High Salt Water Research Articles

Growth and Visual Responses of Three Southwestern Acer Taxa to High-Salt Irrigation Water

Abstract The effects of irrigation water high in soluble salts on the establishment of three species of maple trees in a Southwestern landscape were determined. Thirty Drummond red maple, Caddo sugar maple and bigtooth maple trees were irrigated during a 15-month period with either municipal water (pH 7.9, EC=952–1197 mg/l) or rainwater (pH 6.0, EC = 8.4 mg/l) after planting in containers of sandy clay loam soil. Trees of all species irrigated with rainwater had greater height and caliper increases, and better visual appearances than did those watered with municipal water. The Caddo and bigtooth maples were visually superior to the Drummond red maples. Frequency of irrigation had no effect on any measured plant responses, and no differences in leaf areas due to irrigation source or frequency were found.

Vascular responsiveness to protein kinase C activators in mineralocorticoid-hypertensive rats

This study characterizes vascular reactivity to protein kinase C activators, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and mezerein, in normotensive sham and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. Mesenteric arteries were excised, cut helically into strips and placed in a muscle bath for measurement of isometric force generation. Cumulative addition of TPA or mezerein to the bath caused an increase in tension in arteries from hypertensive and normotensive rats. Threshold values for TPA and mezerein (dose that produced a 5 mN/mm2 response) were lower in arteries from DOCA-salt rats (TPA, 0.24 x 10(-8) mol/l; mezerein, 0.32 x 10(-8) mol/l) than in control arteries (TPA, 2.82 x 10(-8) mol/l; mezerein, 2.34 x 10(-8) mol/l). Contractions to TPA in arteries from DOCA hypertensive rats were inhibited by the calcium-channel antagonist verapamil (10(-6) mol/l) to a greater degree than normotensive values. Arteries from rats undergoing DOCA-salt treatment for 5-7 days and from DOCA-treated rats drinking tap water for 4-6 weeks were less responsive to TPA than were arteries from the DOCA-salt hypertensive rats after 4-6 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, responsiveness to TPA in arteries from untreated rats was reduced compared with that in arteries from normotensive rats maintained on high-salt drinking water. Threshold responses to TPA did not differ between arteries incubated with 10(-6) mol/l deoxycorticosterone and those incubated with the vehicle (ethanol). This study demonstrates that arteries from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats are more responsive to the contractile effects of TPA and mezerein than those from normotensive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

神戸層群の地すべり地に存在する高濃度Na-HCO3型地下水の形成1機構

The tuffaceous-mudstone is softened by chemical weathering and causes to collapse or landslide, in the Kobe Group of the Sanda basin, Hyogo prefecture. Additionally some high sodium bicarbonate groundwaters occur in this area. Author describes formation mechanism of groundwater including sodium bicarbonate and considered the relation between chemical nature of water and landslides.The Kobe Group investigated is composed mainly of tuffaceous-mudstone, sandstone and tuff. Among them the tuffaceous-mudstone regulates the chemical quality of groundwater. The tuffaceousmudstone contains both montmorillonite adsorbing exchangeable sodium ion and minor amount of calcium carbonate. Although calcium carbonate has very low solubility itself, in the case of coexistence with sodium-montmorillonite, dissolved calcium ion exchanges for sodium ion, then solubility equilibrium of calcium carbonate breaks. Consequently chemical nature of water becomes high sodium bicarbonate type and alkaline. The more exchangeable cation is abundant in exchangeable sodium, the more the solution becomes high concentration in bicarbonate.In the Kobe Group, when the tuffaceous-mudstone which adsorbs exchangeable sodium ion highly reacts with rainwater or groundwater to generate high sodium bicarbonate water in high concentration, and as a results calcium carbonate in the tuffraceous-mudstone may solve effectively.Under these conditions, because of existence of such high salt water and alkaline water, montmorillonite may be produced newly. Therefore tuffaceous-mudstone is softened with water and causes to collapse or landslide.

A computer program for calculating parameters necessary for reclaiming sodic soils using high-salt-water

Two salt waters are used for a preliminary calculation of the soil parameters necessary for the reclamation of two finetextured sodic soils. The reclamation is based on the high-salt water principle and the addition of a constant quantity of Ca 2+ at every successive dilution step. A computer program is put forward which provides quick calculation and display of these parameters for evaluating the two different salt-waters. The quantities of water and the duration of the reclamation process in relation to the effectiveness of these waters are the main criteria under discussion when choosing one of these waters.

Atrial natriuretic factor and salt adaptation in the teleost fish Gila atraria.

It is unknown whether atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a mediator of environmental salt tolerance in euryhaline teleost fish. This was investigated in anesthetized Gila atraria, a euryhaline teleost native to springs of pleistocene Lake Bonneville. Plasma levels of immunoreactive (ir) ANF [using anti-human ANF-(99-126) antibodies] in fish obtained from a "fresh water" spring were significantly lower (146 +/- 27) than those in fish obtained from a "1% NaCl" spring (347 +/- 21 pg/ml, P less than 0.01). Electron micrographs of fish atrial and ventricular cardiocytes demonstrated many perinuclear granules, which closely resembled ANF-containing secretory granules seen in mammalian atriocytes. Fish heart extract contained ANF-like material of 3 kDa, which caused a marked diuresis and natriuresis in rats. In a second study, fish from a 1% NaCl spring were kept in tanks. One-third of the fish were maintained in 1% NaCl and one-third each were either adapted to fresh- or high-salt water. After 12 days, plasma irANF levels in 1% NaCl fish were 343 +/- 55, in fresh water fish 213 +/- 20 and in high-NaCl fish 691 +/- 79 pg/ml. These values differed significantly from each other (P less than 0.01). There was a close correlation between plasma irANF levels and both environmental and internal salt concentration. These data suggest that piscine ANF is an as yet unrecognized mediator of salt tolerance in this teleost and that ANF in these animals closely resembles mammalian ANF.

Adhesives and sealants for severe environments

Recents developments in adhesives and sealants for use in environments of high temperature, low temperature, stress, moisture, salt water and fire are reviewed, and areas for future materials development are highlighted.

Fracture mechanics evaluation of filament wound case materials subjected to operational environments

The fracture characteristics of several filament wound composite materials were evaluated over operational conditions typical of solid rocket motor composite cases. The fracture toughness (KQ) for Mode I crack growth was determined for three composite systems, a Kevlar-49/AS4 graphite laminate and two AS4 graphite laminates of different orientation layup. Double-edge notch tensile coupons were used to generate KQ data at several crack sizes at room temperature to determine that value of KQ which was independent of crack length. The fracture toughness and net stress were found to depend on crack length over a fairly large range. These results were in good agreement with other work reported on flat plate, autoclaved laminate systems. The effects of elevated temperatures (150° to 200°F) were compared to the ambient (77°F) results for single cycle loading and found to be within the scatter of the tests. Since potential applications of the composite systems involved multiple cycle loading, high humidity exposure, and salt water submersion, several tests were conducted to evaluate these effects, on KQ. All samples were subjected to three loading cycles to 75% of ultimate failure and then placed in other environments. High humidity (15% RH) and salt water exposure effects were evaluated in two sample sets. These sets, plus one control set, were then tested at 200°F after removal from the environment. The data show that the fracture toughness, KQ, was unaffected by the operational environmental exposure and multiple load cycles.

Hydrocarbon Habitat of East Shetland Basin and North Viking Graben of Northern North Sea: ABSTRACT

In the East Shetland basin, Late Jurassic rifting formed tilted fault blocks and unconformity traps sealed by onlapping Cretaceous mudstones. Important oil-bearing reservoirs are Middle and Lower Jurassic marginal/nonmarine sheet sandstones and restricted Upper Jurassic submarine fan/shallow-marine sandstones. Mature Upper Jurassic mudstone and Middle Jurassic coal source rocks located in half grabens downdip of the major fields, and in the flanking western Viking graben, generated oil in Eocene to Miocene time. Study of reservoir pressures, distribution, and structure defines the major Jurassic aquifers in the East Shetland basin. The geometric relationship of these aquifers to the source rock kitchens defines the volumes of source rock drained by the major oil fields. Quantitative modeling of the volume of oil generated and expelled from the source rocks (from geochemical and compaction data) accounts for the inplace reserves of the fields. In the Viking graben, deeply buried Jurassic fault blocks that now contain mainly gas condensate and high pressure salt water were sourced with oil in the Late Cretaceous to Eocene, and with gas in the late Eocene to Recent. Extensive vertical migration of oil has occurred from Jurassic source rocks and reservoirs through thick, microfractured, overpressured Cretaceous mudstones, up the fault zones reactivated in the Tertiary, and into an extensive Paleocene/lower Eocene aquifer sealed by Eocene mudstones. The oil was probably degraded during Miocene freshwater flushing, and displaced out of lower Tertiary traps up onto the East Shetland platform by subsequent gas migration. End_of_Article - Last_Page 794------------

Survival ofEscherichia coli in great salt lake water

Survival ofEscherichia coli was studied in water from the Great Salt Lake, a highly saline lake with an ionic composition much like sea water. Samples used were from the most concentrated north arm (343.1 g l−1 solids) and the less concentrated south arm (about 113 g l−1 solids). At temperatures from 20°C to 9°C the bacterial death rate (k) for the north arm was −0.17 log day−1 and the south arm and 1:3 dilution −0.28 log day−1. Above 9°C the rate of death increased approximately exponentially and at 19°C the rate of death increased approximately exponentially and at 19°C the death rate was −1.31 log day−1 in the north arm and −0.98 log day−1 in the lower salinity water. These rates fall within those reported for sea water and are much higher than fresh water. Possible causes of death are discussed with the most likely being the high concentrations of minor elements or osmotic stress. The survival characteristics ofE. coli in waters with a sea water-like composition should require the same health concern as sea water regardless of the actual concentration of salt. High salt water of other ionic composition may behave differently, however.

EFFECT OF DIETARY EDTA ON THE ABILITY OF CHICKS TO TOLERATE SODIUM CHLORIDE IN THE WATER

Broiler chicks, allocated in a randomized block design, were fed four diets containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of the diet and drinking water with a high salt concentration (6000 ppm). A control group received tap water and the EDTA-free diet. The addition of 6000 ppm NaCl in the drinking water had no effect on weight gain or feed conversion. Similarly, the inclusion of up to 0.4% EDTA in the feed had no adverse effect on weight gain. Analyses of packed-cell volume (PCV) and plasma sodium, chloride and calcium concentrations showed no changes as a result of treatment. Water consumption almost doubled for the chicks subjected to high salt water regimens compared with the control. Two groups of chicks received the EDTA-free diet, and significantly (P < 0.10) higher mortality was found for the group on the salt water compared with the tap water controls. The mortality in the former was also significantly (P < 0.10) higher than for the group receiving 0.2% EDTA in the diet and salt water. The chicks on the 0.4% EDTA diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality than control chicks on tap water and those chicks receiving salt water and diets containing 0.1% and 0.2% EDTA. Postmortem examination indicated that ascites and widespread edema were the causes of death in chicks that drank salt water and consumed diets containing no EDTA or 0.4% EDTA. The death of chicks on treatments that resulted in low mortality rates was not attributable to ascites. The reason for the apparent beneficial effect of feeding 0.2% EDTA in the diet in conjunction with the salt water remains open to conjecture.

The renal response of sheep to prolonged ingestion of sodium chloride

The renal function of sheep; after the ingestion of solutions containing 0.89% sodium chloride and 0.5% sodium sulphate, 1.14% sodium chloride and 0.2% sodium sulphate, and 1.3% sodium chloride offered as the only source of drinking water for a period of 6 months, was studied and compared with that of sheep fed on an identical diet and provided with rain-water. The daily fluid intake and the quantity of urine excreted increased in proportion to the concentration of the sodium chloride ingested. The glomerular fi1tration rate and filtration fraction were increased in the sheep drinking the saline water, but the renal plasma flow was only slightly reduced. The observations indicate that the sheep is able to tolerate relatively high salt water by virtue of a renal adjustment which favours increased filtration and so the elimination of the ingested salt.

Domenico Veneziano at San Tarasio

SINCE the grandiose cycle of frescoes that decorate the apsidal vault of the chapel of San Tarasio in San Zaccaria (Fig. 1) had become impossible to appreciate owing to the pall of mold and repaint that covered them (Fig. 2), the decision to clean them became urgent. Five years ago, after setting up a scaffolding in order to study a plan of restoration, we found ourselves facing a really alarming situation. In many places the painted surface turned out to be lifted up in little scales produced by the hardening of the casein, unfortunately applied at the time of a previous restoration. But the gravest symptom was revealed by the efflorescences which appeared here and there, disclosing the disintegrating consistency of the intonaco (Fig. 4). This was due to the dampness that for centuries has been condensing in the high apse vault, and also to the fact that high tide salt water stagnates in the crypt immediately below the chapel. To remedy this situation pumps were employed some decades ago but, soon paraly...