted a nutrient profiling model from the WHO Regional Office for Europe to determine the proportion of products suitable for promotion for older infants and young children. Micronutrient content of fortified CPCF cereals was assessed against fortification levels specified in the Codex Alimentarius guideline for formulated complementary foods. Of the 484 products assessed, 184 (38.0%) met all nutrient composition requirements. Around one-third of CPCF cereals contained added sugars and/or sweeteners (37.2%) and high levels of sodium (28.9%). None of the CPCF cereals met all labelling requirements, primarily due to the presence of inappropriate claims on the labels. Most fortified CPCF cereals contained adequate amounts of critical micronutrients, such as calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin D. However, rates of fortification varied across the seven countries, and almost a third (30.8%) of CPCF cereals were not fortified with any micronutrients. To support the appropriate promotion of CPCF in the region, Southeast Asian countries need to strengthen and enforce national binding legal measures, including national standards for the composition, labelling, and fortification of CPCF cereals.

Benchmarking the nutrient composition and labelling practices of commercially produced ready-to-eat purées and meals for older infants and young children across seven Southeast Asian countries.

Commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF), including ready-to-eat CPCF purées and meals, are gaining popularity among caregivers of older infants and young children (IYC) as a convenient alternative to home-prepared foods in low and middle-income countries. However, there is growing concern regarding the suitability of these products for older IYC, as they can contain high levels of sugar and/or sodium. Given the rapidly evolving market in Southeast Asia, it is crucial to monitor the appropriate composition and promotion of CPCF in the region. This study examined the nutrient composition and labelling practices of CPCF purées and meals sold in 2021 in the capital cities of seven Southeast Asian countries: Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila (Philippines), Bangkok (Thailand), Vientiane (Lao PDR), Hanoi (Viet Nam), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The study adapted a nutrient profiling model from the WHO Regional Office for Europe to determine the proportion of products suitable for promotion for older IYC. The proportion of CPCF purées and meals that would require a high sugar front-of-pack warning based on the percentage energy from total sugar was also determined. Of the 459 CPCF purées/meals assessed, only 37.7% of the products met all nutrient composition requirements and none met all labelling requirements. In addition, most CPCF purées and meals were identified as having high total sugar content. To ensure that older IYC consume appropriate CPCF products, Southeast Asian countries need to implement and enforce regulations concerning the nutrient composition and labelling practices of CPCF purées and meals.

DPP4 Valorphin Activate NR4As Pathway and OPA1 That Protect from CoQ10 Deficiency, OPA1 Dysfunctions and WMH

Deficiencies in Threonine (Thr), Tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph), Glutamate (Glu), Glutamine (Gln), and Leucine can result from increased polarizability in mTORC1 and its subunits. These deficiencies may lead to disorders in OPA1 repair, which can be a primary cause of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency disease. CoQ10 is crucial for maintaining the inner mitochondrial membrane and is necessary for the synthesis of the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR). Mitochondrial damage or dysfunction can lead to the accumulation of pro-inflammatory molecules, which may cause mutations in subunits and proteins. Reduced levels of Tryptophan, Glycine (Gly), and Arginine (Arg) can result in decreased Proline synthesis, subsequently reducing tRNA levels. This, in turn, can impair mitochondrial OPA1 repair and function due to decreased GTPase activity. The reduced function of GTPase can lead to decreased IL-17 synthesis and the accumulation of pro-inflammatory molecules, resulting in a reduction in serotonin production, as well as decreased production of GCbeta, oxytocin, and Nrf2. These changes can lead to a decrease in the proliferation of megakaryocytes and, consequently, reduced hematopoiesis, which is associated with white matter hyperintensity. Opioid receptors play a role in producing powerful analgesia, contributing to the function of immune cells, and modulating acquired immune responses, including the function of lymphocytes. Tryptophan, Leucine, and Tyrosine kinases are crucial for activating mitochondrial OPA1 repairs, which are essential for CoQ10 synthesis. Tryptophan (TGG) is necessary for activating Proline, which is essential for both OPA1 function and tRNA production. Additionally, it plays a role in IL17 synthesis and the activation of the NR4As pathway, which includes the activation of GCs-beta, oxytocin, and Nrf2 production, respectively. Cytotoxic edema can result from uncontrolled or uncompensated cation influx, primarily sodium (Na+). This edema occurs due to high levels of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) binding toxicity, leading to coagulation and reduced ATPase and GTPase activity. It starts with a decrease in CoQ10 synthesis and an increase in Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), resulting in decreased mineralocorticoid. Increased sodium and potassium binding, associated with decreased anions binding in biological molecules, can be due to reduced GTPase and OPA1 function. This reduction in anions function is the result of a primary Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency, leading to elevated GFAP levels in cognitively normal older adults at risk of Alzheimer's disease. Primary Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency is typically associated with multisystem involvement, including neurologic manifestations such as fatal neonatal encephalopathy with hypoxia, late-onset multiple-system atrophy-like symptoms, dystonia, spasticity, seizures, and intellectual disability. Autoimmune diseases and skin inflammatory disorders can start due to increased cation binding toxicity, which reduces ATPase and GTPase function, characterized by a deficiency in proper GTPase production, leading to a reduction in mitochondrial OPA1 function and a deficiency in GCs-beta synthesis via the NR4As pathway. GFAP is an important neuroinflammation biomarker, and an increase in its levels may indicate OPA1 dysfunction, a decrease in CoQ10, neuroinflammation, and a reduction in the NR4As pathway. The increase in GFAP during acute ischemic stroke can be initiated by increased cation binding to anions, leading to enhanced energy stability and decreased tRNA production, which is proline-dependent. This decrease in tRNAs and GTPase activity can result in a decrease in IL17 production, increased inflammation, decreased blood flow to the brain, and reduced oxygen supply to the brain, ultimately contributing to neuronal damage. A decrease in hemorphin (valorphin) reflects reduced lymphocyte function and a loss of cholinecontaining phospholipids (CCPLs). Valorphin contains Tyrosine, which is essential for kinases production, required for choline kinases synthesis, and crucial for activating tRNAs, serotonin, oxytocin, and Nrf2 via the NR4As pathway, all of which are essential for lymphocyte function and antiinflammatory growth. Nrf2 dysfunction, connected to NR4As and oxytocin dysfunction, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID).

Plasma aldosterone concentration / plasma renin activity ratio in patients with essential hypertension before treatment

Abstract Background The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone-sodium system, an important player in maintaining blood pressure, is influenced by antihypertensive drugs. However, the analysis of the renin-aldosterone-sodium system in hypertensive patients without adrenal adenoma without antihypertensive drugs is not still enough. Purpose We analyzed plasma aldosterone level, renin activity, serum potassium level, and serum sodium level in hypertensive patients without adrenal adenoma before treatment. Methods We measured plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC; pg/mL), plasma renin activity (PRA; ng/mL/h), serum potassium and sodium levels (mEq/L) in 456 consecutive new hypertensive patients untreated with antihypertensive drugs. We sampled all blood after 30 minutes bedrest. We excluded 28 cases with blood pressures less than 135/85 mmHg at rest, 4 patients with adrenal adenoma, and 3 patients with renovascular hypertension. We analyzed 421 patients with essential hypertension before treatment (232 males, mean age 56.5±12.8 years, and 189 females, mean age 61.0±13.5 years). Results There was a significant positive correlation between PRA and PAC (ρ=0.2445, p<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between PAC/PRA ratio and serum sodium levels (ρ=0.1604, p=0.0027); however, no correlation was observed between PAC/PRA ratio and serum potassium levels. There were significant negative correlations between PRA and serum sodium levels (ρ=-0.1925, p<0.001). However, there was no correlation between PAC and serum sodium levels. On univariate analyses, a high PAC/PRA ratio (>200) was significantly associated with female (p<0.001), high serum sodium level (p=0.003), and low pulse rate (p=0.02). Multiple logistic analyses revealed that the most predictive independent factor for high PAC/PRA was female (p<0.001). On analyses of gender differences, the incidence rates of high PAC/PRA (>200) were 33.9% in females and 16.4% in males. There was a significant positive correlation between PRA and PAC in both genders (males: ρ=0.2731, p<0.001; females: ρ=0.1976, p=0.0064). In females, there was a significant positive correlation between PAC/PRA and serum sodium levels (ρ=0.2221, p=0.0043); however, there were no significant correlations between PAC/PRA and serum sodium levels in males. In females, there was a significant negative correlation between PRA and serum sodium levels (ρ=-0.2668, p<0.001); however, there were no significant correlations between PRA and serum sodium levels in males. Serum sodium levels were significantly higher in females than in males (p=0.02). Conclusion We revealed gender differences in the renin-aldosterone-sodium system in patients with essential hypertension before treatment.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical Parameters and Nutrient of Milk Powder of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical characteristics of tigernut milk powder and its effects on the growth of pups fed on breast milk. To achieve this objective, the physicochemical parameters, macronutrient content, minerals, antioxidants and anti-nutritional factors of tigernut milk powder were determined. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the milk powder had a pH (5.63 ± 0.01), a titratable acidity content (0.04 ± 0.01%) and a moisture content (4.73 ± 0.29 %) favourable to its preservation. It contains macronutrients such as carbohydrates (59.78 ± 1.34 %), fiber (15.86 ± 0.80 %), total sugars (10.28 ± 0.08%), reducing sugars (4.21 ± 0.66%), protein (3.22 ± 0.04 %), fat (31.50 ± 0.11 %) and an energy value (535.55 ± 1.20 kcal). The milk powder had an ash content of 1.37 ± 0.19%, with high levels of calcium (119.33 ± 1.15 mg/100g), potassium (799.23 ± 1.98 mg/100g), sodium (102.11 ± 1.46 mg/100g), phosphorus (148.06 ± 0.62 mg/100g) and magnesium (94.44 ± 0.83 mg/100g). Certain therapeutic compounds were determined, such as antioxidant factors: polyphenols (3.87 ± 0.08 mg EAG/100g), tannins (0.88 ± 0.1 mg ETA/100g), flavonoids (0.05 ± 0.1 mg EQ/100g) and vitamin C (100 mg/100g) and anti-nutritional factors: oxalates (5.86 ± 1.03 mg) and phytates (34.66 ± 0.18 mg). These results enable us to assess the nutritional quality of milk powder from tigernut.

Sodium and potassium consumption in Jamaica: National estimates and associated factors from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017.

This study aimed to estimate dietary sodium and potassium consumption among Jamaicans and evaluate associations with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017. Participants were noninstitutionalized Jamaicans aged ≥15 years. Trained staff collected sociodemographic and health data via interviewer-administered questionnaires and spot urine samples. The Pan American Health Organization formula was used to estimate 24-hour urine sodium and potassium excretion. High sodium level was defined as ≥2000 mg/day, and low potassium levels as <3510 mg/day (World Health Organization criteria). Associations between these outcomes and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were explored using multivariable ANOVA models using log-transformed 24-hour urine sodium and potassium as outcome variables. Analyses included 1009 participants (368 males, 641 females; mean age 48.5 years). The mean sodium excretion was 3582 mg/day (males 3943 mg/day, females 3245 mg/day, P < .001). The mean potassium excretion was 2052 mg/day (males, 2210 mg/day; females, 1904 mg/day; P = .001). The prevalence of high sodium consumption was 66.6% (males 72.8%, females 60.7%, P < .001) and that of low potassium intake was 88.8% (85.1% males, 92.3% females, P < .001). Sodium consumption was inversely associated with older age, higher education, and low glomerular filtration rate but was directly associated with being male, current smoking, and obesity. Overall, males had higher sodium consumption than women, with the effect being larger among hypertensive men. Women with hypertension had lower sodium consumption than nonhypertensive women; however, hypertensive men had higher sodium consumption than nonhypertensive men. Potassium consumption was higher among men, persons with obesity, and those with high total cholesterol but was lower among men with "more than high school" education compared to men with "less than high school" education. We conclude that most Jamaican adults have diets high in sodium and low in potassium. In this study, sodium consumption was directly associated with male sex, obesity, and current smoking but was inversely associated with older age and higher education. High potassium consumption was associated with obesity and high cholesterol levels. These associations should be further explored in longitudinal studies and population-based strategies should be developed to address these cardiovascular risk factors.

Study of Biochemical Parameters as Predictors for Need of Invasive Ventilation in Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients.

Though laboratory tests have been shown to predict mortality in COVID-19, there is still a dearth of information regarding the role of biochemical parameters in predicting the type of ventilatory support that these patients may require. The purpose of our retrospective observational study was to investigate the relationship between biochemical parameters and the type of ventilatory support needed for the intensive care of severely ill COVID-19 patients. We comprehensively recorded history, physical examination, vital signs from point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, clinical diagnosis, details of the ventilatory support required in intensive care and the results of the biochemical analysis at the time of admission. Appropriate statistical methods were used and P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed and Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.6 to 0.7, 0.7 to 0.8, 0.8 to 0.9, and >0.9, respectively, were regarded as acceptable, fair, good, and exceptional for discrimination. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in Urea (p = 0.0351), Sodium (p = 0.0142), Indirect Bilirubin (p = 0.0251), Albumin (p = 0.0272), Aspartate Transaminase (AST) (p = 0.0060) and Procalcitonin (PCT) (p = 0.0420) were observed between the patients who were maintained on non-invasive ventilations as compared to those who required invasive ventilation. In patients who required invasive ventilation, the levels of Urea, Sodium, Indirect bilirubin, AST and PCT were higher while Albumin was lower. On ROC analysis, higher levels of Albumin was found to be acceptable indicator of maintenance on non-invasive ventilation while higher levels of Sodium and PCT were found to be fair predictor of requirement of invasive ventilation. Our study emphasizes the role of biochemical parameters in predicting the type of ventilatory support that is needed in order to properly manage severely ill COVID-19 patients.

Real-world predictors of survival in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in Manitoba, Canada: a retrospective cohort study.

Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) is an incurable cancer with poor prognosis in which characteristics predictive of long-term survival are debated. The utility of agents such as immune checkpoint inhibitors highlights the importance of identifying key characteristics and treatment strategies that contribute to long-term survival and could help guide therapeutic decisions. This real-world analysis examines the characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes of patients receiving chemotherapy without immunotherapy for ES-SCLC in Manitoba, Canada. A retrospective cohort study assessed patient characteristics, treatment, and survival duration (short: <6 months; medium: 6-24 months; long: >24 months) using the Manitoba Cancer Registry and CancerCare Manitoba records. Eligible patients were aged >18 years with cytologically confirmed ES-SCLC diagnosed between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2018, and received cytotoxic chemotherapy (CT). The one-, two-, and five-year probabilities of overall survival (OS) were assessed relative to patient, disease, and treatment characteristics using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards models. This analysis included 537 patients. Cisplatin was used in 56.1% of patients, 45.6% received thoracic radiotherapy (RT), and few received prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). In the overall cohort, one-, two- and five-year OS rates were 26%, 8%, and 3%, respectively. For patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) 0, OS rates at one, two, and five years were 43%, 17%, and 10%, respectively, vs. 27%, 8%, and 2% for those with ECOG PS 1-2, and 16%, 3%, and 3% for those with ECOG PS 3-4. In long-term survivors, ECOG PS scores were lower and abnormal laboratory test results were less frequent. Overall, 74.4% of long-term survivors received thoracic RT and 53.5% received PCI. Known poor prognostic factors - including brain/liver metastases, high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), abnormal sodium, and low hemoglobin levels - were less common but still seen in long-term survivors. Although rare, patients with ES-SCLC may experience long-term survival with CT ± thoracic RT ± PCI. Factors predicting long-term survival include traditional prognostic factors such as ECOG PS, LDH level, and receipt of thoracic RT or PCI. These findings support current treatment algorithms for ES-SCLC and provide baseline survival estimates to assess the real-world impact of adding immune checkpoint inhibitors in the future.

Association between serum sodium levels within 24 h of admission and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-IV database.

The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum sodium and mortality in critically ill patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. This is a retrospective investigation of critically ill non-traumatic patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) utilizing the MIMIC-IV database. We collected the serum sodium levels at admission and determined the all-cause death rates for the ICU and hospital. We employed a multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model and Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis to ascertain the relationship between serum sodium and all-cause mortality. In order to evaluate the consistency of correlations, interaction and subgroup analyses were also conducted. A total of 864 patients with non-traumatic SAH were included in this study. All-cause mortality in the ICU and hospital was 32.6% (282/864) and 19.2% (166/864), respectively. Sodium levels at ICU admission showed a statistically significant J-shaped non-linear relationship with ICU and hospital mortality (non-linear P-value < 0.05, total P-value < 0.001) with an inflection point of ~141 mmol/L, suggesting that mortality was higher than normal serum sodium levels in hypernatremic patients. Multivariate analysis after adjusting for potential confounders showed that high serum sodium levels (≥145 mmol/L) were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in the ICU and hospital compared with normal serum sodium levels (135-145 mmol/L), [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.07-2.01, P = 0.017] and (HR = 2.26, 95% CI:1.54-3.32, P < 0.001). Similarly, Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curves showed lower survival in patients with high serum sodium levels. Stratified analysis further showed that the association between higher serum sodium levels and hospital all-cause mortality was stronger in patients aged < 60 years with a hospital stay of <7 days. High serum sodium levels upon ICU admission are related to higher ICU and hospital all-cause mortality in patients with non-traumatic SAH. A new reference is offered for control strategies to correct serum sodium levels.

Electrolyte profile in COVID-19 patients: insights into outcomes

BackgroundSome evidence has provided that electrolyte disorders may be present upon presentation of patients with COVID-19 infection. We investigated serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels in large numbers of critically ill COVID-19 patients to identify its possible prognostic value in these patients.MethodsThis retrospective study included patients confirmed with COVID-19 infection admitted to critical care units of Zagazig University Hospital all over 1 year, from May 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021. We analyzed the data for possible correlations between serum electrolytes and patients’ outcomes.ResultsAmong 600 patients included in the study with a mean age of 51.33 ± 16.5 years, 44.16% were mechanically ventilated, and 30.66% died during hospital admission. Serum sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium were 141.96 ± 5.4, 4.33 ± 0.66, 3.76 ± 1.26, 2.21 ± 0.52, and 8.55 ± 0.85 respectively, at admission to the ICU. Unfavorable admission course and mortality were significantly associated with high normal serum sodium, potassium, and phosphorus levels and a low normal calcium level.ConclusionAlthough mean serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were within normal levels in patients with COVID-19 at presentation, serum sodium, potassium, and phosphorus were significantly higher in those with poor outcomes, whereas calcium was significantly lower in those with poor outcomes.

Plant-based alternative proteins-are they nutritionally more advantageous?

The transition towards sustainable nutrition as well as the exploration of alternative sources of protein have been at the forefront of thinking in the 21st century. However, further research is required to ascertain if a diet composed of alternative plant-based proteins has similar nutritional advantages to a plant-based diet. This study aims to model the replacement of a diet consisting of animal-based proteins with plant-based alternatives (PBA), in a group of Asians. A 4-day food record was collected from 50 individuals residing in Singapore and nutrient profiles were generated for each individual. Food records were analysed, and meat, dairy, and seafood ingredients were substituted gram-for-gram with their PBA. The original and replaced nutrient profiles were compared against each other and the differences in macro and micronutrients were analysed. A significant increase in carbohydrates, dietary fibre, as well as in micronutrients such as sodium and calcium was observed. Conversely, there was a significant decreased intake in overall energy, protein and fat (p < 0.005). The significant nutritional impact of substituting animal-based proteins for PBA may present benefits for bone health and individuals on a caloric restriction diet. However, higher sodium levels may be undesirable for individuals with cardiovascular conditions and hypertension, and the low bioavailability of iron in plant-based sources may present issues for iron deficient populations. Bearing some of these key findings in mind, researchers and manufacturers need to consider these when developing alternative protein products to meet consumer demands for palatable and nutritious plant-based products.

Replacing Mineral Fertilizer with Nitrified Human Urine in Hydroponic Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Production

Source-separated, nitrified, and decontaminated human urine constitutes a promising plant fertilizer that contains a large share of the nitrogen and phosphorus in household wastewater, and other plant nutrients. However, human urine contains high levels of sodium and chloride that can affect salt-sensitive greenhouse crops. Replacing mineral fertilizer with nitrified urine fertilizer could reduce the environmental impact of lettuce production in hydroponic systems, if marketable yield, appearance, and produce quality are not affected. In the present study, a treatment combination of a nitrified urine fertilizer and mineral fertilizers was used to grow lettuce through the nutrient film technique. This was compared to a conventionally fertilized control treatment. No significant differences were observed regarding yield, phenotype, and contents of nitrate, heavy metals, phenolic acids, and chlorophyll in leaf tissue. Calcium content was significantly reduced and sodium was elevated in nitrified urine treatment. For the elements nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, a saving of 48%, 13%, and 15% was calculated, respectively. The calculated carbon footprint from the total fertilizer production was reduced by 34.25%, caused by the nitrified urine treatment. Based on these results, a nutrient solution composed of nitrified urine fertilizer combined with mineral fertilizer may be a promising alternative for growers to produce lettuce with a reduced environmental impact without loss of plant quantity and quality.

Groundwater Quality Variations in Multiple Aquifers: A Comprehensive Evaluation for Public Health and Agricultural Use

Understanding hydrological and hydrochemical processes is crucial for the effective management and protection of groundwater resources. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation into hydrochemical processes and variations in groundwater quality across five distinct aquifers in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thailand: Bangkok (BKK), Phra Pradaeng (PPD), Nakhon Luang (NKL), Nonthaburi (NTB), and Sam Khok (SK). Utilizing various diagrams, the findings revealed that high levels of sodium and salinity in shallow aquifers (BKK and PPD) were found which can impede soil permeability and have potential consequences on crop yields. The presence of four distinct types of groundwater—Na-Cl, Na-HCO3, Ca-Cl, and Ca-HCO3—suggests the influence of rock weathering, mineral dissolution, and ion exchange reactions with the surrounding geological formations, controlling the chemistry in the groundwater basin. The research also highlights concerns regarding groundwater quality, particularly elevated concentrations of heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Hg, Pd, Fe, and Mn) exceeding safe drinking water guidelines established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in certain samples. The evaluation of water suitability for consumption and irrigation using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Wilcox diagram reveals a predominance of “poor” or “unsuitable” categorizations. Untreated sewage discharge and fertilizer usage were identified as the primary anthropogenic activities affecting hydrochemical processes in groundwater. These findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring, appropriate management, and remediation efforts to mitigate potential hazards.

The Importance of Assessing Water Quality in Tributaries: A Case Study in an Urban Waterway Using Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Tributaries are important for fish recruitment and diversity. Here, we examine the biological impact of inorganic and organic contaminants in Paint Branch stream (PBS), a tributary of the Anacostia river in Washington D.C. The Anacostia has suffered severe ecological damage because of decades of pollution and deposited wastewater runoff; however, PBS, which connects to the northern part of the river, is forested and less urbanized, suggesting higher water quality. However, the impact of PBS water on early fish development has not been studied. To address this question, we examined if chronic (28 day) exposure to water collected from PBS can support the proper early development of zebrafish (Danio rerio), a vertebrate model in toxicological studies. We assessed their overall growth and swimming behaviors and correlated these results with a water quality analysis. The water chemistry identified high levels of calcium, sodium, and nitrate in PBS water samples. A gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of extracted non-polar compounds in the water column revealed siloxanes (congeners D6–D10) were the only component identified with &gt;90% certainty. In our fish experiments, we observed age-dependent increases in growth and eye development, consistent with normal development. In contrast, general swimming behaviors showed an early increase in angular velocity at 7 days postfertilization (dpf; p = 0.001) and a decreased total distance traveled at 14 dpf (p = 0.015) for PBS-treated larvae. Using the open field test, we observed that the PBS-treated fish made fewer visits to the edge at 7 (p = 0.01), 14 (p &lt; 0.001), and 21 dpf (p = 0.038) and spent significantly more time at the edge at 21 dpf (p &lt; 0.001). Fewer visits to the center were also noted at 14 and 21 dpf, suggesting reduced overall movement at these two ages in response to chronic PBS water exposure. Interestingly, by 28 dpf, no differences were noted in any parameter measured. Overall, these results indicate zebrafish larvae grew well in PBS water; however, their reduced movement and anxiogenic behavior suggested subtle behavioral abnormalities. The identified chemicals likely originated from runoff or sewage and have potentially deleterious consequences for fish living in PBS or migrating to/from upstream spawning/nursery locations.

Association of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy with variations in Serum Sodium and Potassium Concentration

Objective: To study the variation in Serum Sodium and Potassium concentration in Pre-eclampsia and Normotensive pregnant ladies.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: Combined Military Hospital, Kharian District Gujrat Pakistan, from Jun 2020 to Jan 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The study population Comprosed of 80 pre-eclamptic and 80 normotensive pregnant women recruited consecutively at their first, third trimester, and prenatal visits. Serum Sodium and Potassium were analysed using Ericson Photometer.&#x0D; Results: When the two Groups were compared, in the Normotensive Group, the mean Sodium concentration of 132±4.490 mEq/dl was significantly less than the Pre-eclampsia Group of 139.1±3.909 mEq/dl. On the contrary, mean Serum Potassium concentration was significantly less in Pre-eclampsia 3.54±0.511 mmol/L compared to the Normotensive Group to 4.0±0.513 mmol/L.&#x0D; Conclusion: High levels of Sodium and low level of Potassium were observed in the Pre-eclampsia Group. There may be a causal relationship between electrolyte fluctuations and Pre-eclampsia.Keywords: Electrolytes, Hypertension, Potassium, Pre-eclampsia, Sodium.

In-ICU Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients in a Reference Cameroonian Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Mortality rate amongst critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) is disproportionately high in sub-Saharan African countries such as Cameroon. Identifying factors associated with higher in-ICU mortality guides more aggressive resuscitative measures to curb mortality, but the dearth of data on predictors of in-ICU mortality precludes this action. We aimed to determine predictors of in-ICU mortality in a major referral ICU in Cameroon. Methodology. This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to the ICU of Douala Laquintinie Hospital from 1st of March 2021 to 28th February 2022. We performed a multivariable analysis of sociodemographic, vital signs on admission, and other clinical and laboratory variables of patients discharged alive and dead from the ICU to control for confounding factors. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. Overall, the in-ICU mortality rate was 59.4% out of 662 ICU admissions. Factors independently associated with in-ICU mortality were deep coma (aOR = 0.48 (0.23-0.96), 95% CI, p = 0.043), and hypernatremia (>145 meq/L) (aOR = 0.39 (0.17-0.84) 95% CI, p = 0.022). The in-ICU mortality rate in this major referral Cameroonian ICU is high. Six in 10 patients admitted to the ICU die. Patients were more likely to die if admitted with deep coma and high sodium levels in the blood.

Model Development for Reducing Sodium Consumption at the District Level Using a District Health Board Mechanism

High levels of dietary sodium are associated with hypertension and non-communicable diseases. We aimed to develop a model for reducing sodium consumption at the district level using a mechanism developed by the District Health Board (DHB). Hankha District in Chai Nat Province was selected as the study area. The study was conducted between June and December 2022. Research methods included the development of a model to reduce sodium consumption, questionnaires and focus group discussions, and measuring the amount of salt in food and blood pressure levels among study participants. The developed model comprised three measures; monitoring people’s sodium consumption; creating a mechanism for driving and managing the environment contributing to behavioral changes; and providing knowledge and promoting behaviors among groups at high risk for hypertension. After model development, the mean knowledge scores among DHB members and their skills in managing plans and projects were significantly higher than those before the process. Mean knowledge scores, health literacy and proper sodium consumption behaviors among at-risk groups were also higher. In addition, the increased knowledge scores significantly correlated with proper sodium consumption behaviors. Our results should encourage authorities at the policy level to apply a DHB mechanism to reduce sodium consumption in communities.