High Content Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Assessment of fatty acid and mineral profile of Barbari kid in longissimus lumborum muscle and edible byproducts

Edible byproducts or organ meats of Barbari kids (Capra hircus) were analyzed for their fatty acid and mineral profile. Mineral profile analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) difference between muscle and organ meat. Kidney had highest sodium content (202.39mg/100g) whereas potassium content was greatest in testicles (362.61mg/100g). Copper, iron and zinc were found to be highest in liver (6.97mg/100g), spleen (31.16mg/100g) and muscle (4.15mg/100g) respectively. Different categories of fatty acids i.e., saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and ratio of PUFA/SFA, n6/n3 etc were also estimated. Spleen evinced the highest saturated fatty acid content (54.95%) although monounsaturated fatty acid content was greatest in muscle (40.36%). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were highest in liver (22.54%). PUFA/SFA ratio of liver (0.49) was similar to the recommended level whereas, spleen, brain and testicles showed favorable n6/n3 ratio.

Isolation of prospective microalgal strains with high saturated fatty acid content for biofuel production

Isolation of new microalgal strains with unique and valuable properties from diverse environmental conditions is an important starting point for the establishment of high quality feedstock for biofuel production. In this study, we have isolated twelve strains of microalgae, belonging to the genera Chlorella, Botryococcus, Scenedesmus, Nannochloris and Bracteacoccus from samples obtained from various natural sources by flow cytometry. Five of them were selected for further evaluation, as lipid producers on the basis of Nile Red fluorescent microscopy screening. Analysis of the biomass in the exponential and stationary phases of growth showed that the strain Scenedesmus abundans A1175 has the highest specific growth rate (0.20 ± 0.01 d−1), biomass productivity (73.82±4.53mgL−1d−1) and lipid content (44.4±2.7%) in nitrogen depleted conditions. Strains Chlorella vulgaris A1123 and S. abundans A1175 have a high total content of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MFA) fatty acids (67.0% and 72.8% respectively). S. abundans A1175 also had low polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content that would allow for its use as a source of high quality biofuels.

Expression of genes related to tolerance to low temperature for maize seed germination

The aim of this study was to characterize maize lines tolerant to cold temperatures during the germination process. Seeds from lines with different levels of tolerance to low temperatures were used; 3 lines were classified as tolerant and 3 as susceptible to low germination temperatures. A field was set up to multiply seeds from selected lines. After the seeds were harvested and classified, we conducted physiological tests and analyzed fatty acid content of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and eicosenoic acids. In proteomic analysis, the expression of heat-resistant proteins, including catalase, peroxidase, esterase, superoxide dismutase, and α-amylase, were evaluated. Transcript analysis was used to measure the expression of the genes AOX1, AOX2, ZmMPK-17, and ZmAN-13. The material showing the highest susceptibility to low germination temperatures contained high saturated fatty acid content. Expression of α-amylase in seeds soaked for 72 h at a temperature of 10°C was lower than expression of α-amylase when soaked at 25°C for the same amount of time. We observed variation in the expression of heat-resistant proteins in seeds of the lines evaluated. The genes AOX and Zm-AN13 were promising for use in identifying maize materials that are tolerant to low germination temperatures.

KARAKTERISTIK EMULSI SANTAN DAN MINYAK KEDELAI YANG DITAMBAH GUM ARAB DAN SUKROSA ESTER [Emulsion Characteristics of Coconut Milk and Soybean Oil Added with Gum Arabic and Sucrose Ester

High saturated fatty acid content in coconut milk can be reduced by adding unsaturated fat. Pretreatment like pasteurisation, homogenization or stabilizer and emulsifier addition are essential to prevent emulsion deterioration that could happen in few hours. This study aimed to determine the most appropriate combination of gum arabic and sucrose ester induced the good emulsion stability based on physical and chemical characteristics. Furthermore this study also aimed to determine correlation between creaming index and other characteristics of coconut milk emulsion. Emulsion stability of mixed coconut milk in sterile glass bottles was observed for 7 days under 23-24°C Stabilizer and emulsifier added were gum arabic and sucrose ester in five combinations such as 6% gum arabic, 0.3% sucrose ester, 6% gum arabic + 0.3% sucrose ester, 3% gum arabic + 0.15% sucrose ester and 4.5% gum arabic + 0.225% sucrose ester then the physical and chemical characteristic changes were evaluated. Physical characteristic observed were creaming index, total colour change, viscosity and droplet distribution, meanwhile chemical characteristics observed were pH, TBA value, and protein content. Data were analyzed by One Way Anova at 95% significant level to determine differences among treatments. Bivariate Pearson Correlation was used in order to determine the intraction among sample characteristics. The data showed that, gum arabic and sucrose ester can keep the emulsion stability. The combination of 4.5% gum arabic and 0.225% sucrose ester provide the best physicochemical characteristics, which were the lowest creaming index and decreasing viscosity, and uniform droplet distribution.

High saturated fatty acid intake induces insulin secretion by elevating gastric inhibitory polypeptide levels in healthy individuals

Insulin resistance is central to the etiology of the metabolic syndrome cluster of diseases. Evidence suggests that a high-fat diet is associated with insulin resistance, which may be modulated by dietary fatty acid composition. We hypothesized that high saturated fatty acid intake increases insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion. To clarify the effect of ingested fatty acid composition on glucose levels, we conducted an intervention study to investigate the insulin and plasma GIP responses in 11 healthy women, including a dietary control. Subjects were provided daily control meals (F-20; saturated fatty acids/monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids [S/M/P] ratio, 3:4:3) with 20 energy (E) % fat, followed by 2 isoenergetic experimental meals for 7 days each. These meals comprised 60 E% carbohydrate, 15 E% protein, and 30 E% fat (FB-30; high saturated fatty acid meal; S/M/P, 5:4:1; F-30: reduced saturated fatty acid meal; S/M/P, 3:4:3). On the second day of the F-20 and the last day of F-30 and FB-30, blood samples were taken before and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after a meal tolerance test. The plasma glucose responses did not differ between F-20 and FB-30 or F-30. However, insulin levels were higher after the FB-30 than after the F-20 (P < .01). The GIP response after the FB-30 was higher than that after the F-30 (P < .05). In addition, the difference in the incremental GIP between FB-30 and F-30 correlated significantly and positively with that of the insulin. These results suggest that a high saturated fatty acid content stimulates postprandial insulin release via increased GIP secretion.

Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Analysis of Puffer Fish, &lt;i&gt;Lagocephalus inermis&lt;/i&gt; (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) and &lt;i&gt;Lagocephalus lunaris&lt;/i&gt; (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) from Parangipettai, Southeast Coast of India

The nutritional effects of marine food have increased far and wide due to the beneficial effects of consuming marine food, fats and oils. In general, the proximate composition is well known as a proportion composition of basic elements such as protein, lipids, carbohydrate, minerals and water. The puffer fish Lagocephalus lunaris and Lagocephalus inermis were collected at Mudasal odai fish landing centre and the skin and visceral organs like gonads and intestines were removed the edible portion only took for the analysis. Species of the fish sample was oven-dried in an electric oven at between 70 – 80 °C until the samples had constant weight. The protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash and moisture content of green -rough-back puffer fish and smooth-backed blow fish were investigated. L. lunaris and L. inermis were has 9.22 %, 8.92 %, 1.96 %, 1.87 %, 11.25 %, 11.98 %, 80.32 %, 86.05 %, 0.96 %, 1.27 % respectively. Totally seven saturated fatty acids; ten Mono unsaturated fatty acids and two poly unsaturated fatty acids were found as the major components on the investigated puffer fish. Polyunsaturated fatty acid like n-3 has 31.17 %, 31.19 and n-6 7.26 %, 7.29 % of PUSFA found as the dominant composition on puffer fish. This study revealed that these species are having high saturated fatty acid and protein content and able to compete with more commercially utilize species in terms of nutritional value, and they can definitely also compete when it comes to taste. It can act as a good source of nutritional and economic value when it is carefully handled and properly cooked.

Palm oil and blood lipid–related markers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary intervention trials

Palm oil (PO) may be an unhealthy fat because of its high saturated fatty acid content. The objective was to assess the effect of substituting PO for other primary dietary fats on blood lipid-related markers of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary intervention trials. Studies were eligible if they included original data comparing PO-rich diets with other fat-rich diets and analyzed at least one of the following CHD/CVD biomarkers: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, TC/HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols, apolipoprotein A-I and B, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a). Fifty-one studies were included. Intervention times ranged from 2 to 16 wk, and different fat substitutions ranged from 4% to 43%. Comparison of PO diets with diets rich in stearic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed significantly higher TC, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I, whereas most of the same biomarkers were significantly lower when compared with diets rich in myristic/lauric acid. Comparison of PO-rich diets with diets rich in trans fatty acids showed significantly higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I and significantly lower apolipoprotein B, triacylglycerols, and TC/HDL cholesterol. Stratified and meta-regression analyses showed that the higher concentrations of TC and LDL cholesterol, when PO was substituted for MUFAs and PUFAs, were not significant in young people and in subjects with diets with a lower percentage of energy from fat. Both favorable and unfavorable changes in CHD/CVD risk markers occurred when PO was substituted for the primary dietary fats, whereas only favorable changes occurred when PO was substituted for trans fatty acids. Additional studies are needed to provide guidance for policymaking.

Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Analysis of Puffer Fish, &lt;i&gt;Lagocephalus inermis&lt;/i&gt; (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) and &lt;i&gt;Lagocephalus lunaris&lt;/i&gt; (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) from Parangipettai, Southeast Coast of India

The nutritional effects of marine food have increased far and wide due to the beneficial effects of consuming marine food, fats and oils. In general, the proximate composition is well known as a proportion composition of basic elements such as protein, lipids, carbohydrate, minerals and water. The puffer fish Lagocephalus lunaris and Lagocephalus inermis were collected at Mudasal odai fish landing centre and the skin and visceral organs like gonads and intestines were removed the edible portion only took for the analysis. Species of the fish sample was oven-dried in an electric oven at between 70 – 80 °C until the samples had constant weight. The protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash and moisture content of green -rough-back puffer fish and smooth-backed blow fish were investigated. L. lunaris and L. inermis were has 9.22 %, 8.92 %, 1.96 %, 1.87 %, 11.25 %, 11.98 %, 80.32 %, 86.05 %, 0.96 %, 1.27 % respectively. Totally seven saturated fatty acids; ten Mono unsaturated fatty acids and two poly unsaturated fatty acids were found as the major components on the investigated puffer fish. Polyunsaturated fatty acid like n-3 has 31.17 %, 31.19 and n-6 7.26 %, 7.29 % of PUSFA found as the dominant composition on puffer fish. This study revealed that these species are having high saturated fatty acid and protein content and able to compete with more commercially utilize species in terms of nutritional value, and they can definitely also compete when it comes to taste. It can act as a good source of nutritional and economic value when it is carefully handled and properly cooked.

Comparative effect of dairy fatty acids on cell adhesion molecules, nitric oxide and relative gene expression in healthy and diabetic human aortic endothelial cells

ObjectiveDairy intake, despite its high saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This in vitro study determined the effect of individual fatty acids (FA) found in dairy, and FA mixtures representative of a high SFA and a low SFA dairy lipid on markers of endothelial function in healthy and type II diabetic aortic endothelial cells. MethodsCells were incubated for 24 h with FA mixtures (400 μM) and individual FA: oleic acid (OA; 150 μM); palmitic acid (PA; 150 μM); stearic acid (SA: 40 μM); trans-palmitelaidic acid (trans-PA; 20 μM); trans-vaccenic acid (trans-VA; 20 μM); α-linolenic acid (ALA; 20 μM) and linoleic acid (LA; 20 μM). Cellular adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured using ELISA and a chemiluminescent-based assay, respectively. Relative gene expression of these markers, including the insulin receptor, was performed using real-time PCR as well as FA compositions of cell pellets by gas chromatography. ResultsFA mixtures affected sE-selectin concentrations (P = 0.008), with concentrations lower following the high SFA compared to the low SFA mixture (P = 0.004), while NO concentrations were higher in diabetic compared to healthy cells (P = 0.029). Individual FA affected NO (P = 0.007) and sE-selectin (P = 0.040) concentrations with an increase following PA incubation relative to all other FA treatments (P < 0.05). PA increased sE-selectin compared with other FA treatments (P < 0.05). sE-selectin concentrations were also higher in healthy compared to diabetic cells (P = 0.023). Expression of ICAM-1 and insulin receptor was up-regulated in healthy compared to diabetic cells (P = 0.014 and P = 0.006 respectively). ConclusionsHealthy and type II diabetic cells respond differently to incubation with FA treatments. Overall, physiological concentrations of dairy FA, but not dairy FA mixtures, substantially affected markers of endothelial function.

Simultaneous over‐expressing of an acyl‐ACP thioesterase (FatB) and silencing of acyl‐acyl carrier protein desaturase by artificial microRNAs increases saturated fatty acid levels in Brassica napus seeds

SummaryNo temperate oilseeds crops are available that produce oil with a high saturated fatty acid content. To achieve such a profile, Brassica napus cv. DH12075 was engineered by simultaneous seed‐specific over‐expression of a native fatty acyl‐ACP thioesterase B [BnFatB(2)] and artificial microRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of eight endogenous genes encoding putative stearoyl‐ACP desaturases (BnSADs). Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of transformed lines showed that the BnFatB(2) gene was highly over‐expressed and the eight putative SAD genes were strongly down‐regulated in developing seed demonstrating the successful application of microRNA as a tool for down‐regulation of genes in the allotetraploid plant B. napus. Analysis of seed triacylglycerol (TAG) composition revealed that all lines contained high levels of palmitic acid (16:0) and moderately increased levels of stearic acid (18:0). Total saturated fatty acid content was increased from 7.4% in the control to 37.3–45.6% in the transformed lines, with FatB over‐expression as the dominant trait. A twofold increase in 16:0 was observed in seed polar lipids. The melting point of oil from mature seeds was increased from −10 °C in DH12075 to 15 °C in the line with the highest saturated fatty acid content. TAG composition showed a shift from predominantly C54 TAG to C50 and C52 TAGs enriched in palmitic acid. Seedling establishment at low temperature was compromised in lines with high saturated fatty acid content. Results suggested that transcript encoding stearoyl‐ACP desaturase in developing B. napus seeds is present in considerable excess of the level required for efficient desaturation of 18:0.

Tallow in Atlantic salmon feed

Abstract Amongst the various available alternative oils, tallow (TAL) has attracted limited research interest and is not commonly used in commercial aquafeeds. This is likely due to concerns of consumers' perception and its high saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, which raises concerns about its digestibility, particularly for species cultured in cold water conditions, such as the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Conversely TAL is conveniently priced and has a very low n − 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, which may be beneficial to the final product quality. In many parts of the world, modern salmon aquafeed commonly contains poultry by-product oil (PbO) as the alternative lipid source to replace fish oil (FO). Accordingly, the control diet used for the present experiment contained 75% PbO and 25% FO, as the added dietary lipid sources. Five additional experimental diets were formulated to progressively increase the level of TAL inclusion substituting PbO in 10% increments (10–50%), with a constant amount of FO (25%). A feeding trial was conducted using triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon over a 14 week time period at 10 °C. No difference in growth performance was recorded between treatments, but TAL substitution impacted lipid and fatty acid digestibility. The apparent in vivo β-oxidation of SFA intensified with TAL inclusion, whilst n − 3 PUFA β-oxidation decreased. TAL inclusion also resulted in increased apparent in vivo bioconversion of 22:5n − 3 to 22:6n − 3. This was also reflected in fillet and whole body n − 3 long chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) composition. TAL inclusion impacted positively on the fillet n − 3/n − 6 PUFA ratio. This study suggests that TAL appears to be a viable alternative oil, with potential for inclusion in commercial aquafeeds.

Ethyl acetoacetate: A potential bio-based diluent for improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

Ethyl acetoacetate was investigated as a potential bio-based diluent for improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil generally has relatively high saturated fatty acid content, meaning that the cold flow properties of the converted biodiesel are more challenging than the properties of biodiesel from conventional vegetable oils. The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and pour point (PP) of biodiesel decreased after adding ethyl acetoacetate at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% (vol). Both PP and CFPP decreased by 4°C at 20vol% ethyl acetoacetate. The effect of ethyl acetoacetate on kinematic viscosity, acid value and flash point was determined. Every sample satisfied ASTM D6751 except for the flash point (⩾10vol% ethyl acetoacetate), but the 5vol% blends were all acceptable. Oxidative stability was improved with the addition of ethyl acetoacetate. Overall, ethyl acetoacetate appears acceptable as a bio-based diluent for improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel.

Antioxidant treatment prevents the development of fructose-induced abdominal adipose tissue dysfunction

In the present study, we tested the effect of OS (oxidative stress) inhibition in rats fed on an FRD [fructose-rich diet; 10% (w/v) in drinking water] for 3 weeks. Normal adult male rats received a standard CD (commercial diet) or an FRD without or with an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, APO (apocynin; 5 mM in drinking water; CD-APO and FRD-APO). We thereafter measured plasma OS and metabolic-endocrine markers, AAT (abdominal adipose tissue) mass and cell size, FA (fatty acid) composition (content and release), OS status, LEP (leptin) and IRS (insulin receptor substrate)-1/IRS-2 mRNAs, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, NADPH oxidase activity and LEP release by isolated AAT adipocytes. FRD-fed rats had larger AAT mass without changes in body weight, and higher plasma levels of TAG (triacylglycerol), FAs, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) and LEP. Although no significant changes in glucose and insulin plasma levels were observed in these animals, their HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) values were significantly higher than those of CD. The AAT from FRD-fed rats had larger adipocytes, higher saturated FA content, higher NADPH oxidase activity, greater ROS production, a distorted FA content/release pattern, lower insulin sensitivity together with higher and lower mRNA content of LEP and IRS-1-/2 respectively, and released a larger amount of LEP. The development of all the clinical, OS, metabolic, endocrine and molecular changes induced by the FRD were significantly prevented by APO co-administration. The fact that APO treatment prevented both changes in NADPH oxidase activity and the development of all the FRD-induced AAT dysfunctions in normal rats strongly suggests that OS plays an important role in the FRD-induced MS (metabolic syndrome) phenotype.

Effect of fractional winterization of beef tallow biodiesel on the cold flow properties and viscosity

Biodiesel can cause performance problems at cold temperatures because of its fatty acid composition. Flow characteristics of biodiesel such as viscosity, density, cloud point and pour point increase as saturated fatty acid content of the lipid material used as a feedstock increases. Beef tallow, due to its high saturated fatty acid content, is not preferred as a feedstock in biodiesel production. In this study, it is aimed to reduce saturated fatty acid content of biodiesel obtained from beef tallow by fractional crystallization process also known as winterization. The fatty acid methyl ester contents of the filtrates obtained from crystallization were determined. In addition, cloud point, pour point, viscosity and density of biodiesel winterized were monitored. It has been detected that saturated fatty acid methyl ester content of winterized biodiesel from beef tallow reduced from 86.91% to 73.38% while unsaturated ones increased from 12.00% to 19.95% until the lowest crystallization temperature which is 16.3°C in six steps. It was observed that density, viscosity and cold flow properties of the beef tallow biodiesel significantly improved by the removal of saturated methyl esters from the biodiesel.

Effect of gender, housing density and the interaction on growth performance and carcass and meat quality of pigs slaughtered at 110 kg body weight

A total of 228 crossbred pigs were used to investigate the effect of gender (gilts and barrows), density at housing (0.84 and 0.76 m2/pig) and the interaction on growth performance and carcass and merit from 19.4 to 110 kg body weight. Feed intake of gilts increased as the space allowance decreased but no effect was observed in barrows (p&lt;0.05 for the interaction). However, no interaction was observed for average daily gain or feed-to-gain ratio. Barrows had 2.4% less (p&lt;0.01) carcass lean percentage but 9% more (p&lt;0.05) intramuscular fat content than gilts. The concentration of linoleic acid in the outer layer of backfat was higher (p&lt;0.05) for gilts than for barrows when pigs were allocated at 0.84 m2/pig, but no differences were observed at 0.76 m2/pig. Also, barrows had 2.7% more (p&lt;0.05) total saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the outer layer of backfat and lower monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p&lt;0.01) and linoleic acid (p&lt;0.05) content in the inner layer than gilts. Housing density did not affect any of the carcass quality traits studied but an increase in space allowance decreased (p&lt;0.05) MUFA content in both layers. Pigs allocated at 0.84 m2/pig tended (p&lt;0.10) to have higher SFA content in the inner layer than pigs allocated at 0.76 m2/pig. We concluded that gilts and barrows respond differently to space allocation in respect to feed intake and unsaturation of backfat. Housing density did not affect growth performance of pigs slaughtered at 110 kg but MUFA content decreased with increases in space allowance.

Short communication. Estimation of cross-fertilization rate in saff lower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Safflower is a promising oilseed crop for the production of specialty oils in the Mediterranean area. Oil quality traits such as high oleic acid content, high linoleic acid content, high saturated fatty acid content, or high gamma-tocopherol content have been developed in this crop. The traits are controlled by the genotype of the developing embryo and therefore they are influenced by the presence of foreign pollen. The objective of this research was to study the rate of cross-fertilization in safflower using the high oleic acid trait as a biochemical marker. An experiment in which each high oleic plant was surrounded by 24 low oleic acid plants was conducted over three environments in the same location at Córdoba, Spain. The average rate of cross-fertilization in the three environments was 5.7, 12.1, and 13.2%, though higher frequencies up to 35.9% were detected at the single-plant level and up to 58.3% at the single-head level. The low average outcrossing frequencies identified in this research indicate no need for large isolation distances between conventional cultivars and cultivars with special oil characteristics. However, the occurrence of a significant outcrossing rate should be taken into consideration if transgenic safflower is to be cultivated close to conventional safflower or in areas of distribution of wild Carthamus species.

Meat characteristics of chickens from an F1 cross of two improved Spanish breeds depending on slaughter age

The present study analysed the meat characteristics of i) improved Castellana Negra chickens slaughtered at 18 weeks (CN-18) and ii) F1 crossbred chickens from improved Castellana Negra hens and improved Penedesenca Negracocks (CNPN) slaughtered at 12 weeks and 18 weeks of age (young and adult animals, respectively). Purebred andcrossbred specimens were compared at similar weights (CN-18 and CNPN-12) and ages (CN-18 and CNPN-18). The protein content of the meat was similar for the three types of animals; heavier animals (CNPN-18) had more fat thanthose slaughtered at lower weights (CNPN-12 and CN-18). Adults had a higher saturated fatty acid content and theyoung CNPN chickens had more monounsaturated fatty acids than CN chickens. In the CNPN adults, less water was lost during cooking, which is directly related to the juiciness of the meat. With regard to sensory analysis, a darker colour was observed in the meat as much as the internal fat of adult animals, in addition to greater colour uniformity. The meat of young CNPN birds was juicier, whereas that of the CN chickens was more fibrous. Therefore, we conclude that meat from CNPN chickens presents chemical, physical, and sensorial characteristics that make these animals a genetic base for alternative poultry production.

Ethyl levulinate: A potential bio-based diluent for biodiesel which improves cold flow properties

Biodiesel, defined as mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, is an attractive renewable fuel alternative to conventional petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel produced from oils such as cottonseed oil and poultry fats suffer from extremely poor cold flow properties because of their high saturated fatty acid content. In the current study, Ethyl Levulinate (ethyl 4-oxopentanoate) was investigated as a novel, bio-based cold flow improver for use in biodiesel fuels. The cloud (CP), pour (PP), and cold filter plugging points (CFPP) of biodiesel fuels prepared from cottonseed oil and poultry fat were improved upon addition of ethyl levulinate at 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0% (vol). Reductions of 4–5 °C in CP, 3–4 °C in PP and 3 °C in CFPP were observed at 20 vol % ethyl levulinate. The influence of ethyl levulinate on acid value, induction period, kinematic viscosity and flash point was determined. The kinematic viscosities and flash points decreased with increasing content of ethyl levulinate. All samples (≤15 vol % ethyl levulinate) satisfied the ASTM D6751 limit with respect to flash point, but none of the 20 vol % blends were acceptable when compared to the higher EN 14214 specification. Acid value and oxidative stability were essentially unchanged upon addition of ethyl levulinate. In summary, ethyl levulinate appears acceptable as a diluent for biodiesel fuels with high saturated fatty acid content.

PORÓWNANIE SKŁADU KWASÓW TŁUSZCZOWYCH ZAWARTYCH W TŁUSZCZU MLEKA KLACZY I KRÓW

The objective of the study was to assess the composition of fatty acids (FA) in the mare's milk fat and to compare them with the composition of FA in the cow's milk fat, with a focus on the FA appearing essential in human nutrition. The research material consisted of 10 mare's milk samples and 10 cow's milk samples taken from the milk of the animals during the winter and summer feeding periods, in the Mazovia region. In each sample, the fatty matter content was determined using a Rose-Gottlieb method, as was the composition of FA using a gas chromatography. The analysis of FA composition in the mare's milk showed a high content of saturated FA: caprylic C8:0, capric C10:0,lauric C12:0. The unsaturated FA of the mare's milk were represented mainly by the linoleic acid C18:2 9c12c and the alpha linolenic acid C18:3 9c12c15c. The cow's milk was characterized by the higher content of the following saturated FA: butyric acid C4:0, caproic acid C6:0, and stearic acid C10:0, as well as by a significantly lower content of polyunsaturated FA: linolenic and alpha linolenic acid. The content of FA in the milk of those two animal species was characterized by the high season-dependent variation

The argentine wild Helianthus annuus L. genetic resource

Wild Helianthus annuus naturalized in Argentina could be a valuable germplasm source for cultivated sunflower. Five wild populations collected in different environments and with different phenotype expression were evaluated as a genetic resource in a common garden study. The populations showed normal meiosis and produced a good seed set when their plants pollinated the male-sterile inbred line A09 (cms PET1). The wild populations restored more than 80% fertility of the HA89 (cms PET1) and A10 (cms PET1) inbred lines in the F1 generation. The fertility of one male sterile source from Mendoza was restored (>95%) by the maintainer line B10. The fatty acid composition differentiated a population from Entre Rios with a high saturated fatty acid content (>107 g kg-1). Another population from La Pampa showed a high level (>50%) of resistance to the Sunflower Chlorotic Mottle Virus (SuCMoV). No wild populations showed tolerance to imazaphyr sprayed at 2× doses (×=80 g i.a. ha-1). A population collected in the coolest environment showed high tolerance to low temperature (15/5°C, neutral day) in the initial grow stages ( 80%) under water stress (-0.4 MPa) imposed by polyethylene glycol 6000. This population and a second one from southern Buenos Aires showed the lowest leaf temperature increase (<10%) and the highest foliar specific density under artificial drought during the R4 to R6 reproductive stages. It was concluded that wild H. annuus naturalized in central Argentina can supply some useful traits for sunflower breeding.