High Socioeconomic Level Research Articles

Application of Theoretical Model for Leisure Practices Based on Constraints-Attitudes and Factors Associated with the Positive Perception of Wellbeing

This study aimed to assess factors associated with a positive perception of wellbeing by applying the leisure constraints and attitudes model. 992 industrial workers of both sexes living in Brazil, participated in the study. Variables were divided into three axes, as follows: leisure, sociodemographic, and work variables. Subjective wellbeing was measured using the Personal Wellbeing Index. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed, such as Poisson regression and structural equation modeling. Workers under Ideal conditions for leisure activities had a higher prevalence of positive perception of wellbeing. Regression analyses revealed that the following factors were associated with a positive perception of wellbeing: high socioeconomic level, leisure satisfaction, Ideal conditions for practising leisure activities, and work satisfaction. Structural equation models confirmed the causal relationship between variables, with good fit indices. Institutional policies aimed at improving perception of wellbeing should prioritize worker satisfaction and promote favorable conditions for the practice of leisure activities.

The Influence of Maternal Characteristics and Nutritional Status on Toddler Development: Literature Review

Introduction: The first five years of a child's life are a time of peak development. According to the global prevalence, 52.9 million children under the age of five suffer from developmental problems. Parental involvement in monitoring their children's development will rise if parents have greater education, have a high level of knowledge, higher socioeconomic level, income, and the mother does not work. In addition, toddlers with good nutritional status will optimise their development. Objective: This literature review aims to identify how maternal characteristics and nutritional status impact toddler development. Method: This study is a systematic review by searching the literature through Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed. Articles in Indonesian and English published from 2016 to 2022. Article searches used keywords or Boolean operators (AND - OR), some of the keywords used to search the literature included combinations of “development” OR “education” OR “income”’ OR “knowledge” OR “occupation” OR “nutritional status”, “education” AND “development”, “income” AND “development”, “knowledege” AND “development”, “occupation” AND “development”, “nutritional sataus” AND “development”. Result: The results of this study showed that maternal characteristics such as education level, knowledge, occupation, and family income, as well as nutritional status affect the development of toddlers. Conclusion: Knowing the interaction between maternal role and nutritional status can help optimise the development of toddlers according to their age.

Awareness of the General population about Influenza Vaccine in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: Increasing national influenza vaccination rates continues to be a challenge for Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the Saudi public perceptions toward seasonal influenza vaccination and their association with the rate of vaccination. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study includes the general population in Tabuk, Northern Saudi Arabia. The study includes Saudi and none Saudi who speaks Arabic or English, from any age group (18-60 years), male or female, any level of education (from primary to university or more) and low, moderate or high socioeconomic level. Results: Regarding to gender, the study showed that the largest percentage of the study members are male with a percentage of (63.3 %), while there is a percentage of (36.6%) females. According to” Received influenza vaccine” there are (63.3%) of the respondents chose (Yes) and (36.6%) of the respondents chose (No). according to” Influenza vaccination is effective in preventing influenza infection” there are (53.3%) of the respondents chose (Yes), (26.66%) of the respondents chose (No) and (20%) chose (Don’t Know). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the rate of seasonal influenza vaccination is moderate among the Saudi population, which necessitates the launching of public awareness campaigns about the importance of the seasonal influenza vaccine.

Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Italian Nursing Students: Prevalence and Predictors.

Background/Objectives: Mental disorders in nursing students, although very common under normal circumstances, have worsened over time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess (1) what the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Italian nursing students was and (2) what factors were associated with them. Methods: In May 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted on the bachelor's degree Nursing course in an Italian university. Levels of anxiety and stress were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. In addition, socio-demographic variables and data on mental health, drug intake, and substance use were collected. Multiple binary logistic regression adjusted analyses were used to identify predictive factors. Results: A total of 148 nursing students completed the questionnaire. A total of 9.5% reported a previous diagnosis of a mental disorder, and, of these, 35.7% reported that it was diagnosed after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The mean GAD-7 and PHQ-9 score was 9.68 (SD = 5.2) and 8.37 (SD = 5.6), respectively. Protective factors for depressive symptoms included not having a previous diagnosis of a mental disorder (adjusted odds ratio = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.002-0.47, p < 0.001) and a perceived high (adjusted odds ratio = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.003-0.22 p < 0.001) or medium (adjusted odds ratio = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03-0.82, p < 0.05) socioeconomic level, while the predictor of anxiety symptoms was returning home once a month for students studying away from their residence (adjusted odds ratio = 6.4, 95% CI: 1.01-40.8, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Urgent investments are needed in universities to implement mental health promotion programmes and to offer counselling services to reduce and prevent mental health problems among students.

PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF HYSTERECTOMY IN THE GYNECOLOGY UNIT OF AYUB TEACHING HOSPITAL, ABBOTTABAD

Hysterectomy is one of the most common obstetric surgery performed on women. It provides symptomatic relief, reduces morbidity and enhances the quality of life but can also lead to complications like mental stress, infertility, fractures and cardiovascular insults. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have provided information regarding the prevalence and risk factors of hysterectomies in Pakistani females. Objective: The goal of this study is to investigate the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of hysterectomy in a teaching hospital in Pakistan, Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the Gynecology C unit of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from 25th July 2024 to 10th Oct, 2024 after taking approval from ethical committee. 246 patients who underwent major gynaecological procedures were included in this study. Basic demographics, type of procedure and indication for hysterectomy were noted after obtaining consent from the patient. Results: The overall prevalence of hysterectomy was around 36.9% in our study. Heavy menstrual bleeding (43.95%) was found to be the leading cause of hysterectomy followed by fibroid uterus and adenomyosis in 25.27% and 16.48% cases respectively. Additionally, age group 45-49 (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.5-2.1), urban residence (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.64-1.8), more gravida (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 0.88-4.92) and higher socioeconomic levels (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.62-2.64) were found to increase odds of hysterectomy, whereas having a job (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.47-1.44) and getting college education (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.4- 1.7) were found to decrease the risk of hysterectomy. Conclusion: The prevalence of hysterectomy was found to be higher than in other countries. Urban residence, multigravida, higher socioeconomic levels and older age groups tend to increase the odds of hysterectomy.

The Role of Dosage and Family Profiles in a Child Welfare Home Visiting Program

Abstract Background Among the different modalities of family support, home visiting programs have proved to be one of the most effective secondary prevention models for families involved in child welfare services. Despite the promising outcomes and the extensive available literature, further research is needed to investigate target population characteristics and implementation factors that may explain the heterogeneity in the outcomes of these programs for families receiving child welfare services. Objective This longitudinal study explored the role of dosage and family characteristics related to the effectiveness of the Family Intervention Program (FIP), which is a home-based Spanish child welfare service for supporting families at psychosocial risk. Method To this end, a quasi-experimental design was followed, including a time-series evaluation of the 289 families receiving the FIP. In order to examine the impact of the FIP, the evolution of child well-being (CWB) was evaluated with Child Well-Being Scales every 6 months. Results The results showed that the highest average CWB score was observed after 39 months of intervention, observing no improvements in CWB from that point. Similarly, the results showed that the FIP was more effective for single parent families at higher socioeconomic levels. Conclusions This article provides new knowledge for the understanding of home visiting programs success, concluding that the programs are not equally effective for all family profiles, and that it is necessary to adjust each program to the specific characteristics of the target population.

Association of adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet with risk of dementia according to social economic status: a prospective cohort in UK Biobank.

The EAT-Lancet Commission has proposed a reference diet aiming to promote human health and environmental sustainability. Socioeconomic disadvantage and poor diet are well-known risk factors for dementia; however, whether the effect of this reference diet on dementia varies by socioeconomic status has not been investigated. The dietary habits of 190,893 participants from UK-Biobank were assessed; the association of EAT-Lancet diet with incident dementia across socioeconomic status was determined by Cox models. One thousand seven hundred twenty-eight dementia cases were identified during a median of 12.24 years follow-up. An inverse association between adherence to EAT-Lancet diet and all-cause dementia (high vs. low; hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82, 0.72-0.94) or late-onset dementia (high vs. low; HR, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.68-0.91) was observed only in individuals with high socioeconomic status. On the contrary, no protective effects of EAT-Lancet diet on early-onset dementia were observed, regardless of the socioeconomic status. Our findings indicated that adherence to an environment-friendly diet helps attenuate risk of dementia only in individuals with high socioeconomic level.

Eligibility for obesity management in Peru: Analysis of National Health Surveys from 2014 to 2022.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased fastest in low- and middle-income countries in the last decades. Together with this rising prevalence, pharmacological and surgical interventions for obesity have emerged. How many people need these treatments is unknown. We quantified the prevalence of people in need of pharmacological and surgical treatment for obesity in Peru between 2014 and 2022. Repeated cross-sectional analysis of national health surveys in Peru was conducted. Eligibility for pharmacological treatment for obesity was: body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m 2 or BMI ≥27 kg/m 2 alongside type 2 diabetes or hypertension (self-reported). Eligibility for bariatric surgery were BMI ≥40 kg/m 2 or BMI between 35 to 39.9 kg/m 2 linked to weight-related health problems. We used Poisson regressions to identify associated factors with eligibility for obesity management. Across years, 260,131 people (mean age 44.0 and 54.5% were women) were studied, 66,629 (27.7%; 95% CI: 27.4% - 28.1%) were eligible for obesity medication, and 5,263 (2.5%; 95% CI: 2.4% - 2.6%) were eligible for bariatric surgery. Female sex, older age, higher socioeconomic level and study year were associated with higher probability of eligibility for both obesity medication and bariatric surgery. Eligibility for obesity management has increased over time in Peru. There is a need to strengthen policies to tackle overweight and obesity in Peru, acknowledging that some individuals may benefit from pharmacological and surgical interventions.

Relationship between persistence with topical antiglaucomatous prescription and patient socioeconomic status at a tertiary university hospital in Jerez de la Frontera (Spain).

To study the relationship between socioeconomic status and persistence with topical antiglaucomatous medication. A retrospective epidemiological observational cohort study was conducted with a sample of 1563 patients. The main dependent variable was persistence (medication possession ratio), the independent variable was socioeconomic status (deprivation index). Additional independent variables were used for multivariate analysis: individual health card index, sex, age, pharmacological group, number of eye drops, preservatives, diagnosis and concurrent medications. Bivariate statistical analysis was obtained using non-parametric tests. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. We obtained data showing greater persistence in the groups with a higher socioeconomic level (deprivation index 1 and 2), with medication possession ratio values of 79.97 and 75.30, respectively) as opposed to the groups at lower socioeconomic levels (deprivation index 4 and 5, with medication possession ratio values of 73.75 and 69.85, respectively. Logistic regression corroborated this difference, reaching a significant value (no persistence in deprivation index group 5 versus 1) with OR = 1.62; 95%CI: 1.13-2.31. Additionally, lower persistence was detected in males, under 60 years of age, undergoing treatment with alpha-agonists, and in patients with ocular hypertension. Low socioeconomic status of the patient was significantly associated with decreased persistence with topical antiglaucomatous therapy.

Socioeconomic Disparities in Urban Forest Diversity and Structure in Green Areas of Santiago de Chile.

Urban trees enhance biodiversity, provide ecosystem services, and improve quality of life in cities. Despite their benefits, trees are not distributed equitably, and many cities exhibit a "luxury effect". Given the importance of public green space for providing access to urban tree benefits, we investigated the relationship between socioeconomic level and tree diversity and structure in 60 green areas in Santiago de Chile. Species richness and total tree abundance did not significantly vary among socioeconomic levels; however, a differential effect was found according to species origin. Introduced tree species exhibited similar abundance and species richness across socioeconomic levels, but native tree species were more abundant and richer in higher socioeconomic level areas compared to lower ones. Tree cover was higher in the high and medium socioeconomic level areas than in the low socioeconomic level area. A higher average DBH was found in the medium socioeconomic level area, which may be explained by older neighborhoods and a legacy of the luxury effect. Our findings reveal that socioeconomic groups are associated with differences in tree cover, width, and the number of native species in public green areas. Consequently, urban residents have different provisions of ecosystem services and opportunities to interact with natural heritage. Increasing the amount of tree cover and native species available to vulnerable groups will reduce disparities.

Analysis of the impact of ICT by socioeconomic level

Information and communication technologies (ICT) strengthen the economy. Likewise, the socioeconomic level in Mexico is classified into 4 levels. The objective was to analyze ICT by socioeconomic level, considering gender, education and territorial scope. Data from the National Survey of Availability and Use of Information Technologies in Households 2021 were used. The sample was 15,325,746 households. An econometric model was developed using the Logit and Probit methods. The following was found: 1) Women cannot reach high levels, 2) The older they are, the higher the level, 3) The specialty educational level has a higher socioeconomic level, 4) The urban area reaches a higher stratum compared to the rural area, 5) The use of the computer and the Internet also presents high levels. It is concluded that the most vulnerable are rural women with primary level who do not use ICT.

Eligibility for obesity management in Peru: Analysis of National Health Surveys from 2014 to 2022

Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased fastest in low- and middle-income countries in the last decades. Together with this rising prevalence, pharmacological and surgical interventions for obesity have emerged. How many people need these treatments is unknown. We quantified the prevalence of people in need of pharmacological and surgical treatment for obesity in Peru between 2014 and 2022. Methods Repeated cross-sectional analysis of national health surveys in Peru was conducted. Eligibility for pharmacological treatment for obesity was: body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 or BMI ≥27 kg/m2 alongside type 2 diabetes or hypertension (self-reported). Eligibility for bariatric surgery were BMI ≥40 kg/m2 or BMI between 35 to 39.9 kg/m2 linked to weight-related health problems. We used Poisson regressions to identify associated factors with eligibility for obesity management. Results Across years, 260,131 people (mean age 44.0 and 54.5% were women) were studied, 66,629 (27.7%; 95% CI: 27.4% - 28.1%) were eligible for obesity medication, and 5,263 (2.5%; 95% CI: 2.4% - 2.6%) were eligible for bariatric surgery. Female sex, older age, higher socioeconomic level and study year were associated with higher probability of eligibility for both obesity medication and bariatric surgery. Conclusions Eligibility for obesity management has increased over time in Peru. There is a need to strengthen policies to tackle overweight and obesity in Peru, acknowledging that some individuals may benefit from pharmacological and surgical interventions.

Relationship of quality and duration of sleep with arterial hypertension in a Colombian population

Introduction. Alterations in the quality and duration of sleep are risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension in Eastern countries. However, in Latin America there are few studies researching this association. Objective. To analyze the association between the quality and duration of sleep and the rate of arterial hypertension in a Colombian population. Materials and methods. An observational, longitudinal, prospective and analytical study nested in the INEFAC population-based cohort, was conducted with participants over 18 years of age from Bucaramanga (Colombia). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep duration was assessed using standardized questions. Multivariate analysis was performed with logistic regression models adjusted for possible confounding variables. Results. A total of 1,306 non-hypertensive participants with a mean age of 40 ± 12 years were included. In this population, 92.8% had one or more sleep issues. 45.15% slept 6 hours or less and 28.6% slept 8 hours or more. Multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of hypertension in participants with diabetes (OR = 5.27; 95% CI: 2.27-12.26), obesity (OR = 2.81; 95% CI: 1.11-7.13), active smoking (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.01-4.04) and higher socioeconomic level (OR = 4.94; 95% CI: 1.59-15.38 for level 4), but no higher risk was found in participants with poor sleep quality or short sleep duration. Conclusions. No association was found between the duration or quality of sleep and the rate of arterial hypertension in the Colombian population. More studies are required in this population to reach definitive conclusions.

The response rules to maintain social stability facing the climate change in ming dynasty

Studying the mechanisms by which climate change interacted with human societies during the historical period can provide historical insights and cultural roots for climate policy building in the region. In this study, we constructed Stability-Robustness-Resilience Model (SSR model) and used the TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and the entropy weight method to assess the change processes of robustness, resilience, and stability of Ming's society in response to climate threats. We have also compared three extreme droughts that occurred in different periods of social robustness-resilience combinations by using the SRR model. The results are as follows. (1) The stability of the Ming society was high in YongLe - HongZhi period (1402–1505 CE), when both social robustness and resilience were higher than the average level of Ming Dynasty (0.5611 for the former and 0.4215 for the latter), but there was a significant decline in social stability in TianShun period (1457–1464 CE). In ZhengDe - ChongZhen period (1506–1644 CE), the stability of Ming society gradually decreased, and it rebounded shortly in the LongQing-WanLi period (1506–1620 CE). (2) The high stability benefited from higher socio-economic levels, better government finance levels, larger national food reserves, safer social environments (high robustness), and higher levels of ruling class governance and risk response (high resilience); whereas insecure social environment induced by war, declining socio-economic levels and government finance levels were the main reasons for the decline in society's stability. (3)The ChengHua and WanLi droughts both happened at a time with high social robustness, so although their meteorological anomalies were severe, their impact on society was small. While the JiaJing drought happened at a time with low social robustness and resilience, so although the meteorological anomaly was relatively weak, it resulted in a more severe social consequence than the other two events.

Visitor characteristics and changes in mental health stigma after attending the Mind Space mental health experience exhibition.

Mind Space is an experiential mental health exhibition in Hong Kong, aiming to raise public awareness and provide education regarding mental health. This prepost study aimed to 1) examine the relationships between visitors' characteristics and their mental health stigma at baseline, and 2) provide a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of Mind Space in reducing stigma and promoting help-seeking attitudes toward mental health conditions. We analyzed data from all consenting visitors who attended Mind Space between September 2019 and December 2021. Visitors' attitudes toward mental health conditions and their willingness to seek professional psychological help were measured through online questionnaires before and after visits. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the demographic predictors of outcome variables at baseline. Changes in outcome variables after attending Mind Space were assessed using paired sample t-tests. A total of 382 visitors completed the baseline questionnaires, among which 146 also completed the post-test. At baseline, higher socioeconomic levels and personal contact with people with mental health conditions predicted more positive attitudes and understanding toward mental disorders. Tentatively, the results also showed that after attending Mind Space, a significant reduction in negative attitudes about mental illness (t=4.36, p=<.001; d=.361) and improvements in the propensity to seek professional help (t=-5.20, p<.001; d=-.430) were observed, along with decreases in negative attitudes toward stereotypes (t=4.71, p=<.001; d=.421) and restrictions (t=2.29, p=.024; d=.205) among healthcare professionals. Our findings highlight the need for mental health education for people with lower socioeconomic status and the importance of direct contact in public mental health education initiatives. The present study also suggests that Mind Space may be a useful model for public mental health education, but the exhibition requires further evaluation to ascertain if any reductions in stigma are maintained over time.

Height growth of Mexican boys by geographic region: an evaluation based on nationally representative data of ENSANUT 2012 and 2018.

Existing research on human growth in Mexico is regionally focused, creating a gap in the understanding of growth patterns of children and adolescents at national level and regional variation. The objective of the present study was to characterize the height growth curve of the Mexican population by geographic area and to cluster the states of the Mexican Republic according to their somatic maturation characteristics, based on a national representative sample of boys. Data on age, height, socioeconomic level, and geographic area of 18,219 boys were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (ENSANUT) and ENSANUT 2018, carried out in 32 Mexican states. Both surveys had representative samples. Preece-Baines 1 model was applied to fit height growth curves. Biological parameters were estimated; principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed to group Mexican states based on these biological parameters. The estimated age at peak height velocity (PHV) was 12.3 years in the sample. Significant regional differences in the timing and tempo of PHV among Mexican boys were observed. Boys in the northern region experienced PHV at an earlier age and had a shorter duration of growth compared with boys in the central and southern regions. Boys in the central region had a longer duration of growth and a later age of PHV compared with the boys in the southern region. The cluster that included the southern states of the country showed estimated lower adult height and earlier somatic maturation. A lower height was found in the low and low-middle socioeconomic levels compared with the medium-high and high socioeconomic levels. Future research in Mexico should focus on longitudinal studies to analyse the timing and tempo of growth and maturation, considering the impacts of environmental and genetic factors. Public health strategies should account for geographic variations.

Prevalence and determinants of internet addiction among children with depression: A study in a school setting in Tunisia

IntroductionChild depression is a public health problem. Its association with internet addiction (IA) could increase the frequency of complications and have a significant impact on the child’s psychological well-being, schooling, family and social life.Objectives To study the clinical profile and associated factors of IA in a population of primary school children with depressive disorders.Methods This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 182 children with depression attending four primary schools in the government of Sfax. The study took place from 1 March 2022 to 30 June 2022. In the present study, we administered the following psychometric scales: Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS- 47), Birleson Depression Scale Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.ResultsThe mean age of the children studied was 9.9 ±1.17 years and the sex ratio was 0.8. Mean score of Internet Addiction Test was 40 ±4,46. In addition, Internet addiction was identified in 73.6% of students with depression (N=143). Following a univariate analysis, internet addiction among depressed Childrens was positively correlated to individual factors such as the absence of leisure activity, the number of hours per day spent on the internet (1.63 VS 3.25, P &lt; 0.001) and interest in accessing Tiktok (p=0.002). Internet addiction in depressed children also depended on family factors. Internet addiction was more common among childrens with a medium to high family socio-economic level (P &lt; 0.001) in cases where parent-child communication was deemed unsatisfactory (P = 0.002) and in cases of verbal violence (P &lt; 0.001). We were also able to establish a significant link between internet addiction among depressed pupils and significant symptoms of anxiety (P=0.019) and low self-esteem (P&lt;0.001). Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression revealed that medium to high socio-economic level, unsatisfactory parent-child communication, absence of leisure activities and significant symptoms of social phobia were independent predictors of Internet addiction in children with depression.ConclusionsOur study highlighted the high frequency of IA in children with depression and demonstrated the implication of certain variables such as medium to high socio-economic status, disruption of the family environment, anxiety and low self-esteem. The identification of these different factors would make it possible to identify a group at risk of IA. This raises the case for introducing prevention and awareness-raising campaigns on IA among depressed children, targeting these groups and targeting health professionals and parents.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Socio-environmental factors contributing to the high incidence of COVID-19 in a border city in northern Uruguay

Background and Objectives: the present study was conducted in the city of Rivera, situated in northern Uruguay on the border with Brazil. The disease initially progressed slowly in 2020, with subsequent outbreaks followed by a rapid increase in incidence. The objective was to explore the relationship between the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in a binational city and variables such as socioeconomic status, population density, and mobility patterns, with the aim of informing public policies. Methods: an exploratory study was conducted between August 2020 and January 2021 using data obtained from the Ministry of Health. The explanatory variables considered included population density, socioeconomic level, and mobility. Three distinct periods from 2020 to 2021 were identified. Spatial autocorrelation was analyzed using Moran’s Index and the Gi* statistic (Getis &amp; Ord). Hierarchical cluster analysis was employed to identify homogeneous groups of census segments. Results: a total of 1,846 cases were georeferenced. Through hierarchical cluster analysis, seven homogeneous groups were identified. Mobility was found to explain the incidence of cases among the high socioeconomic level group, while population density accounted for the differences observed in the low socioeconomic group. Conclusion: in this city, priority should be given to populations residing in areas with higher population density and greater mobility. This small-scale territorial analysis provides valuable information for developing localized policies aimed at addressing health crises.

Opposite Responses of Native and Nonnative Birds to Socioeconomics in a Latin American City.

Due to the massive increase of the urban population, a global target is to achieve sustainable cities that are sensitive to nature and environmentally just for urban dwellers. To accomplish this, it is important to understand the responses of native and nonnative birds, identify the environmental variables that promote native species and limit nonnative species, and understand how they vary among socioeconomic groups. Although many cities in the Global South exhibit strong social and environmental segregation, few studies have investigated the relationship between socioeconomics and biodiversity. Therefore, to help promote ecological justice and biodiversity conservation in the developing world, we investigated the influence of socioeconomic level and woody cover on bird species richness and abundance in the city of Santiago de Chile. We also investigated whether bird response changes with species provenance-it is important to understand the response of native birds separately from nonnative birds because they imply opposite management strategies (e.g., conservation vs. species control/eradication). Thus, we surveyed 120 sites located in residential areas of high, medium, and low socioeconomic levels across the city and fit generalized linear (mixed) models that described bird species richness and abundance for total, native, and nonnative birds according to socioeconomic level and woody vegetation cover. We found that both socioeconomic level and woody vegetation cover influenced the bird community, but their effects changed with bird species origin, having opposite effects on native and nonnative birds. Residential areas where wealthier people live supported greater species richness and abundance of native birds than residential areas where people of lower socioeconomic status live. In contrast, residential areas where vulnerable people live had greater bird abundance that was mainly composed of nonnative birds. Therefore, affluent neighborhoods provide more opportunities to encounter native birds and experience nature close to home than poorer neighborhoods. Due to woody cover having positive effects on native birds and a negative influence on nonnative birds, increasing tree and shrub cover will contribute to supporting more native birds in residential areas deprived of woody vegetation, which are commonly low socioeconomic areas. Additional variables that can explain bird response among residential areas of different socioeconomic levels need to be investigated to better understand the factors influencing the distribution of birds in cities and promote a more biodiverse and environmentally just city.

Global incidence trends of early-onset colorectal cancer and related exposures in early-life: an ecological analysis based on the GBD 2019.

The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is increasing globally. This study aims to describe the temporal trends of incidence and explore related risk exposures in early-life at the country level based on the GBD 2019. Data on the incidence and attributable risk factors of EOCRC were obtained from the GBD 2019. Temporal trends of age-standardized incidence were evaluated by average annual percentage change (AAPC). Early-life exposures were indicated as summary exposure values (SEV) of selected factors, SDI and GDP per capita in previous decades and at ages 0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 years. Weighted linear or non-linear regressions were applied to evaluate the ecological aggregate associations of the exposures with incidences of EOCRC. The global age-standardized incidence of EOCRC increased from 3.05 (3.03, 3.07) to 3.85 (3.83, 3.86) per 100,000 during 1990 and 2019. The incidence was higher in countries with high socioeconomic levels, and increased drastically in countries in East Asia and Caribbean, particularly Jamaica, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam. The GDP per capita, SDI, and SEVs of iron deficiency, alcohol use, high body-mass index, and child growth failure in earlier years were more closely related with the incidences of EOCRC in 2019. Exposures at ages 0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 years were also associated with the incidences, particularly for the exposures at ages 15-19 years. The global incidence of EOCRC increased during past three decades. The large variations at regional and national level may be related with the distribution of risk exposures in early life.