Higher Salaries Research Articles

Organization of School Education on the Trans-Baikal Railway in the Beginning of the 20th Century

In the article the issue of the beginning of work experience and the development of the secondary schools in the Trans-Baikal section of the Trans-Siberian Railway is observed. The Trans-Baikal railway was the most important strategic object of the cross-border territory. Its effective activity was the key to the successful development and accelerated integration of the Eastern suburbs into the General Imperial space. Historiographic analysis showed a poor degree of knowledge of the sociocultural aspect in the activities of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which determined the purpose of the study. The study was conducted on the basis of historical and archival, comparative, statistical methods. A number of archival documents are mentioned in science for the first time. According to the author, the problem of providing the railway with a stable staff and the organization of traffic safety made it necessary to implement a socially oriented program for road employees. The organization of a school network at major railway stations was recognized as a promising area. Based on archival materials, the author investigated the process of its creation. It was established that to create a school network on the Trans-Baikal section of the road, special authorities were formed ‒ the Committee, local guardianships, and the position of an auditor was established. The formation order, principles of activity and competence of government bodies are determined. It was noted that the sphere of power of the authorities were economic and administrative issues. The organization of the educational process remained the subject of the Ministry of Education. Based on the clerical materials, the author determined the sources and procedure for financing educational institutions. The author notes that the Ministry of Railways allocated most of the funds for school maintenance. We established that 21 educational institutions were organized on the Trans-Baikal section of the road. The schools were jointly run by the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Education, and the Orthodox Church. The author noted the unchangeable teaching staff in the Trans-Siberian schools, a higher salary in comparison with schools of other departments. Attention is drawn to the annual increase in the number of students and the invariable percentage of graduates. The author gives a generalized description of the teaching and student staff of railway schools. In conclusion, it was noted that the experience of creating a departmental school network has shown positive results, contributing to the development of cross-border territories Keywords: Trans-Siberian Railway, Trans-Baikal section, school network, social sphere, school committee

Do patients bypass primary care for common health problems under a free-access system? Experience of Taiwan

BackgroundA common challenge for free-access systems is that people may bypass primary care and seek secondary care through self-referral. Taiwan’s government has undertaken various initiatives to mitigate bypass; however, little is known about whether the bypass trend has decreased over time. This study examined the extent to which patients bypass primary care for treatment of common diseases and factors associated with bypass under Taiwan’s free-access system.MethodsThis repeated cross-sectional study analyzed data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. A random sample of 1 million enrollees was drawn repeatedly from the insured population during 2000–2017. To capture visits beyond the community level, the bypass rate was defined as the proportion of self-referred visits to the top two levels of providers, namely academic medical centers and regional hospitals, among all visits to all providers. Subgroup analyses were conducted for visits with a single diagnosis. Logistic regressions were used to investigate factors associated with bypass.ResultsThe standardized bypass rate for all diseases analyzed exhibited a decreasing trend. In 2017, it was low for common cold (0.7–1.3%), moderate for hypertension (14.0–29.5%), but still high for diabetes (32.0–47.0%). Moreover, the likelihood of bypass was higher for male, patients with higher salaries or comorbidities, and in areas with more physicians practicing in large hospitals or less physicians working in primary care facilities.ConclusionsAlthough the bypass trend has decreased over time, continuing efforts may be required to reduce bypass associated with chronic diseases. Both patient sociodemographic and market characteristics were associated with the likelihood of bypass. These results may help policymakers to develop strategies to mitigate bypass.

The role of sports and well-being programmes in choosing workplaces in the future

AbstractDue to recent changes in the labour market, recruitment and retaining employees have become more important than ever. Research dealing with the appearance of new generations in the labour market has found that they are less loyal to their employers, have high demands, and the key factors that they consider when choosing a job are salary, career opportunities, working environment, and work-life balance. As numerous studies in recent years have proved the importance of a healthy lifestyle in the context of labour, the question has arisen whether opportunities for sport participation and services supporting the well-being of employees have an influence on young people when they are seeking employment. We carried out an online survey to find out what students of the University of Debrecen think about the issue. The results were in line with the findings of previous studies, that is, young people look for high salaries, good working conditions, work-life balance and career opportunities when choosing a job. However, respondents did not identify sports opportunities and well-being benefits as major factors Yet, we found significant differences between different groups in terms of preference of particular factors, depending on sex, marital status, and whether someone does physical exercises regularly, and whether someone works while attending a university course or not.

Un mismo comienzo y dos caminos dispares: la Reparación Histórica y la Pensión Universal para el Adulto Mayor (2016-2019)

La ley 27.260 creó en 2016 en la Argentina dos programas dirigidos a los adultos mayores: la Reparación Histórica y la Pensión Universal para el Adulto Mayor (PUAM). El público objetivo era diametralmente distinto, ya que la Reparación Histórica estaba destinada a los beneficiarios del Sistema Integrado Previsional Argentino (SIPA) de ingresos altos que tenían juicios pendientes con el Estado, mientras que la PUAM se dirigía a adultos mayores sin cobertura previsional, por lo que la ley fue la vía de producción de la desigualdad. Este trabajo muestra cómo los beneficiarios previsionales de mayores ingresos pudieron sostener sus ingresos por encima de la inflación en el período 2016-2019 debido a las transferencias recibidas por la Reparación Histórica, en un contexto general de caída de los haberes reales, aumentando la desigualdad entre los beneficiarios previsionales del SIPA.

When career success enhances employees' life satisfaction: different effects of two types of goal orientations

PurposeDrawing on goal orientation theory, the authors propose a moderated mediation model, wherein objective career success is positively related to employees' life satisfaction through subjective career success moderated by learning and performance goal orientations.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 188 employees in South Korea. The hypotheses were tested with the moderated mediation regression analysis.FindingsThe results indicated that salary and promotion, as indicators of objective career success, were positively related to subjective career success. However, subjective career success mediated only the influence of salary, not promotion, on life satisfaction. Furthermore, the authors found that the indirect relationship between salary and life satisfaction via subjective career success was not significant for employees with high learning goal orientation but was significant for those with high performance goal orientation.Practical implicationsOrganizations need to understand that a higher salary and frequent promotions may not always be positively related to employees' satisfaction with career and personal life and should consider the types of goal orientations.Originality/valueThe authors’ consideration of goal orientation as a dispositional characteristic contributes to the comprehensive understanding of how employees' learning and performance goal orientations interact with objective career success in influencing their subjective career and life satisfaction.

Barriers to Post-CCST training in orthodontics: A survey of trainee perceptions.

In order to be eligible for consultant appointments within the NHS, orthodontists can undertake higher specialty training after their Certificate of Completion of Specialist Training (CCST). These training posts are known as Post-CCST positions and orthodontists must be eligible for inclusion on the General Dental Council's (GDC) specialist list for orthodontics before applying. There has been a decline in the number of applicants and the number of filled Post-CCST positions in recent years, leading to concerns over a potential shortage of appropriately trained consultant orthodontists to provide a secondary care service in the near future. This survey was undertaken to identify barriers to applying for Post-CCST training and assess potential options for increasing trainee numbers. An online survey was distributed, by email, to current orthodontic trainees and those that had recently completed training in the last six months via the British Orthodontic Society Training Grades Group. Reminder emails were sent at two and four weeks. A total of 201 trainees were invited to complete the survey. Eighty-nine trainees completed the survey (response rate of 44.3%). Regarding applying to Post-CCST training, 32.6% and 47.7% of respondents, respectively, either wanted to or were considering applying for Post-CCST training. The South East was the most preferred region for Post-CCST training (38.0%). Reasons for not wishing to complete Post-CCST training included salary (71.9%), lack of consultant posts in desired regions (64.1%) and inability/unwillingness to relocate (63.5%). Part-time training (91.0%) and a higher salary during training (86.0%) were most likely to incentivise application for Post-CCST training. Financial, family and geographical concerns appear to be the main reasons why trainees might not consider Post-CCST training. Part-time and run-through training options may encourage trainees to apply for Post-CCST training.

Prevalence of multimorbidity in the Cypriot population; A cross-sectional study (2018-2019).

BackgroundMultimorbidity is defined as the co-existence of two or more chronic conditions. As life expectancy is increasing so does the prevalence of multimorbidity. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in Cyprus and identify the most prevalent diseases.MethodsA representative sample of n = 1140 individuals over 18 years old was surveyed during 2018–2019. Demographic characteristics as well as the presence of chronic conditions, including mental disorders, were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Diseases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10).ResultsThe age and gender standardized prevalence of multimorbidity was 28.6%. Multimorbidity was associated with age (p<0.001), with the highest rate observed among people aged 65+ years old (68.9%). Multimorbidity was higher in women than men (28.2% vs. 22.5%, p < .001) but similar in urban and rural regions (26.4% vs. 23.8%, p = 0.395). The most prevalent chronic diseases among people with multimorbidity were hyperlipidemia (44.7%), followed by hypertension (37.5%), gastric reflux (23.9%), and thyroid diseases (22.2%), while the most common combinations of diseases were in the circulatory and endocrine systems. The profile of the multimorbid individual indicated this to be a person at an older age with a higher BMI, a current smoker with a higher salary.ConclusionsMore than one quarter of the general population of Cyprus has multimorbidity, and this rate is almost 70% among the elderly. Multimorbidity is relatively common even in younger ages too. This underlines the need for prevention strategies and health awareness programs for the entire population.

Labour Migration from Ukraine to Poland: Current State and Further Perspectives

Throughout its history, Ukraine has been both a country of origin and transit or destination for migrants. Ukraine has always been actively involved in the migration processes of Europe and the world. Poland has always attracted Ukrainians because of its territorial proximity, minor language barrier and higher salaries. After 2014, Poland became the most popular destination among Ukrainian workers. The significant increase in the number of migrants from Ukraine is due not only to economic reasons but also to the military conflict in Eastern Ukraine which had an impact on the geography of migration flows, gender composition etc. At the same time, Poland experienced a shortage of workers amid successful economic development and record low unemployment. The situation connected with the spread of the virus, the pandemic, and the closure of borders have significantly affected the economic situation in the world, migration flows, migration policy etc. However, it is diffi cult to predict migration flows after the end of quarantine, but it is clear that the EU member states will primarily need seasonal workers from Eastern European countries (including Ukraine). As Poland will also need additional labour forces, it can be argued that it will consolidate its position as the leading destination for Ukrainian labour migrants.

The Declining Residency Applicant Pool: A Multi-Institutional Medical Student Survey to Identify Precipitating Factors

PurposeThe purpose of our study was to better understand and identify concerns that may be responsible for the declining radiation oncology (RO) residency applicant pool. Methods and MaterialsAll RO residency programs affiliated with a US medical school were asked to participate in the study survey. An optional and anonymous survey consisting of 12 questions was emailed to all graduating medical students in 2020 at the 12 allopathic medical schools that agreed to survey administration. Survey responses were collected from March to May 2020. ResultsThe study consisted of 265 survey responses out of 1766 distributed to eligible medical students, resulting in a response rate of 15.0%. The majority of students reported no exposure to RO (60.8%) and never considered it as a career option (63.8%). Neutral perceptions of the field were more common (54.3%) than positive (39.6%) and negative (6.0%). The top factors attracting medical students to RO were perceptions of high salary, favorable lifestyle and workload, and technological focus. The top negative factors were the field’s interplay with physics, competitive United States Medical Licensing Examination board scores for matched applicants, and the focus placed on research during medical school. In the subgroup of students who were interested in RO but ultimately applied to another specialty, the job market was the most salient concern. ConclusionsFinding a place for RO in medical school curricula remains a challenge, with most surveyed students reporting no exposure during their education. Concern over the job market was the primary deterrent for medical students interested in pursuing RO. For disinterested students who had not considered RO as a career option, the required physics knowledge was the main deterrent.

Investigation of the differences between the medical personnel\u2019s and general population\u2019s view on the doctor-patient relationship in China by a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundDue to economic development and an increase in the aging population, the demand for medical resources is increasing. A good doctor-patient relationship (DPR) can optimize patients’ medical experience and improve treatment efficiency. The DPR, however, is currently in crisis in China. To explore ways to improve DPR, this study assessed the views on the status of the DPR, medical services, and the general situation of medical work among medical personnel (MP) and the general population (GP).MethodsThis cross-sectional study, conducted between December 2019 and March 2020, targeted the MP and the GP in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, and Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. A total of 154 MP and 329 GP answered a self-administered questionnaire through Questionnaire Star and WeChat apps. Wilcoxon’s Sign Rank Test, Chi-square test, and frequency distributions and percentages were used to process the data.ResultsOnly 11.04% of the MP and 14.89% of the GP believed that the current DPR was harmonious. Moreover, 54.55% of the MP and 71.12% of the GP believed that the medical industry was a service industry. While 14.29% of the MP and 64.44% of the GP thought medical staff earned high salaries, 19.48% of the MP and 47.11% of the GP wanted their children to be in the medical industry. The recognition of the current status of the DPR did not affect the GP’s preference for their children’s practice (p < 0.05). Most MPs hoped to improve salaries (40.26%), followed by safety (17.53%) and social status (12.99%); only 8.44% of the MP wanted to improve the DPR.ConclusionThe MP’s and GP’s views on the current status of DPR, the importance of medical service attitudes, and the general sense of the medical industry were similar. However, there was a significant difference in the perception of the nature of medical services and the income of the people employed in the medical industry between the two groups. Balancing the expectations of patients in the medical industry and increasing public awareness of the actual situation in the medical industry may be a feasible way to improve the DPR.

“THE MEMORIAL” OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS OF BIBRKA COUNTY OF THE KINGDOM OF GALICIA AND LODOMERIA (1891) AS A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL SOURCE

The purpose of the article is to publish and analyze “The Memorial” of public schools teachers of Bibrka school district (1891) as the source for the history of schooling in Galicia and the socio-legal culture of teachers at the end of the ХІХth century. The research methodology – principles of scientific, objectivity, historicism, methods of external and internal critique of sources. The research novelty is that “The Memorial” of public schools teachers of Bibrka school district (1891) was first published and analyzed as a historical and legal source. The Conclusions. Thus, the analyzed “The Memorial” is an extremely interesting historical source, which reveals the level of a social, professional and group activity and solidarity of teachers in the small county of Galicia at the end of the ХІХth century. The project elaborated by them, despite the completely uncalculated costs for its implementation, deserves attention, primarily, to the principles that teachers proposed to base the system of “advance”: linking the amount of salary (the transition from a lower to higher salary) to the personal success of a teacher, his qualification, experience. At the same time, “The Memorial” testified to the existence of a certain civil position of teachers, who, although timidly, protested against the unsatisfactory social situation, injustices in the provision of a post (the right to “presents”, the arbitrariness of officials), holding posts by unskilled and casual people in a pedagogical profession; the authors of 1The Memorial” emphasized the negative effects of the protection mechanism (indirectly pointing at corruption in this regard) on the morality of teachers and the quality of education, and etc. It should be noted that the document was signed by both Polish and Ukrainian teachers, who pushed aside their interethnic contradictions in the field of defending the interests of their own professional group. The document is a clear proof of the growth of a legal and social culture of “folk teachers”, who gradually became aware of their social importance and dared to take on the role of an active subject in solving the most painful problems of an educational life. The document is published in the original language (Polish) in compliance with the necessary archaeographic requirements.

Situation and Countermeasures of the Management Team of the Elderly Care Institutions from the Perspective of the Combination of Medical and Health Care: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective In order to provide evidence for improving the quality of managers in elderly care institutions, this paper explored the situation of managers of elderly care institutions in a city in Central China under the national guidelines for the combination of medical and elderly health care. Design A cross-sectional study carried out in a city in Central China was designed. Setting. The online questionnaire was distributed to the managers of six elderly care institutions in a city in Central China. Participants. The questionnaire was sent to 61 recipients; from this, 60 responses were obtained. Results There was a 98% response rate. The study found that most managers in elderly care institutions were middle-aged, with low education level and years of management. The job mobility was high, and 27% of the managers had no relevant certificates. Management years had a significant influence on the rate of certificate holding (P < 0.05). Some managers were less than 30 years old and had college degree or above, which indicated that people with young and high levels of education were more likely to become managers. However, there was no significant difference in educational level among managers of different ages (P > 0.05). 56.6% of the managers have received provincial or municipal training, and few managers have received the national level training. The education level is positively related to the access to training opportunities. More than half of the managers earn less than ¥3000 a month. The study showed that the education level was positively related to the career growth space (P < 0.05). Conclusions Specialized training and high salary should be provided for managers to improve their elderly care skills and hence the quality of elderly care service. In addition, in order to improve the education level of managers, a long-term continuing education system should be established gradually. Through expanding the enrollment scale of the nursing school, carrying out training about elderly care skills, and issuing vocational skills certificates to those who pass the examination, the number of local nurses for the elderly will be increasing, and the quality of the elderly care service will be improving.

Cost Saving by Cutting the CEO's Salary : A Case Study of Narmada Techno Crafts Ltd

Narmada Techno Crafts Ltd. is a company in Pithampur (M.P., India) which produces machines, which are exported. The company was suffering because of the lockdown caused due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdown, the factory was closed and the production was also shut down ; hence, the company was unable to complete the export orders. The board of directors was seriously thinking about the same issue. The way of thinking was towards cost cutting. One of the directors had an objection on the high salary of the Chief Executive Officer of the company. He advised a cut down in the CEO's salary package. The Managing Director, Mr. Shantanu Kapadia was not in favour of the same. As per his opinion, the CEO, Mr. Murlidhar Agarwal was an asset for the company who contributed towards a lion’s share in the progress of the company. He presented a four pillared plan to save costs in the future after lockdown as well as tried to prove that the salary of the CEO was not excessive.

Students’ Perspectives on the Master’s Degree in Music Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate currently enrolled students’ perceptions of the master’s degree in music education (MME). A national sample of 136 MME students completed a web-based questionnaire. The most common motivations for enrolling in MME programs were to become a better teacher, to get a higher salary, to gain academic stimulation through graduate-level coursework, and to create a possible pathway to doctoral study in the future. However, motivational differences were evident based on respondents’ degree format (academic year, online, summer, or hybrid). Respondents indicated that they learned about research primarily through reading and discussing research articles, and learned about pedagogy primarily through reading articles on pedagogy/teaching strategies and watching and reflecting on personal teaching videos. I explore implications for music teacher education given these findings as well as respondents’ reports of MME program strengths and areas needing improvement.

Salary comparison: Internal and External (In)Congruence, Distributive Justice, and Employee Withdrawal

Relative salary compared with similar others (i.e. horizontally) has well-established implications for employee attitudes and behaviors at work. Yet, how employees process information on comparisons, such as when internal and external comparison information is incongruent, remains controversial. In this paper we integrate the model of dispositional attribution and equity theory to derive predictions on how congruence and incongruence of internal and external salary comparisons affect perceptions of distributive justice and subsequent employee withdrawal behavior. We hypothesize that the effect of salary comparisons on perceived distributive justice follows a hierarchically restrictive schema where lower salary in comparison is more impactful on justice perceptions than higher salary in comparison. And this effect would further affects employee withdrawal. Two studies were conducted to test our hypotheses: a quasi-experimental study (n = 127) and a time-lagged survey (n = 252). Consistent with our framework, we found that internal and external salary comparisons were positively related to perceived distributive justice, and that when comparison information was incongruent, disadvantaged information more strongly impacted perceived distributive justice than advantaged information. Moreover, this impact on distributive justice negatively related to employee withdrawal. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT GRADUATES’ JOB PREFERENCES: A CASE STUDY ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING CENTER TEACHERS

The demands of English as an international language keep increasing along the time. Through time, the needs for learning English vary from for different purposes. Then the realization came to the surface that not all groups of learners need to learn general English. Thus, the design of English courses is developed for specific purposes as they are best known as English for Specific Purpose (ESP). The needs for learning English in specific purpose enable English teachers to pose themselves in different challenges other than in formal education. This paper aims at investigating the motivations of some English Education Department graduates for working as English instructors at English courses. The qualitative data was obtained by conducting the interview on some English instructors in Swift English School in Yogyakarta. After analyzing the data, it was found that despite its challenges, some English Education graduates prefer to work in English courses to regular schools. With all of the privileges of working in an English course, some general motivations underlie their working preferences. Among of the factors are flexible teaching situation, more chances for improving personal competence, higher salary and moderate career prospect.

Reader response: Understanding and addressing gender equity for women in neurology.

Women neurologists in the United States are indebted to Dr. Julie Silver for her work1 on their behalf. This landmark study methodically identifies—and, more importantly, quantifies—the barriers and prejudices still faced by women in the field. The illustration of lost retirement income as a consequence of earlier career pay disparities is especially compelling. Other early-career inequities have downstream effects as well. The article by Dr. Silver shows how much progress remains to be made in equitable representation and involvement of women in all spheres of academic activity. I run a private Facebook group for female headache clinicians, and I can attest that problems remain at all levels. Women who experience and report sexual harassment must navigate poorly organized and often ineffective and hostile institutional processes; women are still told that men need higher salaries because of their family obligations, and pregnant doctors still face resentment from their colleagues. The problems are not all in the past. Sexism is alive and well in academic medicine and much remains to be done. Thank you, Dr. Silver, for drawing attention to this situation.

Ghanaian EFL Teachers Working in Asia: Benefits and Implications for English Teachers Working Overseas

The present study explores teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Asia, their attitudes toward teaching English, the roles of teaching the English language, motivations, benefits, implications, and the reason they are highly recognized in non-English speaking countries. The researcher applied the qualitative method through semi-structured interviews with (n=4) Ghanaian teachers working in three countries in Asia as EFL instructors; their strengths and weaknesses were investigated. The result of semi-structured interviews revealed that Ghanaian teachers&amp;#39; primary role in Asia is to teach English and literacy skills. Moreover, the reasons they chose to work in Asia are higher salaries and better working conditions. Their inability to speak the local language and culture diversity were their weaknesses. Native and Non-native English teachers&amp;#39; preferences, which directly/indirectly affect English teaching, are discussed.&amp;nbsp; The respondents&amp;#39; positive attitude toward English teaching overseas is also investigated and presented. This empirical study revealed the globalization of English in the 21st century.

Tourism jobs in demand: Where the best contracts and high salaries go at online offers

It has been suggested that the tourism sector is one in which temporary and low-skilled jobs abound. The aim of this study is to analyze the educational and experience requirements associated with job offers in tourism and their corresponding contracts and salaries. Nine thousand job advertisements were analyzed from one of the biggest employment websites in Spain. Online job offers allow a profile of employers' preferences to be drawn up in terms of occupations, educational levels and required experience, as well as the terms of contracts and salaries offered. Internal heterogeneity in the tourism sector arising from the coexistence of different functions and skills is highlighted. Our analysis shows that the occupation crucially conditions salary differences and contract types in tourism job offers.

“Cultured Women” do not act in films: Tracing Notions of Female Stardom in Bombay Cinema (1930s–1950s)

Women were absent from the archives and rendered as invisible within the film business that was changing the urban landscape of Bombay city in the 1930s through talkies. Questions were raised about female sexuality and respectability primarily due to a morality discourse closely associated with women acting in films. Tension, moral panic and distress had emerged from the dominant stigma regarding films making industries being a heterosexual and hybrid workspace. Moreover, an economy that capitalizes on voyeuristic pleasures of its male audience by objectifying women’s bodies. So, even though it offered women higher salaries unlike other professions, it was deemed as “dangerous” for women. Therefore, “cultured women”, essentially from the upper class, were discouraged from being a part of the studio film industry situated in the cosmopolitan Bombay city. Taking forward Neepa Majumdar’s (2009) dialogue on the denial of agency to women in Indian cinema, this paper traces the incorporation of feminist agenda into film making. This paper is limited to studying the biographical, autobiographical details and picturization of three eminent actresses: Nargis, Kanan Devi and Durga Khote. Further, I would elaborate on the struggles undertaken by them and the roles they played in films in order to deconstruct the notion of female stardom and an “ideal Indian woman” picturized in Bollywood from the 1930s–1950s. This period holds relevance in film historiography due to the ideological construction of female stardom that had its pros and cons which I would be discussing in depth through the paper.