High School Youth Research Articles

Use of e-Cigarettes and Tobacco Products Among Youth in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to determine high school students' views about tobacco products and e-cigarettes and e-cigarette smoking prevalence in one of Turkey's western provinces. This cross-sectional study included 286 students. The data collection form consisted of 18 questions related to sociodemographic features and tobacco and e-cigarette use. Of the 286 participants, 32.2% reported having used a tobacco product in the past month, 1.02% reported having used e-cigarettes, and 15.2% have tried e-cigarettes at least once. Of those who tried e-cigarettes, 19.2% of them did so because of curiosity. A positive correlation was found between e-cigarette trial and tobacco use, with age. Smoking/e-cigarette use status was significant with "e-cigarettes are harmful" (P=.034), "e-cigarette smoke is harmful" (P = .003), and "selling and advertising e-cigarettes is prohibited" (P =.043). This study determined that 3 out of 10 youths used tobacco products, and 1 used e-cigarettes. There is a need to raise awareness among high school students and youth regarding the dangers of e-ciga- rettes and tobacco products.

School Start Times, Sleep, and Youth Outcomes: A Meta-analysis.

To review and meta-analyze existing evidence regarding the impact of school start times (SSTs) on youth sleep and developmental outcomes considering the moderating effects of youth and school characteristics. Scopus, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Pubmed, PsychInfo, ERIC, Proquest, EBSCO, and Google Scholar were used through 2019 to select studies measuring (1) school start time and (2) sleep or other developmental outcomes. Data from 28 studies and 1 774 509 participants were extracted and analyzed using random-effects models with robust variance estimation. Later SSTs were associated with better overall developmental outcomes, longer sleep duration, and less negative mood. Specifically, new SSTs between 8:30 and 8:59 were associated with better outcomes than 8:00 to 8:29 start times. Later SSTs were more strongly associated with lower levels of sleepiness for high school (versus middle school) youth, and youth in private (versus public) schools reported better sleep and later wake times with later SSTs. Although this meta-analysis suggests an overall benefit of later SSTs, there was limited research to test outcomes such as sleep hygiene, naps, and behavioral and physical health outcomes. There is converging evidence that later SSTs are associated with better overall developmental outcomes, longer sleep duration, and less negative mood. More research needs to consider student and school characteristics to obtain reliable estimates related to possible differences by sex, race, school size, percent free/reduced lunch, and percent minority.

An Overview of Tobacco Policies in Kansas Unified School Districts.

IntroductionIn 2019, 25.8% of Kansas high school youth reported using any form of tobacco product. Schools can prevent and reduce youth tobacco use by adopting comprehensive tobacco policies, which include all tobacco products, on school grounds and at school-sponsored, off-campus events, for all individuals at all times, and integrate cessation services for students who violate the tobacco policy. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of comprehensive tobacco policies in unified school districts (USD) across Kansas to determine how many schools have adopted such policies.MethodsAll 286 USDs in Kansas were eligible to participate in this study including elementary, middle, and high schools. Participating schools were asked to upload their policies to a website developed by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE). Frequencies and percentages were computed to identify the type of tobacco products prohibited, the locations where tobacco use is prohibited, who is prohibited from using tobacco, when tobacco is prohibited, and consequences of students’ violation of the tobacco policy.ResultsSeveral USD policies met some of these comprehensive recommendations; however, 97.9% (n = 280) did not. In other words, 2.1% of USD policies (n = 6) were comprehensive in Kansas. Most districts (98.3%, n = 281) presented policies prohibiting use of all forms of tobacco for students, but policies often offered more leniency for faculty/staff and visitors. Fewer districts presented policies prohibiting use of all tobacco products for staff/faculty (73.1%, n = 209) and visitors (45.8%, n = 131) of policies.ConclusionsNearly all USDs in Kansas have an opportunity to strengthen their tobacco policies. Relatively simple edits can be made to prohibit all tobacco products, prohibit use on school grounds and at school-sponsored, off-campus events, ensure these policies apply to everyone, at all times, and integrate cessation resources for students who violate the tobacco policy.

Intervention Construct Validity of Planning to Be Active among Adolescents Living in Appalachia

ABSTRACT Background Intervention construct validity procedures test the efficacy of a program to impact on targeted theory constructs. Purpose To examine the intervention construct validity of the Planning to be Active (PBA) and Mentored Planning to be Active (MPBA) programs on high school youth residing in Appalachia. Methods Twenty high schools in Appalachia were randomly assigned to either the teacher lead PBA program or the peer mentor led MPBA program. All participants (n = 633) completed a set of valid and reliable instruments assessing SCT variables: social support for exercise friends, social support for exercise family, self-efficacy for exercise and the self-regulation skills (behavioral goal setting, exercise self-monitoring, building social support, overcoming barriers, and self-reward). Results PBA and MPBA are effective approaches to increasing social support, self-efficacy for exercise and increasing the use of self-regulation skills to increase physical activity. The results identify constructs that were not improved suggesting areas for curriculum refinement. Discussion PBA and MPBA have established construct validity. Intervention construct validity methods identified program strengths and weaknesses. Translation to Health Education Practice Intervention construct validity is an evidence-based approach to program improvement. Intervention construct validity establishes a foundation for testing theory impact on health behaviors.

An examination of bystander opportunity and behavior among adolescents on an Indian reservation.

The present study documented the extent to which Native American youth reported opportunities to intervene in situations of sexual assault and harassment, the types of behaviors that youth engaged in when given the opportunity to intervene, and whether youth were engaging in proactive behaviors to change social norms to be intolerant of these forms of aggression. Data come from a survey of 144 Native American middle and high school youth living on an Indian reservation. Analyses revealed that in the past 6 months, 59.1% of participants had opportunity to intervene in a sexual assault and harassment. Opportunity to intervene in sexual assault or harassment was associated with lower feelings of mattering and being older. Among participants who reported bystander opportunity to intervene in sexual assault or harassment, 26.3% reported engaging in positive bystander behavior (e.g., trying to get help or using distraction to help). A closer connection to culture was related to a higher likelihood of engaging in positive bystander action. Roughly half of the participants reported engaging in proactive bystander behavior (e.g., efforts to promote intolerance of these forms of aggression) even in the absence of opportunity. Older youth were more likely to engage in proactive bystander behavior than younger youth. Bystander-focused programs may be an effective tool to prevent sexual harassment and sexual assault among Native American youth, especially those that include culturally relevant content that helps to strength connections to culture and equipping younger youth with skills to engage in proactive bystander behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The Effect of Social Media on the Development of Peaceful Behavior Among High School Youth in Gorontalo Regency

This study aims to provide an understanding of the influence of social media on the development of peaceful behavior among high school youth in Gorontalo Regency. This research was conducted in ten high schools in Gorontalo Regency, consisting of seven public high schools and three private high schools. Using qualitative research and phenomenological approaches. Respondents in this study were high school students in class XI taken from ten public and private high schools as a representation of the population of high school students in class XI in Gorontalo District High School. The data was obtained by using a questionnaire method which was distributed to 100 respondents regarding the influence of social media on the development of peaceful behavior for high school youth in Gorontalo Regency. The data is then analyzed using the Content Analysis technique to determine the effect of social media on the behavior development of high school youth throughout Gorontalo Regency. The results of this study indicate that adolescents have various concepts of peaceful behavior and one of them is influenced by the media. The concept developed starts from the aspect of how to interact with each other, seen from the effects caused by their behavior, and in terms of the conditions they have. Peaceful behavior among adolescents includes self-directed behavior and behavior directed at others, both protective and promotive. Included in peaceful behavior are all behaviors that individuals themselves feel comfortable with, do not cause problems in society, and behaviors that foster friendship among adolescents.

The Benefits of Intergenerational Wisdom-Sharing: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Adolescents’ opportunities to benefit from the life wisdom of older persons are very limited. To address this issue, we designed and tested the Building a Community Legacy Together (BCLT) program based on research on the benefits of older people’s wisdom for youth development. In the intervention, the youth participants were trained prior to conducting interviews with older persons regarding their advice for living. The youth participants analyzed the information obtained and presented a summary report to the community. The participants were 93 middle and high school youth who were randomly assigned to the treatment condition with the BCLT program (n = 47) or to the control condition (n = 46). The outcome measures included sense of purpose, self-esteem, attitudes toward older people, confidence interacting with older people, and interest in working with older people. Quantitative and qualitative data were also collected regarding the subjective assessments of the program’s success. We found significant positive effects for the BCLT participants regarding their sense of purpose in life, attitudes toward older people, comfort interacting with older people, and interest in working with older people. The subjective assessments of the participants were overwhelmingly positive. The findings indicate that BCLT had positive effects for the youth participants and support the further development and testing of wisdom-sharing intergenerational programs.

Determinants of Smoking Behavior in Adolescents

Smoking behavior as one of the riskiest behaviors carried out by teenagers has always been a problem throughout the ages. As long as the root cause is still there and supported by various policies that are in favor of the owners of the cigarette industry, during that time the problem of smoking will always exist. One of the districts in East Java with the highest number of smokers is Tuban. This study aims to determine what factors are the most dominant influencing adolescent smoking behavior in Tuban Regency. The population in this study were junior high school youth in the district of Tuban, both smokers and non-smoker. The design in this study was analytic with a Cross-Sectional approach. The population was junior high school youth, both male and female, totaling 2,866, with a sample size of 287 using purposive sampling. The independent variables in this study were gender, puberty status, self-esteem, motivation, health status, work, economy, environment, friends, family, models/role models. Data was collected using a questionnaire compiled by the research team using the Pender Model theory approach. The collected data was analyzed by logistic regression test. The results showed that most of the adolescents did not smoke by 98.61%, more than half of the adolescents were female (58.89%), almost all of them had experienced puberty (96.17%), most of them had negative self-esteem (88.50%), all of whom stated that smoking did not motivate to do activities, all of them stated that they did not smoke during their illness, almost all of them did not have a side job (97.56%), more than half of the parents had income above the minimum wage (53.31%), almost all stated that the environment did not affect smoking behavior (99.30%), almost all stated that friends did not influence smoking behavior (98.95%), almost all stated that family did not influence smoking behavior (99.65%), and almost all stated that their model/role model did not affect smoking behavior (99.65%). Based on the results of statistical tests, it was found that all factors had a significance > 0.05 so that there were no factors that significantly influenced smoking behavior in adolescents or in other words there was no dominant factor that significantly affected smoking behavior in adolescents in Tuban district. For related parties such as schools, the health office, health education participate in maintaining and continuing to improve education to adolescents about the dangers of smoking so that adolescents do not engage in behaviors that are more risky to health than the benefits obtained.

Do rural youth want to stay rural? Influences on residential aspirations of youth in forest-located communities

ABSTRACT Economic transitions have a wide variety of impacts on rural forest-located communities. Uncertain employment prospects and a lack of local higher education institutions may increase out-migration, while individual connections to the local natural environment and community itself may bind youth to their community of origin. We analyzed over 2,000 survey responses from middle and high school youth from traditionally forest-dependent communities in greater Piscataquis County, Maine, and Coos County, Oregon (USA). We explored the role of school and community perceptions, place attachment, and educational aspirations in students’ desired future residential location (rural or non-rural). Community perceptions and place attachment were positively related to desired future rural residence, while educational aspirations were negatively related. We conclude that rural forest-located communities may better retain or attract rural youth by focusing on community attributes and connections to the outdoors for continued community sustainability.

Testing the efficacy of a near-peer mentoring model for recruiting youth into computer science

ABSTRACT We developed a near-peer mentoring model for high school youth to mentor middle school youth on how to program using MIT App Inventor. The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) the effectiveness of the near-peer mentoring model for the mentees and (b) how the mentees’ vicarious experience with the near-peer mentors led to changes in their self-efficacy in computer programming. Findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of the model in improving self-efficacy. A moderation analysis showed how mentor role modeling and perceived similarity contributed to the changes in self-efficacy. Explanations to the findings and their implications are discussed.

186. Predictors of Polysubstance Use in Rural High School Youth: A Latent Class Analysis

Although polysubstance use is a serious health concern for adolescents, little research has explored this issue in rural youth. Study objectives were to: 1) use latent class analysis to identify patterns of polysubstance use in a sample or rural youth; 2) examine risk and protective factors associated with polysubstance use class membership.

A narrative review into the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on senior high school adolescent mental health.

ProblemHigh school teenagers are facing significant challenges during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Teenagers are at risk of experiencing physical, mental, and social health problems due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. This narrative review aims to explore the impact of COVID‐19 on the emergence of mental health problems in high school adolescents.MethodsThis study employed a narrative review method. We conducted a systematic search using PRISMA on three databases: Medline, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. A total of 40 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria set based on the research objectives.FindingsThe study uncovered that high school adolescents had an increased risk of experiencing mental health problems, namely psychological distress, worry, loneliness, anxiety, depression, traumatic symptoms, other psychological disorders, suicide risk, sleep disorders, and psychosocial functioning. Anxiety, depression, and psychological stress were the most discussed mental health problems among high school adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic.ConclusionsThere is a need for efforts to identify health problems and intervene in mental health problems early in high school adolescents. Schools, mental health workers, and the government (e.g., policy stakeholders) need to implement the recommendations given as a follow‐up effort for mental health services for high school youth.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Learning Difficulties during the Covid 19 Pandemic

The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that influence learning difficulties during the Covid 19 pandemic in junior high and high school age adolescents in the Makassar area of ??East Jakarta. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method by analyzing the data from observations and interviews. The analytical technique used in this research is qualitative data analysis. The object of this research is junior high school and high school youth in Makassar, East Jakarta, with a total of 10 informants including 2 junior high school students and 8 high school students. Based on the research conducted, it is identified the factors that influence learning difficulties in the pandemic era in junior high and high school age adolescents in the Makassar area of ??East Jakarta including the difficulty of understanding material through distance learning, low interest in learning, difficult social adjustment, poor health. not good, lack of learning facilities, limited study space, materials

Youth perceptions of prevention norms and peer violence perpetration and victimization: A prospective analysis.

The purpose of the current study is to prospectively examine the extent to which social norms perceptions regarding commitment to ending sexual violence are associated with subsequent peer victimization and perpetration experiences. Two types of social norms perceptions were examined: 1) peer norms (perceptions of norms among other students in their city), and 2) adult norms (perceptions of norms among adults in their city). Participants were 1259 middleand high school youth from a single school district (three high schools and five middle schools) who completed online surveys at two-time points, 6 months apart. Adolescents for whom perceptions of peer norms were one standard deviation or more above and below the mean of actual norms were "over-perceivers" and "under-perceivers,"respectively. Overperceivers overestimated their peers' commitment to ending sexual violence, whereas underperceivers underestimated their peers' commitment to ending sexual violence. Other adolescents were "accurate perceivers"; these adolescents were accurate in their estimation of their peers' commitment to ending sexual violence. In general, underperceivers (22.2% of the sample) were more likely than accurate perceivers (77.8% of the sample) to subsequently experience peer-to-peer perpetration and victimization. Adolescents who perceived adults to have a higher commitment to ending sexual violence were less likely to report subsequent perpetration and victimization for some forms of peer-to-peer violence. These findings highlight the potential promise of the social norms approaches to preventpeer-to-peer violence among youth which aligns with increasing calls in the field to integrate these approaches into comprehensive sexual violence prevention.

Applying the Psychology of Working Theory for Understanding Adaptive Career Progress of Youth

This study extends existing research on psychology of working theory by assessing components of the model among two community samples ( N = 364) of high school youth. We examined structural models linking student perceptions of external barriers to higher education to three indices of adaptive career progress, work volition, career adaptability, and school motivation. We also assessed the roles of student perceptions of proactive personality, critical motivation, and teacher social support as moderators of perceived external barriers for the three career progress indices. The findings reveal main effects, rather than moderating contributions for critical motivation and proactive personality, with only teacher support being a significant moderator for career adaptability and work volition. The moderating effect was inconsistent with theoretical expectations, however. The results are discussed with attention to further research and applicability for vocational intervention.

Using Community-Academic Partnerships and a Creative Expression Contest to Engage Youth in the Development of Communication Materials for Promoting Behaviors That Prevent COVID-19.

Youth can transmit COVID-19 to adults, but few communication materials exist for engaging youth in COVID-19 prevention behaviors. We describe the process of leveraging a community-academic partnership in a rapid response initiative to engage youth in a contest (i.e., Youth-Led Creative Expression Contest to Prevent COVID-19 across Texas) to develop creative public health messaging centered on the prevention of COVID-19 transmission and infection for their peers. Core activities included developing a request for applications that solicited submission of creative expression materials promoting the use of COVID-19 prevention behaviors (mask-wearing, social distancing, handwashing, not touching the face) from Texas youth in elementary, middle, and/or high school; sending the request for applications to 48 organizations in Austin, Brownsville, Dallas, El Paso, Houston, and San Antonio in summer 2020; and recruiting a youth advisory board to score submissions and award prizes. We report on youth engagement in the COVID communication contest across Texas and use statistics (chi-square and t-tests) to characterize and compare youth participants and their creative expression artwork. The contest resulted in 3,003 website views and 34 submissions eligible for scoring. Each submission averaged >2 prevention behaviors. On average, winning submissions included a higher number of prevention behaviors than nonwinning submissions. The prevention behavior "not touching the face" was included more often in winning submissions than nonwinning submissions. Elementary school children were less likely to include a mask in their submission compared with older youth. Existing community-academic networks can engage youth in the development of geographically and age-tailored communication materials.

What Does It Mean? EL‐Identified Adolescents’ Interpretations of Testing and Course Placement

AbstractAdultism within English learner (EL) policy in the United States relegates youth to the status of objects whose English proficiency and academic achievement is assessed, monitored, and developed. This study challenges this institutionalized adultism by centering youths’ interpretations of their own schooling experiences. It uses an intersectional anti‐adultism conceptual lens to investigate how 20 high school youths understood the relationship between two routine EL practices—English language proficiency (ELP) testing and EL‐related course placement—and their institutional EL classification. The primary data source for this study is semi‐structured interviews with youth that were contextualized by student records, administrator interviews, policy documents, and analytic memos. The findings indicate that in the absence of mandated direct communication about their EL classification from school‐affiliated adults, most participants did not use ELP testing or EL‐related course placement to recognize their labeling. Although adult‐determined significance of these routine EL practices shaped all youths’ educational trajectories, it did not dominate how most youths interpreted their significance. Youths’ interpretations of meaning were related to how they understood themselves and their experiences of schooling. The findings highlight the necessity to create structures for multidirectional and intergenerational communication between youth and adults that challenge institutionalized adultism within EL policy.

Design and Effectiveness of the Youth Engaged Strategies for Changing Adolescent Norms! (YES-CAN!) Program for Reducing Skin Cancer Risk.

Adolescence is a critical period for reducing skin cancer risks, yet the development of effective interventions for middle and high school youth has lagged behind those for younger children. We developed and implemented the "Youth Engaged Strategies for Changing Adolescent Norms!" (YESCAN!) program, a school-based peer leader program that uses a youth-researcher partnership approach and a project-based curriculum to support high school students in developing and delivering short narrative videos and related material about skin cancer prevention to middle school students. Participating middle and high school students completed pre- and post-program surveys assessing skin cancer attitudes, perceived norms, and behavioral intentions. Middle school students (N = 97) reported positive pre- to post-program changes in future intentions to engage in sun protection and reduce UV exposure behaviors and on numerous measures of normative beliefs and attitudes. High school students (N = 13) reported positive changes on a smaller set of behavioral intentions, normative beliefs, and attitudes. These findings add to a growing body of support for youth-participatory, peer-led approaches to adolescent risk reduction in general and to skin cancer risks specifically. The YESCAN! program fills a need for effective skin cancer prevention among adolescents, while at the same time addressing educational objectives to develop 21st Century Skills.

A Web-Based Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Program (Strong & Deadly Futures) for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander School Students: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundThere are no available school-based alcohol and drug prevention programs with evidence of effectiveness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. To address this, we codeveloped the Strong & Deadly Futures well-being and alcohol and drug prevention program in partnership with an Indigenous creative design agency and 4 Australian schools.ObjectiveThis paper presents the protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of Strong & Deadly Futures in reducing alcohol and other drug use and improving well-being among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth.MethodsThe target sample will be 960 year 7 and 8 students from 24 secondary schools in Australia, of which approximately 40% (384/960) will identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The study design is a 2-group, parallel cluster randomized controlled trial with allocation concealment. Recruited schools will be block randomized (ratio 1:1), stratified by geographical remoteness, by an independent statistician. Schools will be randomized to receive Strong & Deadly Futures, a web-based alcohol and drug prevention and social and emotional well-being program that delivers curriculum-aligned content over 6 lessons via an illustrated story, or health education as usual (control). Control schools will be supported to implement Strong & Deadly Futures following trial completion. Surveys will be administered at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 months, and 24 months (primary end point) post baseline. Primary outcomes are alcohol use (adapted from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey), tobacco use (Standard High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey), and psychological distress (Kessler-5 Psychological Distress Scale). Secondary outcomes are alcohol and drug knowledge and intentions, alcohol-related harms, binge drinking, cannabis use, well-being, empowerment, appreciation of cultural diversity, and truancy.ResultsThe trial was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council in January 2019, approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney (2020/039, April 2020), the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of New South Wales (1620/19, February 2020), the Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee (998, October 2021), and the ethics committees of each participating school, including the New South Wales Department of Education (2020170, June 2020), Catholic Education Western Australia (RP2020/39, November 2020), and the Queensland Department of Education (550/27/2390, August 2021). Projected dates of data collection are 2022-2024, and we expect to publish the results in 2025. A total of 24 schools have been recruited as of submission of the manuscript.ConclusionsThis will be the first cluster randomized controlled trial of a culturally inclusive, school-based alcohol and drug prevention program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth; therefore, it has significant potential to address alcohol and other drug harms among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth.Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620001038987; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380038&isReview=trueInternational Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/34530

Intervention to Reduce the Consumption of Toxic substances from the perspective of Chinese Medicine in Adolescent High school Students

Adolescents have been the object of considerable attention in recent years, despite which knowledge of this period of life is limited; Since the correlation between the development of intelligence and character is still not well known, and the physiological variables that intervene at this age have been established in an incipient way, the main problem of the adolescent is that of the search for personality, since that at this stage he must develop basic values and strengthen his controls to act in society, but at the same time he is pushed to anarchic action. This situation creates rebellion against the family and society for the adolescent, a feeling of misunderstanding, temperament problems, moral problems. In Mexico, 9.2% of adolescents consume tobacco, 30% alcohol and 1.5% other drugs. In the State of Mexico about 70.8% of adolescents consume alcohol, 40.7% tobacco and 22.2% have used illegal drugs. Regarding the municipality of Ecatepec, 28% of adolescents consume alcohol, 22.4% tobacco, 7.7% marijuana and 2.6% consume cocaine. In a general analysis of the background, it was observed that the Municipality of Ecatepec occupies the first place in the State of Mexico, in relation to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs by high school youth, which constitutes a serious problem of Public Health. Dependence on psychoactive substances or drug addiction, constitute the characteristic syndrome that defines the appearance of disease, aroused by curiosity, group pressure or the search for sensations, continuing with social consumption, aroused more by motivations and "positive" reinforcement. ” that provide drugs and progressing to abuse. Develop an intervention model to improve healthy lifestyles and reinforce the management of emotions in adolescents at risk of addictions, at the Adolfo López Mateos Secondary School 127 in the Municipality of Ecatepec in the State of Mexico . DESIGN: The present work is an intervention study evaluated through a quasi- experimental design. With pre and post intervention evaluation and comparison group. The study population will be students who are between the ages of 11 and 15, divided into two groups.