High School Girl Students Research Articles

Gender Differences in Olfactory Recognition: A Comparative Study of Odour Stick Tests in High School Students

There are two types of olfactory testing methods that can be used for screening in Japan.Both methods test detection and recognition of 12 odors commonly found in Japan.It has also been reported that the detection and recognition abilities of the sense of smell gradually decline with age. It has also been noted that the results of odor tests tend to be poorer in male than in female as they get older, from their 40s onwards. However, odour tests are not often conducted on younger generations. Therefore, this study aimed to compare whether there are gender differences in odour tests in high school students. After receiving an explanation of the study and signing a consent form, 114 high school students (47 boys and 67 girls) were given an odour test using odour sticks. Participants smelled 12 different odours and wrote the number of the option they thought was correct from six options (numbers 1 to 4 list various specific odors name, five indicates that the particular odour is unknown but that it smells like something, and number 6 indicates that it has no odour) in the answer box. The olfactory test results of boys and girls students were compared using statistical methods (chi-square test). As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between boys and girls high school students who could recognize six or more of the 12 odours familiar to Japanese people (P=0.482). However, when the results of each odour were analyzed separately, boys students recognized statistically significantly fewer doors than girls students for the odours of India ink (P=0.031*), mandarin orange (P=0.0001**), and roasted garlic (P=0.047*). The sense of smell develops little by little from infancy, peaking in the teens, and then gradually declines. Therefore, testing teenagers’ olfactory perception abilities is important. From these results, we believe it is necessary to check the smells individually, not just to count the number of correct answers. We also believe that more data is needed to see the difference in olfactory recognition between boy (male) and girl (female).

Physical Activity Promotion in Schools Using Theoretically Designed Mobile Phone Application.

Regular physical activity for adolescents has many health benefits, many of which also affect adulthood. Physical activity is a behavior that requires planning and choosing an appropriate educational method, model, or theory. However, mobile phone applications are known as a suitable method to increase physical activity according to the guidelines. This study aims to increase physical activity in female students based on the theory of planned behavior using mobile phone applications. This quasi-experimental study was implemented on 220 high school students (110 people in each group). The samples were selected by a multi-stage cluster method and their information was collected by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The intervention group received 8 sessions of education through a mobile phone application that was designed by the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. The samples were evaluated in three stages, through a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up. The results showed a significant difference in the post-test and two months after the intervention between intervention and control groups in terms of attitude, perceived behavioral control, intention, and physical activity. There was a significant difference between intervention and control groups in subjective norms in the post-test, but there was no significant difference in the two-month follow-up compared to the post-test (P = 0.08). An educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior using mobile phone applications led to an increase in the physical activity of girl high school students. However, to determine the full effectiveness of this study, it is recommended to implement this intervention in all schools.

The Comparison of Effectiveness of Group Training Anger Management and Psycho-Social Empowerment on Prosocial Behaviors and Social Adjustment of Girl High School Students in Tehran City

Aim: The purpose of this study was to comparison of effectiveness of group training anger management and psycho-social empowerment on prosocial behaviors and social adjustment of girl high school students in Tehran city.
 Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up after two months. The statistical population of this study included all the high school girl students Tehran city to 125110 people were in year academic 2020-2021 and 90 girl students by random sampling were considered as the sample size in two experimental groups (each group of 30 girl students) and control (30 girl students). The experimental groups underwent group training anger management (12 sessions 90 minutes) and psycho-social empowerment (12 sessions 90 minutes), but the control group received no training and remained in the waiting list. To collect data prosocial personality questionnaire (PPQ) of Penner (2002) and adjustment inventory for school students (AISS) of Sinha and Singh (1993). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni).
 Findings:The results of the study showed that both types of treatment in post-test and follow up had a significant effect on prosocial behaviors and social adjustment of girl high school students (P<0.05). Also, group training anger management had stronger effects in improvement of aggression and social self-efficacy (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that group training anger management and psycho-social empowerment can be used as a treatment to improvement of prosocial behaviors and social adjustment of girl high school students in Tehran city in counseling centers and psychological services.

Effectiveness of Iron and vitamin D supplementary intervention program in high school girl students

Effectiveness of Iron and vitamin D supplementary intervention program in high school girl students

여고생의 학교스트레스와 우울의 관계에서 자아탄력성의 조절효과

Objectives The Purpose of This study is to verify the moderating effect of ego resilience on the relationship between school stress and depression in high school girl students.
 Methods For this purpose, a questionnaire was conducted targeting first and second graders of humanities high school located in U city Korea, and 303 copies were used for the final statistical analysis. For the collected data, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis were performed for each variable using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program, and the moderating effect was verified using Process Macro for SPSS V3.5 Model 1.
 Results First, school stress (r=.757, p<.001) showed a positive correlation with depression, and between ego resilience (r=-.449, p<.001) and school stress, ego resilience (r=-.415, p<.05) and depression showed a negative correlation. Second, it was confirmed that ego elasticity acts as a moderating variable in the relationship between school stress and depression in high school girls students(β=-.245, p<.001). It was found that the regression coefficient of the interaction term by school stress and ego resilience had a negatively significant relationship.
 Conclusions This study is meaningful in that it provided a basis for developing and utilizing counseling and education programs for enhancing self-resilience by examining the moderating effect of ego resilience in the relationship between school stress and depression in high school girl students.

Q방법론을 활용한 특성화고 여학생의 아침 스포츠클럽 활동 참가 동기 탐색

Objectives This study is designed to explore the motivation of girls’ vocational high school students participation in morning sports club.
 Methods This study expored the motivation of the morning sports club participation subjectively perceived by girls’ vocational high school students, categorized them, and examined the characteristics of each type in depth using Q-methodology. A Q set of potential perception toward students’ motivation for morning sports club participation was collected through depth-interviews from four students who are participating the club activities. 28 vocational girls high school students classified 25 selected Q-statements into 9 points standard. The obtained data were analyzed by using pc-QUANL program.
 Results Principal Component Analysis identified 3 types typology of girls high school students toward motivation on morning sports club. TypeⅠ is ‘Enjoying morning time-oriented’, typeⅡ is ‘Enjoying friendship-oriented’, typeⅢ is ‘Self management-oriented’.
 Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that morning sports club activity give vocational girls high school students meaningful educational expriences, Specially improving physical fitness and vitality as well as spirit of challenge, improving confidence, promotion of responsibility and overcoming learned helplessness.

The Mediating Role of Self-Concept in the Relationship between Executive Functions and Working Memory Capacity and Academic Performance of First-Year High School Girl Students: A Descriptive Study

The Mediating Role of Self-Concept in the Relationship between Executive Functions and Working Memory Capacity and Academic Performance of First-Year High School Girl Students: A Descriptive Study

Self-Esteem, Anxiety, and Social Support among High School Girl Students in Nepal

Self-Esteem, Anxiety, and Social Support among High School Girl Students in Nepal

Relationship of BMI with Proteinuria and Hematuria after One Session of Intense Continuous and Interval Exercise in Girls

Introduction: Obesity effects on kidney function. Urinary disorders after exercise are also common, and probably due to transient hemodynamic problems in the glomerular and tubular renal function. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship of BMI with proteinuria and hematuria after one session of intense continuous and interval exercise in girls. Methods: In this quasi-experimental research, 45 hostelry high school girl students with a mean age of 15.18 ± 0.39 years were randomly selected and in three groups of 15, they ran 1600 meters in a continuous and interval manner. Urine test collected before, one and 24 hours after activity. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 16 software and one way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Increased proteinuria was significant one hour (P = 0.002) and 24 hours after activity (P = 0.001) in the continuous group. In the continuous group, the relationship between fat percentage (P=0.017) and body mass index (P=0.001) with protein excretion 24 hours after activity was positive and significant. One hour after activity, protein excretion with fat percentage and Body mass index (BMI) had no significant relationship. Hematuria was also not significant after activity. Conclusion: Body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage were effective on protein excretion after one session of intense physical activity and had no significant effect on hematuria. Therefore, overweight people were advised to participate in interval exercise to lose weight.

Investigating the Simple and Multiple Relationships of Personality trait, Spiritual Intelligence and Happiness with Life Satisfaction in High School Girl Students in Ilam City

Introduction: Life satisfaction is a comprehensive concept of sustainability that reflects the overall feelings of a community's people towards their own and the world in which they live. The aim of this study was to determine the simple and multiple relationships among personality traits, spiritual intelligence, and happiness with life satisfaction in high school girl students in Ilam. Methods & Materials: This is a descriptive correlational study that was conducted with 196 female high school students in Ilam. The study’s sample was multi-stage cluster sampling and the participants voluntarily participated in the study. The data were collected using the Diener Satisfaction with life scale, NEO-Five Factor Inventory, King's Spiritual Intelligence Inventory, and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regressions. Results: The mean age of the students was 16 ± 0.18 years. Among the personality traits, neuroticism had a reverse and significant correlation (r = -0.341) and extraversion (r = 0.247) and Agreeableness (r = 0.379) have direct and significant correlation with life satisfaction. However, openness and conscientiousness did not have a significant correlation with life satisfaction. Personality traits, spiritual intelligence and happiness together accounted for 38.3% of changes in students’ life satisfaction. Conclusion: According to correlation of life satisfaction with spiritual intelligence, happiness and personality traits of students, the attention of planners to these effective variables in order to promote their life satisfaction seems necessary.

Investigation of correlation between Internet addiction and parent-child relationship in girls' adolescence in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Today, the increasing process with the using internet is a kind of disease among adolescents, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic. The activities such as learning-educational process and online games will become one of the problems for families. This study aimed to determine the relationship between internet addiction and parent-child relationships in high school girls in Isfahan. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in girls' high school in Isfahan, Iran. One hundred and sixty students and one of their parents had participated through cluster sampling method. They filled out the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire and the Fine et al.'s Child-Parent Questionnaire (PCRS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests and Pearson correlation test. The significance level of the data was considered 0.05. The mean score (standard deviation) of internet addiction was 52.15 (5.67). 62.5% of the participants were not addicted to the use of the nternet. The mean score of the parent-child relationship was 118.24 (85.35). The results of the Pearson correlation test show that there is a significant negative correlation between parent-child relationships and Internet addiction in adolescent girls (P < 0.01). Therefore, in the girl high school students who have a stronger parent-child relationship, the rate of Internet dependence is lower. Due to the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of Internet addiction and the parent-child relationship, the present study can help nurses, teachers, and educational planners to provide a suitable information for appropriate intervention.

Investigating the Causal Relationship of Emotion Regulation and Self- Criticism with Social Incompatibility with the Mediating Role of Self- Compassion among Boy and Girl High School Students

Investigating the Causal Relationship of Emotion Regulation and Self- Criticism with Social Incompatibility with the Mediating Role of Self- Compassion among Boy and Girl High School Students

The Relationship of Social Adjustment and Resilience with Attitudes Towards Drugs in High School Boy and Girl Students

Background: Drug abuse and its destructive consequences are among challenging issues concerning students’ health. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of social adjustment and resilience with attitude towards drugs in boy and girl students of Lali City. Methods: The study was a descriptive correlational study performed by path analysis. The study population included 1500 boy and girl high school students of Lali City in the academic year of 2017 - 2018, among whom 133 boys and 142 girls were selected through multistage stratified sampling and using Cochran’s formula. Research instruments included Bell’s Adjustment Inventory (BAI) for Students, the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC), and the Drug Attitude scale (DAS). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: The results revealed a significant negative relationship between social adjustment and girl students’ attitudes towards drugs (P &lt; 0.001); however, there was no significant relationship between social adjustment and attitudes towards drugs in boy students. Meanwhile, there was no direct and significant relationship between resilience and attitudes towards drugs in boy and girl students. On the other hand, a significant positive relationship was observed between resilience and social adjustment in boys (P &lt; 0.01) and girls (P &lt; 0.05). The indirect impact of resilience on the students’ attitudes towards drugs, mediated by social adjustment, was not significant. Conclusions: Resilience reduces stress, and as a result, students with more resilience seem to have better coping skills, higher social adjustment, and negative attitudes towards drugs.

Effectiveness of training problem solving skills with social-Cognitive approach Responsibility, Social Adjustment and Social Self-Empowerment in Secondary Girl High School Students In Tabriz

هدف از پژوهش حاضر تعیین اثربخشی آموزش مهارت‌های حل‌مسئله به روش شناختی اجتماعی بر مسئولیت‌‌پذیری، سازگاری اجتماعی و خودتوانمندسازی اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه شهر تبریز بود. این پژوهش یک مطالعه نیمه‌آزمایشی، از نوع پیش­آزمون و پس­آزمون با گـروه گواه بود. جامعه مورد مطالعه شامل دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه (دوره دوم) شهرستان تبریز در سال تحصیلی97-1396 بود. با توجه به مداخله‌ای بودن پژوهش و اهمیت رضایت شرکت کنندگان، برای انتخاب نمونه آماری از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه ای چندمرحله ای استفاده شد. ابتدا از میان نواحی آموزش وپرورش شهر تبریز، بطور تصادفی ناحیه پنج انتخاب شد، سپس از میان مدارس دخترانه متوسطه دوره دوم آن ناحیه، یک مدرسه به طور تصادفی انتخاب و از بین دانش آموزان مدرسه، به طور تصادفی، 60 دانش‌آموزان از کلاس‌های پایه سوم به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و در دو گروه آزمـایش (30‌نفر) و گواه (30‌‌نفر) جایدهی شدند. پرسشنامه­های روانشناختی کالیفرنیا، سازگاری اجتماعی سینهاوسینگ و خود­توانمندسازی اجتماعی فلنر به عنوان پیش‌آزمون بر روی هر دو گروه اجرا شد. سپس گروه آزمایش طی مدت ده جلسه تحت آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله قرار گرفتند. در نهایت همان مقیاس‌ها به عنوان پس‌آزمون بر روی هر دو گروه اجرا شد، در حالی‌که گروه گواه هیچ آموزشی دریافت نکردند. نتایج پژوهش با استفاده از تحلیل کوواریانس تک‌متغیره نشان داد که میزان نمرات مسئولیت‌‌پذیری، سازگاری اجتماعی و خود­توانمندسازی اجتماعی دانش‌آموزانی که آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله دریافت کرده­اند بیشتر از میزان نمرات دانش‌آموزانی که آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله دریافت نکرده­اند (05/0P<). آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله کارایی بالایی در افزایش مسئولیت‌‌پذیری، سازگاری اجتماعی و خود­توانمندسازی اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان دارد.

The Effects of Study Skills Training on Qualitative Academic Achievement among Students

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of study skills training on the qualitative academic achievement of girl high school students. This study was conducted by using an experimental design with pretest, posttest, and follow-up with the control group. The participants were 32 students from girl high school students of Tehran which were selected by cluster random sampling from girl high schools and then randomly assigned into control and experimental groups (Each group consisted of 16 students). The instruments used were Dortaj Qualitative Academic Achievement Questionnaire and Motevalli Study Skills Training Module. The experimental group received 8 sessions of psycho-educational group therapy and the control group did not receive any training. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was utilized for the analysis of data. Results revealed that there was a significant increase in qualitative academic achievement between pretest with post-test and follow-up among the experimental group. Moreover, there was a significant increase in qualitative academic achievement between post-test and follow-up in the experimental group with the control group. Additionally, the results showed that there is a significant increase in self-efficacy, planning, and motivation and also a significant decrease in emotional effects and lack of outcome control. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that on the basis of deficit theory using learning and study skills training can lead to enhance student's skills to improve qualitative academic achievement. Further studies are required to examine whether exposing students to study skills training programs can lead them to enhance their qualitative academic achievement.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keyword: Motivation Study Skills Training, Planning, Qualitative Academic Achievement, Self-efficacy.

Home Adjustment among High School Students in Relation to Their Gender and Residence Area

The present study aimed to know the home adjustment among high school students. It also aimed to check home adjustment with reference to gender and residence area. High School Adjustment Inventory (HSAI) constructed by A. K. Singh and A. Sen Gupta (2011) was used. The sample constituted total 120 high school students out of which 60 were from boys students (30 urban area and 30 rural area) and 60 from girl students (30 urban area and 30 rural area). The data was collected from Patan District. The data was scored, analyzed as per the manual. ‘F’ test was being calculated. The result showed that (1) There is significant difference in the mean score of home adjustment among the boys and girls high school students. The girls high school students group is having batter home adjustment than boys high school students group, (2) There is no significant difference in the mean score of home adjustment among the high school students of urban area and rural area and (3) There is no significant difference in the interactive effect of the mean scores of home adjustment with regards to the gender and residence area.

Investigate the relationship between femininity-masculinity tendency with antisocial, histrionic and paranoia personality disorders in adolescents girl

Introduction: Adolescents are one of the most important and influential people in society and research on their psychological issues is important. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between femininity-masculinity tendency with antisocial, histrionic and paranoia personality disorders in adolescents girl. Method: The method of this research is correlational. The study population included girl high school students in Kamyaran in the academic year of 2018-2019, 302 of them were selected as the research sample and answered the Michel Googlen Scales (1996) and the Millon-III scale (1977). Data analysis was performed using spss software version 23 and Pearson correlation and regression statistical methods. Results: The finding showed that there was a correlation between feminity and histrionic personality disorder with 0.26 (P&lt;0.05) and paranoia personality disorder with 0.20 (P&lt;0.05). Also, the tendency to feminity predicts antisocial, histrionic and paranoia personality disorders in a positive and meaningful way (F&lt;3.965, P&lt;0.05). According to the finding, there was a correlation between tendency to masculinity and social personality disorder with 0.22 (P&lt;0.05) and histrionic personality disorder 0.19 (P&lt;0.01). Also, the tendency to masculinity predicts antisocial, histrionic and paranoia personality disorders in a positive and meaningful way (F&lt;3.910, P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the tendency to femininity-masculinity predicts personality disorders in adolescent. Therefore, it is one of the important psychological factors in the field of personality disorders.

The Impact of Learner Characteristics Through the Mediator of the Information and Communication Technology Tools and Risky Attitudes on Entrepreneurial Intention in Abadeh High School Girl Students

مقدمه و هدف: هدف از انجام این پژوهش، تبیین تاثیر ویژگی های یادگیرنده از طریق میانجی سودمندی ابزار فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات بر نگرش های ریسک پذیر و قصد کارآفرینی بود. مواد و روش­ها: روش تحقیق، توصیفی- همبستگی (از نوع علی) و جامعه آماری، دانش آموزان دختر دوره متوسطه دوم شهر آباده به تعداد 913 نفر و نمونه‌ای برابر 210 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی-خوشه ای از نوع تک مرحله ای بوده است. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها در این پژوهش، پرسشنامه یادگیری در کارآفرینی تانگ و همکاران(2010)، فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات: آگوستینو(2002)، ریسک پذیری در کارآفرینی از ایورسون (2004)، توسعه کارآفرینی هیسریچ (1988) و اهداف کارآفرینی از اسکات و همکاران (2003) بود که روایی محتوایی آن تائید و پایایی آن‌ها از طریق آلفای کرونباخ به ترتیب برابر با 705/0، 721/0، 704/0، 821/0 و 813/0برآورد گردید. برای تحلیل آمار توصیفی از نرم‌افزار26 SPSS و آزمون کردن فرضیه‌ها در بخش آمار استنباطی از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری با نرم‌افزار Smart PLS3 استفاده شد. یافته­ها: یافته‌ها نشان داد ویژگی‌های کارآفرینی یادگیرنده بر قصد کارآفرینی(01/0>P )، سودمندی ابزار فاوا(001/0>P )، و نگرش های ریسک پذیر از طریق سودمندی ابزار فاوا بر درک از مراکز توسعه پروژه کارآفرینی تاثیر مثبت داشت(001/0>P ). همچنین، سودمندی ابزار فاوا بر نگرش های ریسک پذیر(001/0>P )، و قصد کارآفرینی از طریق نگرش های ریسک پذیر (05/0>P )؛ و نگرش های ریسک پذیر بر قصد کارآفرینی به صورت مثبت موثر بود(001/0>P ). درک از تعاملات تجربی با مراکز توسعه پروژه کارآفرینی بر نگرش های ریسک پذیر و بر قصد کارآفرینی، از طریق نگرش های ریسک پذیر تاثیر مثبت گذاشت(001/0>P ). اما سودمندی ابزار فاوا بر قصد کارآفرینی و همچنین درک از تعاملات تجربی با مراکز توسعه پروژه کارآفرینی بر قصد کارآفرینی تاثیر نداشت(05/0>P ). بحث و نتیجه­گیری: از این‌رو به نظر می‌رسد توسعه کارآفرینی، از طریق ابتکار و خلاقیت در طرح های کارآفرینانه، همچنین تشویق دانش آموزان به تغییر نگرش نسبت به کارآفرینی و کارهای خلاقانه در سایه آموزش بیشتر کارآفرینی حاصل می شود.

Prediction of addiction based on procrastination, distress tolerance, and perceived competence in senior high school girl students

BACKGROUND: Transitional stages of life are one of the most dangerous times for more vulnerability to drug abuse. The purpose of this study was to predict addiction based on procrastination, distress tolerance, and perceived competence in senior high school girl students. METHODS: The method of study was descriptive and correlational. The population of this study consisted of all senior high school girl students of Divandarreh, Iran, during the academic year of 2018-2019. Among them, 266 students were included in the study using multi-stage cluster sampling. The Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS), Procrastination Scale, Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Perceived Competence Scale for Children (PCSC) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between addiction and negligence (P 0.010). Regression analysis revealed that 21% of the variance of addiction tendency could be explained by procrastination, distress tolerance, and perceived competence. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of this study, it is necessary to emphasize on these psychological characteristics in educational programs and prevention and treatment of addiction in schools.

I don’t have bad Hand-Writing: To Measure the Level of Dysgraphia Among School Children

The purpose of this study was to study to measure the level of dysgraphia among school children. Dysgraphia is actually an inability to write properly within the given margins and space. Many other tests were used in previous research to assess the dysgraphia. Dysgraphia questionnaire was used. It is 22 items scales which is divided into 3 subscales (difficulty in cognition, disorganized motor ability and difficulty in problem solving). Subscale named difficulty in cognition contains 9 items, subscale named disorganized motor ability contains 7 items and subscale named difficulty in problem solving contain 6 items. This study is based on survey method. The sample of (N=100) students both male and female was selected from Muslims Girls High school and nearby available students of class 6th to 10th and age range from 8 to 16 years by convenient sampling method. There is a significant positive relationship between DIC (Difficulty in Cognition) and DMA (Disorganized Motor Ability) that mean students having disorganized cognitions having disorganized motor abilities as well. There is significant positive relationship between DIC and PS as well that mean problem solving, and cognitions are strongly related to each other and have strong impact. There is a significant positive difference problem solving and age which mean problem solving ability varies with age. There is a significant positive difference between DMA and age as well. There exists a significant difference between PS and family system. A significant difference exits between PS and class of the participant.