High Segregation Research Articles

Abstract P245: Economic Residential Segregation is Associated With Obesity and Visceral Adiposity in Brazilian Women: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Introduction: Obesity and obesity-related diseases are increasing globally with the sharpest increases occurring in low and middle-income countries. Economic residential segregation results in increased exposure to adverse neighborhood environments; however, the impact of segregation on markers of obesity have been mostly investigated in US-based samples. Using a novel spatial measure of neighborhood-level economic residential segregation (hereafter, segregation) we examined the association between segregation, obesity and visceral adiposity in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods: The sample included 6,104 women and 4,789 men ages 35-74 with complete geocoded information from the baseline examination of ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). Segregation was based on data from the 2010 IBGE demographic census and calculated for study-defined neighborhoods using the local Gi* statistic— a spatially weighted z-score that represents how much a neighborhood’s income composition deviates from the larger metropolitan area. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the participants’ measured weight in kilograms by their measured height in meters squared. Participants were considered “obese” if they had a BMI greater than 30 kg/m 2 . Visceral adiposity was assessed using measured waist circumference (in cm) as a proxy. Based on statistically significant interactions between gender and segregation, gender-stratified multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to test associations between segregation and obesity status and visceral adiposity, respectively. Results: Approximately 14% of the sample resided in segregated neighborhoods. Blacks and Browns were more likely to reside in segregated neighborhoods than Whites (Blacks: 25.9%; Browns: 20.2%; Whites: 8.2%). The prevalence of obesity in the sample was 24% among women and 20% among men and was highest among Black women living in the most economically segregated neighborhood environments (35%). After adjusting for age, sex, race, education, income, and study site, segregation was positively associated with obesity among women (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07-1.56). Associations for men were not statistically significant (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.85-1.34). Similar patterns were found for visceral adiposity among women (High Segregation, β=1.94 ± 0.51, p=0.0002; Medium Segregation, β=0.90 ± 0.39, p=0.0192) with no statistically significant findings among men. Conclusion: Women residing in economically segregated neighborhoods in Brazil appear to be at an increased risk of obesity and have higher levels of visceral adiposity. Black women may be at highest risk in these settings. Policies and/or structural interventions designed to improve neighborhood conditions may be viable strategies to mitigate the burden of obesity in this setting.

Abstract P125: Cardiovascular Health Improves in High Transportation Vulnerable Girls With Decreased Exposures to Residential Segregation

Introduction: Transportation equity ensures that all citizens benefit from a clean, fair, safe and healthy environment. Residential segregation also impacts health, and transportation disadvantage is particularly high in areas with high segregation, where residents typically lack proximity to quality education, jobs, healthy food, safe playgrounds, and medical care. Recent research demonstrates improvements in cardiovascular risk profiles among minority girls after reduced exposure to segregation. There is a need to examine differences in the segregation-youth cardiovascular health association across transportation vulnerability and gender to inform health equity interventions. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that girls with reduced segregation exposure and low transportation vulnerability would have the most improved cardiovascular health. Methods: Data for these analyses were drawn from the Fit2Play dataset (2010-2018; N=2742). Youth were followed over 4 consecutive years of participation in a year-long afterschool physical activity program. Change in segregation exposure was based on concentration of minorities living in block groups from the participant’s home to program areas using the 2010 Census. Transportation vulnerability was based on percent of households in the participant’s home zip code with vehicle access (0, 1, 2, or ≥3 vehicles) drawn from the American Community Survey (2012-16). Longitudinal mixed models were used to compare the association between change in residential segregation and five cardiovascular health risk measures (body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, skinfold thickness and 400 meter run tests) stratified by transportation vulnerability and gender. Results: Participants were 54% male, 51% Hispanic, 49% non-Hispanic black, and 52% high poverty (mean age 9.5 years). After accounting for child age, race/ethnicity, poverty, and year, girls with high transportation vulnerability and reduced segregation exposure showed the most reduced cardiovascular health risk profiles, including improvements in body mass index (26%, 95% CI: 23.84, 28.30), skinfold thicknesses (18%, 95% CI: 14.90, 20.46), run time (17%, 95% CI: 14.88, 18.64), systolic blood pressure (15%, 95% CI: 11.96, 17.08), and diastolic blood pressure (12%, 95% CI: 9.09, 14.61). In contrast, no clear patterns emerged for low transportation vulnerable girls, and high or low transportation vulnerable boys. Conclusions: In conclusion, high transportation vulnerable girls exposed to reduced segregation had greater improvements in all cardiovascular health risk outcomes compared with low transportation vulnerable girls, and both high and low transportation vulnerable boys. Transportation equity interventions may provide a means to reduce youth cardiovascular health disparities, particularly for girls living highly segregated areas.

Stabilizing single atoms and a lower oxidation state of Cu by a ½[110]{100} edge dislocation in Cu−CeO2

Stabilizing atomically dispersed catalytic metal species at surfaces is a significant challenge for obtaining high-performance single atom catalysts. This is because of the strong tendency for the dispersed metal atoms to agglomerate. We propose that dislocations can provide a strong anchor for stabilizing single atoms. A \textonehalf{}[110]{100} edge dislocation in Cu doped ceria, $\mathrm{Cu}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, is investigated as a model system with density functional theory. The defect formation energies are found to be lower at the dislocation core, with a large segregation energy ranging within 0.8--2.5 eV depending on the site and species at the dislocation core. The high segregation energy indicates that the edge dislocations can enrich Cu defects in an atomically sized area and, thus, have a potential to strongly anchor single atom species at surfaces. Moreover, the edge dislocation also stabilizes reduced cation species, Cu (1+) and Ce (3+). The more reduced dislocation core can offer high concentration of oxygen vacancy as well as in-gap electronic states which provide more reactivity for surface reactions.

Microsatellite Genetic Markers of Saccharrum spp., and Erianthus sp. on Their Hybrids

Progeny identification is the important step that should be done after hybridization. However, polyploidy, aneuploidy and the high chromosome segregation in sugarcane which results various phenotypic characteristics variation and environmental effects become limiting factors to identify the progenies based on morphological characteristic. Microsatellite as one of molecular marker which has codominance inheritance, multiallelic, abundant in the genome and does not influenced by environmental factor is the best tool to asses the crossing fidelity accurately. This research aimed to identify the possibility of genetic marker of Saccharum spp. and Erianthus sp. on their hybrid using microsatellite molecular marker. This study was carried out in Molecular Genetic laboratory, Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute (ISFCRI) Malang, from August 2016 to July 2017. Eighty-six (86) F1 intraspecific and interspecific progeny, three commercial sugarcane varieties (PSJT941, PS881 and VMC7616) and two wild types (S. spontaneum dan Erianthus sp.) were assessed genetically by three microsatellite markers. Identification of microsatellite genetic markers was conducted by comparing the visualization band results from electrophoresis of each male and female parent through their progenies. All primers could identify Saccharum spp. and Erianthus sp. genetic markers. There were one to eleven Saccharum spp. and Erianthus sp. genetic markers could be identified such as 2-11 PS881-specific alleles; 2-3 VMC7616-specific alleles; 1-5 PSJT941-specific alleles; two S. spontaneum-specific alleles and 1-2 Erianthus-specific alleles. These findings could be used as the advance genetic marker of microsatellite in sugarcane breeding to asses the cross fidelity.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of direct laser metal deposited Haynes 282 superalloy

Direct laser metal deposition (LMD) is a directed energy deposition based additive manufacturing process developed for a wide range of applications that are currently employed in aerospace, medical and automotive sectors. In the present study, a 100 mm × 15 mm × 25 mm block of Haynes 282 (HY282) superalloy was fabricated by LMD. The effect of several post-deposition heat-treatments revealed a wide range of strength and ductility of HY282 samples that can be tuned to obtain the best material properties. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-deposited and heat-treated specimens are investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray-diffraction (XRD), uniaxial tension test, and micro-hardness measurements. The SEM and XRD investigation revealed the formation of columnar dendrites having [001] growth direction opposite to the heat flow direction during LMD. The as-deposited samples revealed the presence of γ, γ′, Ti and Mo-rich MC, and Mo-rich M6C phases with the strengthening γ′ phase having an average precipitate size of 8.25 nm in the interdendritic region. The EDS investigation revealed the uniform distribution of Ni, Al, Cr, Co in the overall deposit with high segregation of Ti and Mo in the interdendritic regions. The corresponding hardness of 294 HV, yield strength of 633 MPa, and 31.5% elongation was recorded in the as-deposited samples that were better than the as-cast properties. The LMD specimen heat-treated at 788 °C for 16 h revealed a homogeneous distribution of γ′ with an average size of 31 nm with a globular and Chinese script type carbides interconnected in the interdendritic region. The corresponding hardness of 410 HV, yield strength of 894 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 1200 MPa, and 18% elongation was recorded. These results establish that HY282 is an attractive material for the LMD process.

Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans.

Because segregation may shield blacks from discrimination as well as increase their exposure to concentrated poverty, its net impact on the mental well-being of black Americans is unclear. We investigated the intersection between segregation, neighborhood poverty, race, and psychological well-being. Using data from the nationally representative 2008-2013 National Health Interview Survey merged with U.S. Census data, we examined the association between black-white metropolitan segregation (D-index and P-index) and psychological distress (a binary indicator based on the Kessler 6 score ≥ 13) for blacks and whites. Furthermore, we assessed whether neighborhood poverty explains and/or modifies the association. Logistic regression models were estimated separately for blacks and whites as well as for each segregation index. Higher D- and P-indices were associated with higher odds of psychological distress for blacks. Neighborhood poverty explained some, but not all, of the association. In models that allowed for the impact of metropolitan segregation to vary by neighborhood poverty, higher segregation was found to be detrimental for blacks who resided in high poverty neighborhoods but not for those living in low poverty neighborhoods. We found no evidence that segregation impacts the mental health of whites-either detrimentally or beneficially-regardless of neighborhood poverty level. The impact of segregation differs by neighborhood poverty and race. The psychological harm of structural racism, resulting in segregation and concentrated poverty, is not additive but multiplicative, reflecting a "triple jeopardy" for blacks, whereby their mental health is detrimentally impacted by the compounded effects of both neighborhood distress and racial segregation.

Graph theory analysis of DTI tractography in children with traumatic injury.

ObjectiveTo evaluate brai structural connectivity in children with traumatic injury (TI) following a motor vehicle accident using graph theory analysis of DTI tractography data.MethodsDTI scans were acquired on a 3 T Philips scanner from children aged 8–15 years approximately 2 months post-injury. The TI group consisted of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI; n = 44) or extracranial injury (EI; n = 23). Healthy control children (n = 36) were included as an age-matched comparison group. A graph theory approach was applied to DTI tractography data to investigate injury-related differences in connectivity network characteristics. Group differences in structural connectivity evidenced by graph metrics including efficiency, strength, and modularity were assessed using the multi-threshold permutation correction (MTPC) and network-based statistic (NBS) methods.ResultsAt the global network level, global efficiency and mean network strength were lower, and modularity was higher, in the TBI than in the control group. Similarly, strength was lower and modularity higher when comparing the EI to the control group. At the vertex level, nodal efficiency, vertex strength, and average shortest path length were different between all pairwise comparisons of the three groups. Both nodal efficiency and vertex strength were higher in the control than in the EI group, which in turn were higher than in the TBI group. The opposite between-group relationships were seen with path length. These between-group differences were distributed throughout the brain, in both hemispheres. NBS analysis resulted in a cluster of 22 regions and 21 edges with significantly lower connectivity in the TBI group compared to controls. This cluster predominantly involves the frontal lobe and subcortical gray matter structures in both hemispheres.ConclusionsGraph theory analysis of DTI tractography showed diffuse differences in structural brain network connectivity in children 2 months post-TI. Network differences were consistent with lower network integration and higher segregation in the injured groups compared to healthy controls. Findings suggest that inclusion of trauma-exposed comparison groups in studies of TBI outcome is warranted to better characterize the indirect effect of stress on brain networks.

Early Diverging Fungus <i>Mucor circinelloides</i> Lacks Centromeric Histone CENP-A and Displays a Mosaic of Point and Regional Centromeres

Centromeres are rapidly evolving across eukaryotes, despite performing a conserved function to ensure high fidelity chromosome segregation. CENP-A chromatin is a hallmark of a functional centromere in most organisms. Due to its critical role in kinetochore architecture, the loss of CENP-A is tolerated in only a few organisms, many of which possess holocentric chromosomes. Here, we characterize the consequence of the loss of CENP-A in the fungal kingdom. Mucor circinelloides, an opportunistic human pathogen, lacks CENP-A along with the evolutionarily conserved CENP-C, but assembles a monocentric chromosome with a localized kinetochore complex throughout the cell cycle. Mis12 and Dsn1, two conserved kinetochore proteins were found to bind nine short overlapping regions, each comprising an ~200-bp AT-rich sequence followed by a centromere-specific conserved motif that echoes the structure of budding yeast point centromeres. Resembling fungal regional centromeres, these core centromere regions are embedded in large genomic expanses devoid of genes yet marked by Grem-LINE1s, a novel retrotransposable element silenced by the Dicer-dependent RNAi pathway. Our results suggest that these hybrid features of point and regional centromeres arose from the absence of CENP-A, thus defining novel mosaic centromeres in this early-diverging fungus.

Результаты экспериментов по кристаллизации твердого раствора Ge-Si-Sb на космическом комплексе "Союз--Аполлон" в условиях микрогравитации

AbstractObjective factors that allow the experiment on growing crystals of a Ge–Si–Sb solid solution on the Soyuz–Apollo spacecraft to take a special place among many experiments on growing single crystals aboard spacecrafts are analyzed. In the study of crystals grown on board a spacecraft, anomalous and unexpectedly high segregation of the solid solution components in the direction transverse to the direction of crystallization is found. An analysis of the obtained results allowed us, for the first time, to establish a causal relationship between anomalous segregation and microgravity features on board a spacecraft. Determining the physical nature of anomalous segregation have affected the direction of further research and give rise to an in-depth study of specific features of the new technological environment, the rapid development of numerical methods for studying heat and mass transfer processes in melts, and the expanding of the range of studied crystals and methods for studying them. A great contribution to the development of this area was made by Professor V.S. Zemskov.

TiN formation in steels depending of titanium and nitrogen

In today’s steel automotive industry, press hardened steels meet requirements of a lower CO2 consumption and of a better safety of drivers. These steels contain titanium nitrides which can downgrade the in-use properties. From this laboratory study, with a wide range of N (20–120 ppm) combined with high Ti variations (20–110.10−3 wt.%), clear conclusions can be highlighted. Titanium content is the key parameter to drive inclusions content, more than N, as there is a high segregation of Ti in the last liquid, due to a low partition coefficient combined with a low back-diffusion coefficient. Due to this supersaturation in Ti, TiC can be formed. It does not mean that N has no effect. It has to be noticed that the density of inclusions coarser than two microns is highly dependent of the product [Ti] × [N]. Carbon is a very important factor too to take into account as the surpersaturation in Ti in presence of austenite is higher than in presence of delta-ferrite. This gives a few guidelines in the design of inclusions controlled new grades.

Morphological Characterization of 10 Hot Pepper Genotipes in Low Altitude Location

Development of high yielding and superior cultivars requires information on characteristic of germplasm will be used. Ten curly-type hot pepper genotypes was grown in a completely randomized design with three replication in a low altitude land to determine their morphological characters and to evaluate genetic relationship among them based on their morphological similarities. The study was conducted in September 2015 until January 2016 in Medan Baru experimental station of Faculty of Agriculture, 15 m above sea level. Observation was conducted on both quantitative and qualitative characters. The results showed that there were not significantly diferent (?=5%) for plant habitus, leaf shape, leaf tip, leaf edge, leaf shape and seed shape. Whereas for quantitative variables of stem diameter, number of fruits per plants and fruit length were significantly different, while for the other variables were not. Cluster analysis with phylogenetic trees in 58% similarity coefficient resulted that the genotypes grouped in to six groups. Group I consisted of genotype LPK and Ferosa, group II Mario, group III was genotype Laris, group IV consisted of genotype Kopay and Romario, group V KH and L Curup, and group VI included genotype Bogota and Sempurna. The Kopay and Romario genotypes have the closest relationship level of 73%, while Local Payakumbuh and Lokal Curup have the farrest relationship with the coefficient of 35%. From the results of the study it can be concluded that Local Payakumbuh and Local genotypes Curup can be used as parents with the highest probability to have high transgresive segregation or highest hybrid vigor. Keywords: morphological characterization, genetic relationship, curly hot pepper

FACING SOLO RAYA METROPOLITAN CITY: ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

<p>Since 2010 Solo Raya has became part of the metropolis candidates that will continue to grow along with the agglomeration of Jogjakarta and Semarang. The problems that trail is the tendency of metropolitan magnitude that resulted in less functioning of the city as a catalyst for regional development. Further impact is the lagging of small and medium-sized cities (Tjahjati, 1995). The development of urban system is determined by both the comparative advantage and the competitive advantages, such as location, natural resources and human resources (Metropolitan Directorate, 2003), so that in planning the development it should focus on the ability to cooperate or synergize between regions (spatial synergism) either in urban and rural area or on a wider scale, cooperation between cities.</p><p>The purpose of this research was to arrange aspects and decision criteria in developing metropolitan area of Solo Raya. The method used is literature study approach which is then analyzed descriptively.</p><p>The result of analysis showed that in metropolitan area of the world there are 4 (four) main characteristics and problems, they are: (1) city as center of population, economy and government activity, (2) city with environmental problems (air, land and water), as a result of population density, public transportation, and garbage, (3) city with problems in the land aspect (land prices and housing provision) and (4) city with problems on social aspects (criminals and terrorists). The formulation of metropolitan area development planning is done with 3 (three) considerations, they are: (1) avoiding high social segregation between and among regions, (2) creating a balance population mobility and intra and inter-regional services (spirit of togetherness), (3) creating a regional economy (growth, equity and welfare) based on the local potential which has inter-regional connectivity (harmonization). Aspects and criteria are: regional management (spatial planning policy, regional competitiveness, regional marketing, inter-regional cooperation), urbanization (migration, urbanization, agglomeration and conurbation, social integration), economic development (economic growth, employment, economic equalization, urban poverty), regional connectivity (transportation, rural-urban linkage, territorial function), and environment (environmental supporting capacity, disaster risk, environmental degradation, disaster mitigation). The decision priorities include: Industrial City, Service City, City of Tourism and Culture, Trade City, and Agriculture.</p><p> </p>

Gentrification and Displacement: Modeling a Complex Urban Process

ABSTRACTTo shed some light on longstanding questions around gentrification, in this research we model environmental gentrification and gentrification-related displacement of residents. We do this through the development of an agent-based model of a simple urban region, considering different urban contexts and policy approaches to polluted facilities and the relationship of these policies with subsequent gentrification and displacement. We find that gentrification-related displacement is most likely, and most impactful, in urban regions characterized by high levels of density and low levels of residential segregation preferences. Displacement is far less prevalent in low-density regions, particularly those with high segregation preferences. We discuss the potential for different policy implications in these different urban contexts.

ENHANCEMENT OF PROPERTIES OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE BY ADDITION OF NANO SILICA

Сегодня в строительной отрасли наблюдается значительный интерес к использованию наноразмерных материалов. Исследования направлены на улучшение свойств бетона путем введения наноразмерных добавок. Самоуплотняющийся бетон - это бетон особого состава, уплотнение которого происходит за счет собственного веса без затрат дополнительной энергии благодаря свойствам текучести и высокой стойкости к сегрегации. В этой статье представлена экспериментальная работа, проведенная для изучения влияния добавок на основе нанокремнезема на физико-механические свойства самоуплотняющегося бетона. Были исследованы свойства бетонной смеси (удобоукладываемость, проницаемость и сопротивление сегрегации) и механические свойства (прочность на сжатие, прочность на разрыв и прочность на изгиб) самоуплотняющегося бетона при введении нанокремнезема в трех пропорциях (1, 2 и 3 % от веса цемента). Свойства самоуплотняющегося бетона определяли испытанием на осадку конуса и на сегрегацию. Механические характеристики были определены испытаниями на сжатие, растяжение и изгиб на разных этапах твердения. Результаты эксперимента показали, что использование нанокремнезема в качестве добавки способствует улучшению механических характеристик образцов самоуплотняющегося бетона.

Numerical study of surface waves generated by low frequency EM field for silicon refinement

One of the most perspective methods to produce solar grade silicon is refinement via metallurgical route. The most critical part of this route is refinement from boron and phosphorus due to high segregation coefficients. One possible approach to remove boron is use of reactive gas on surface of silicon melt. An approach of creating surface waves on silicon melt’s surface is proposed in order to enlarge its area and accelerate removal of boron via chemical reactions. This paper focuses on numerical analysis of surface wave creation by means of low frequency magnetic field. Frequency of magnetic field and its amplitude significantly change the character of surface waves with most changes occurring when waves become nonlinear. Mechanism of impurity removal from silicon surface to the gaseous phase is directly connected with surface area enlargement. It was found that two effects are responsible for enhancement of refinement rate – enlargement of surface area and wave-assisted diffusion close to the surface of silicon.

Neighbourhood racial/ethnic residential segregation and cardiometabolic risk: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis

BackgroundRacial residential segregation has been linked to adverse health outcomes, but associations may operate through multiple pathways. Prior studies have not examined associations of neighbourhood-level racial segregation with an index...

Concreto autocompactante con altos contenidos de subproductos de la combustión de carbón

El concreto autocompactante (CAC) se ha considerado como un gran logro en la tecnología del concreto debido a sus grandes ventajas como la auto-compactabilidad. Para tener esta propiedad el concreto fresco debe demostrar una alta fluidez, resistencia a la segregación y una buena cohesión. Con el propósito de evaluar estas propiedades, además de utilizar un subproducto de la combustión del carbón como la ceniza volante (CV) y la escoria de parrilla (E) se prepararon varias mezclas de concreto autocompactante remplazando el cemento en un 35% y 50% de cada una de estas adiciones. A los cuales se les evaluaron sus propiedades, tanto en estado fresco como en endurecido, las propiedades en estado fresco fueron evaluadas mediante el flujo de asentamiento, el embudo en V y la caja en L, en estado endurecido se evaluaron propiedades mecánicas (resistencia a la compresión, tracción indirecta y flexión) y de permeabilidad (succión capilar, absorción y porosidad y resistencia a cloruros). Todos los CAC mostraron buenaspropiedades en estado fresco y desarrollaron a los 28 días de curado resistencias a la compresión en un rango de 34 y 48 MPa. Los resultados muestran que el empleo de subproductos de la combustión del carbón pueden ser incorporados en la elaboración de CAC.

Effect of Mg on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys produced by high pressure torsion

Al-Mg alloys are a series of low cost and low density Al alloys, which show remarkable strengthening during deformation. In this work, study of commercial purity Al, Al-0.5Mg and Al-4.1Mg alloys was carried out to investigate the effect of Mg on materials strengthening. Slight solid solution strengthening by Mg addition is found in the as-cast alloys. While further significant strengthening effect is achieved in the alloys produced by high pressure torsion. An extraordinarily high strength of ~800 MPa is achieved in the Al-4.1Mg alloy, as a result of deformation induced ultrafine grains, high density stacking faults and Mg segregation.

Racial Residential Segregation and Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy Among Women in Chicago: Analysis of Electronic Health Record Data.

Racial residential segregation is associated with higher rates of chronic hypertension, as well as greater risk of preterm birth and low birthweight. However, few studies have examined associations between segregation and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP). Electronic health records from 4,748 singleton births among non-Hispanic black women at Prentice Women's Hospital in Chicago, IL (2009-2013) were geocoded to the census tract level. Residential segregation was measured using the Gi* statistic, a z-score measuring the extent to which each individual's neighborhood composition deviates from the composition of the larger surrounding area. Segregation was categorized as low (z < 0), medium (z = 0-1.96) or high (z > 1.96). We estimated cross-sectional associations of segregation with HDP using multilevel logistic regression models with census tract random intercepts. Models adjusted for neighborhood poverty and maternal characteristics. We also examined effect modification by neighborhood poverty. Overall, 27.2% of women lived in high segregation, high-poverty neighborhoods. Racial residential segregation was not associated as a main effect with HDP in models adjusting for neighborhood poverty and maternal characteristics. However, at higher levels of neighborhood poverty (>20%), women living in high- and medium-segregated neighborhoods had greater odds of HDP relative to those in low-segregation neighborhoods (P interaction: 0.002). In this sample of non-Hispanic black women in Chicago, racial residential segregation was associated with greater prevalence of HDP among those living in higher poverty neighborhoods. Understanding sources of heterogeneity in the relationship between segregation and health will help refine targeted intervention efforts to reduce disparities.

Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Characteristics of Ti–46Al–8Nb Alloy

Hot deformation behavior, microstructural evolution and flow softening mechanism were investigated in Ti–46Al–8Nb alloy via isothermal compression approach. The true stress–strain curves exhibited typical work hardening and flow softening, in which the dependence of the peak stress on temperature and strain rate was obtained by hyperbolic sine equation with Zener–Hollomon (Z) parameter, and the activation energy was calculated to be 446.9 kJ/mol. The microstructural analysis shows that the alternate dark and light deformed ribbons of Al-rich and Nb-rich regions appeared and were associated with local flow involving solute segregation. The Al segregation promoted flow softening mainly arising from the recrystallization of γ phase with low stacking fault energy. The coarse recrystallized γ and several massive γ phase were observed at grain boundaries. While in the case of Nb segregation, β/B2 phase harmonized bending of lamellae, combined with the growth of recrystallized γ grains and α + β + γ → α + γ transition under conditions of temperature and stress, leading to the breakdown of α2/γ lamellar colony. During the hot compression process, gliding and dissociation of dislocations occurred in γ phase that acted as the main softening mechanism, leading to extensive γ twins and cross twins in α/γ lamellae and at grain boundaries. In general, homogeneous microstructure during the hot deformation process can be obtained in TiAl alloy with high Nb addition and low Al segregation. The deformation substructures intrinsically promote the formability of Ti–46Al–8Nb alloy.