High-risk Activities Research Articles

Investigating Infectious Organisms of Public Health Concern Associated with Wild Meat

The wild meat trade poses a significant threat to public health as it facilitates the spillover of zoonotic pathogens through high-risk activities such as the hunting, butchering, trade, and consumption of wild animals. Despite the health risks and association with marking epidemics including SARS, Ebola, and COVID-19, the global wild meat trade continues to thrive. To summarize the evidence available, primary literature published between 2000 and 2022 was systematically and critically assessed for evidence of zoonotic pathogens or other infectious organisms detected in samples directly from wild meat, from animals hunted for wild meat, or from humans exposed through high-risk activities. Within the 97 articles analyzed, a total of 114 pathogen genera (15 viruses, 40 bacteria, 54 parasites, and 5 fungi) were detected in wild meat animals belonging to 168 vertebrate species including mammals, reptiles and birds sampled in 32 countries. In the context of wild meat specifically, infectious organisms were differentiated between those with zoonotic potential (32% of reported genera), ectoparasitic vectors (1%), and possible opportunistic or environmental contaminants. Thirteen viral, four bacterial, and one parasitic genera were also documented in humans participating in wild meat trade activities, supporting pathogen spillover potential. Most studies employed a targeted approach to evaluate the presence of (i.e., polymerase chain reaction (PCR); n = 65) or exposure to (i.e., ELISA; n = 19) a specific pathogen, while only one study employed broad-spectrum metabarcoding techniques. The diversity of infectious organisms associated with wild meat are highlighted through this review and could be used to guide policy development. However, the common use of a selected set of targeted detection assays likely biases the exploration of pathogen diversity, therefore potentially preventing the discovery of “disease x”. The global health risk demonstrated should make the illegal wild meat trade a priority for law-enforcement agencies and future research.

Zdravstvena njega i njezin utjecaj na kulturu sigurnosti

Introduction: The World Health Organization defines patient safety as “a framework of organised activities that creates cultures, processes, procedures, behaviours, technologies, and environments in health care”. Patients have a right to expect that every effort is made to ensure their safety as users of all health services. The healthcare system today is facing major challenges, including a lack of human resources, an excessive workload of healthcare professionals, a large number of complex cases, the use of new technologies, and many others. Patient safety is an important component of health care, and it depends on several factors, such as the safety culture, organisation policy, competencies of personnel, and the way care is provided. Safety culture recognises high-risk activities; it is defined as a no-blame culture, and it seeks solutions to problems through an interdisciplinary approach. Objective: To investigate patient safety culture from the perspective of nurses/nursing technicians and the association between nursing care and patient safety in health institutions through a systematic literature review.Methods: A descriptive method was used, a review of scientific and professional literature in the field of nursing care, patient safety culture, patient safety, and adverse events.Results: Results show that patient safety culture characteristics are correlated with nurses’/nursing technicians' intention to report errors. A stronger safety culture along with a developed patient safety competency was found to be significantly associated with a lower incidence of adverse events and surgical site infections, indicating that nurses' competence could reduce the occurrence of adverse events and improve patient safety culture.Conclusion: Improved patient outcomes are associated with a safety culture characterised by shared attitudes among healthcare providers about the importance of patient safety, loyalty, communication transparency, and shared trust in the efficacy of safety measures.

High-Risk Sexual Activities and Condom Use Patterns During Group Sex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Melbourne, Australia.

Few studies have examined the types of sexual activities and condom use during group sex among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aimed to examine sexual activities and condom use during group sex. A cross-sectional survey among MSM attending a sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia, between May 2019 and March 2020. Participants were asked whether they had engaged in group sex (sex involving more than 2 participants) within the past 3 months, the number of people involved, the sexual activities they engaged in, and their condom use during the most recent group sex. More than a quarter (26.8%, 287 of 1071) had engaged in group sex in the past 3 months, and the median number of people involved was 3 (interquartile range 3-4), including the participant. Fellatio was the most common activity in group sex (94.4%, 271 of 287), followed by kissing (85.7%, 246 of 287) and anal sex (79.8%, 229 of 287). The proportion of men who always used condoms and changed condoms between partners was 27.0% (48 of 178) for insertive and 32.3% (52 of 161) for receptive anal sex. Compared with men not taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), men living with HIV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20 to 4.59) and men taking PrEP (aOR: 3.07; 95% CI: 2.21 to 4.26) had higher odds of engaging in group sex after adjusting for confounders. Two-thirds of MSM either did not use condoms or did not change condoms between partners during group sex, which may increase sexually transmitted infection transmission between partners.

The Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Human Wildfire Ignitions in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Historical land and fire management practices coupled with climate change and modern human development pressures are contributing to larger, more frequent, and more severe wildfires across Western U.S. forests. Human ignitions are the predominant cause of wildfire throughout the United States, necessitating wildfire management strategies that consider both the causes of human ignitions and the factors that influence them. Using a dataset of over 104,000 ignitions from 1992 to 2018 for Oregon and Washington (U.S), we examine the major causes of wildfire ignitions and build regression models to evaluate the potential influence of both biophysical and socioeconomic factors on human and natural ignitions across distinct fire regimes west and east of the Cascade Range. Our results corroborate prior findings that socioeconomic factors such as income, employment, population density, and age demographics are significantly correlated with human ignitions. In the Pacific Northwest, we found that the importance of socioeconomic factors on human ignitions differs significantly between the west and east sides of the Cascade Range. We also found that most human ignitions are linked to escaped fires from recreation or debris and open burning activities, highlighting opportunities to tailor wildfire prevention efforts to better control higher risk activities and reduce accidental ignitions.

Epidemiological profile of occupational risks associated with artisanal burning of plastic materials in Parakou

Burning plastic releases toxic fumes and gases. More and more people engage in the professional activity of welding plastic parts by fusion in Benin. Hence the need for this study. To assess the frequency of the various occupational risks associated with the welding of plastic materials by burning in Parakou. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study focused on plastic welders in Parakou. The data was collected using a questionnaire. The variables studied were accidents at work, occupational diseases, and socio-professional characteristics. The data was analyzed by Epi info version 7.2.1.0. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. A total of 137 subjects were surveyed. They were all male. Almost all of them were victims of accidents at work. The lesions were mainly on the fingers (99%) and feet (99%). The most expressed morbid manifestations were musculoskeletal disorders (98%), rhinitis (87%), cough (79%), tearing (98%) and conjunctival hyperemia (93%). Plastic welding in Parakou is a high health risk activity for craftsmen. It is urgent to take protective measures for these craftsmen.

Impacts of Stress on Workers’ Risk-Taking Behaviors: Cognitive Tunneling and Impaired Selective Attention

Working within one of the most stressful industries, construction workers face intensive stress loads that adversely affect safety and productivity. While different factors induce stress, time pressure and mental demand are two industry characteristics that can trigger workers’ occupational stress. Although previous studies demonstrated the adverse effects of time pressure and mental demand on workers’ safety performance, no study has empirically investigated the direct impacts of such factors as task stressors on workers’ arousal and stress levels. Further, little is known about the impacts of imposed stress on workers’ situational awareness and risk decision-making. Accordingly, this study evaluates changes in individuals’ situational awareness and decision dynamics when working under stress imposed by time pressure and mental demand. The study simulated a high-risk electrical activity within a multimodel mixed-reality environment and captured participants’ physiological and cognitive responses to measure their stress levels and cognitive processes while completing the electrical task under normal and stressful conditions. Results showed high stress levels triggered by task stressors adversely affect one’s cognitive processes, including attentional distribution: Excessive stress led subjects to miss surrounding hazards, leading to impaired risk perception and increased risk-taking behaviors. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into how the occupational stress imposed by task stressors can disturb workers’ cognitive processes, reduce their situational awareness, and give rise to high-risk behaviors.

Evaluasi Manajemen Risiko Pelaksanaan Konstruksi Gedung Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Paniai Provinsi Papua

This paper discusses the analysis in evaluating the risk management of hospital building construction using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model as a method for analyzing the level of risk in relation to controlling the quantity and quality of each structural work item. There are at least 7 (seven) factors considered as AHP inputs, namely time, method of implementation, labor, equipment, materials, administration, cost, and design. This study method includes data collection methods and analytical methods. For data collection, this study uses a questionnaire method which contains questions related to technical and non-technical factors used to assess work effectiveness from a risk management perspective. The results of the analysis of hospital construction risk management show that the highest level of risk occurs in the material and environmental aspects. Risk handling should be done by the method of changing and coping to the high risk activities.&#x0D; Keywords: risk management, AHP, hospital, construction materials, workforce

Determinants of Premarital Sexual Behavior Among the Late Adolescents in Pahang, Malaysia

Introduction: Premarital sexual behaviour remains an important sexual and reproductive health issue among adolescents in Malaysia. It is also a prohibited act and considered sinful among the Muslims community. This study aimed to identify the determinants of premarital sexual behaviour among the late adolescents age group in Pahang, Malaysia. Methods: An observational study was conducted among eligible late adolescents, which were recruited using probability sampling method. Only those aged 18 to19 years old, and previously attended the public secondary schools in Malaysia were included, with non-Malaysian, married and those who were absent during the data collection day were excluded. Data was collected using a valid and reliable set of questionnaires measuring the personal (demographic profile, knowledge and attitude), behavioural (premarital sexual behaviour and high-risk activities) and environmental (subjective norms and perceived parental communication) factors. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the determinants of premarital sexual behaviour. Results: A total of 390 adolescents aged 18 and 19 years old participated in this study, with 82.3% of respondents reported never had premarital sexual behaviour. Multiple logistic regression showed that the male and engagement in high-risk activities had higher odds in premarital sexual behaviour respectively (AOR =11.649, 95% CI: 3.615,37.536, p &lt;0.001; AOR=19.224, 95% CI: 7.820,47.262, p &lt;0.001). Conclusion: Male gender and engagement in high-risk activities remained important risk factors towards the ongoing concern related to premarital sexual behaviour among adolescents in Malaysia. Failure to address this issue should be explored and improve accordingly.

COVID-19 Knowledge and Prevention Behaviors in Rural Zambia: A Qualitative Application of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model.

In early 2020, the Zambian Ministry of Health instituted prevention guidelines to limit spread of COVID-19. We assessed community knowledge, motivations, behavioral skills, and perceived community adherence to prevention behaviors (i.e., hand hygiene, mask wearing, social distancing, and limiting gatherings). Within a cluster-randomized controlled trial in four rural districts, in November 2020 and May 2021, we conducted in-depth interviews with health center staff (N = 19) and community-based volunteers (N = 34) and focus group discussions with community members (N = 281). A content analysis was conducted in Nvivo v12. Data were interpreted using the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model. Generally, respondents showed good knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms, spread, and high-risk activities, with some gaps. Prevention behavior performance was driven by personal and social factors. Respondents described institutional settings (e.g., clinics and church) having higher levels of perceived adherence due to stronger enforcement measures and clear leadership. Conversely, informal community settings (e.g., weddings, funerals, football matches) lacked similar social and leadership expectations for adherence and had lower perceived levels of adherence. These settings often involved higher emotions (excitement or grief), and many involved alcohol use, resulting in community members "forgetting" guidelines. Doubt about disease existence or need for precautions persisted among some community members and drove non-adherence more generally. Although COVID-19 information successfully penetrated these very remote rural communities, more targeted messaging may address persistent COVID-19 doubt and misinformation. Engaging local leaders in religious, civic, and traditional leadership positions could improve community behaviors without adding additional monitoring duties on an already overburdened, resource-limited health system.

Predictors of General Deviance in the Context of COVID-19.

This study examined predictors of individual general deviance (i.e., substance use, risk-taking, property crime, and interpersonal conflict/violence) within the context of COVID-19, focusing on the role of prior deviance, opportunities for crime, and levels of COVID-19- related stress. Our study showed that while some predictors relating to opportunity and strain were predictive of general deviance during the pandemic, few maintained statistical significance once controls for deviant behavior before the pandemic were included in the analyses, indicating the importance of within-individual behavioral stability over time. Further, respondents who participated in deviance prior to the pandemic were more likely to engage in other forms of criminal and high-risk activities during the pandemic. The close connections between criminal and high-risk behavior may imply that even if overall crime rates decreased during the pandemic, within-person behavioral patterns remained stable.

Syphilis and COVID-19: Changing trends.

There is a change in the pattern and prevalence of acquired syphilis due to better awareness, surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment in India in recent years. However, restrictive measures for COVID-19 may produce different effects on incidence. We aimed to study the changing trend of acquired syphilis in relation to COVID-19 outbreak in a tertiary care hospital in North India. A retrospective analysis of all the cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was done from January 2016 to June 2022. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of acquired syphilis were recorded and analyzed for changing trends in prevalence, clinical presentations, association with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and its relation to COVID-19. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. A total of 1105 patients attended STD clinic from January 2016 to June 2022, of which 216 patients were venereal disease research laboratory and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay positive (19.5%). Before COVID-19, there was an increasing trend of acquired syphilis (late latent). Patients diagnosed with syphilis pre- and postlockdown did not differ significantly in their mean age, median age, male/female ratio, and HIV status. However, there is an increase in number of cases of primary and secondary syphilis postlockdown which was statistically significant. Restrictive measures for COVID-19 during the lockdown produced a declining trend of syphilis. It is unclear whether the observed decrease in number of STI cases was due to true decline, inadequate testing, underreporting, or avoidance of high-risk sexual activities. The upsurge in the number of cases of acquired syphilis after lockdown suggests the possibility that lockdowns did not completely disrupt STI transmission.

Improving chlamydia risk screening by using the CDC's 5 Ps approach to sexual health history at a large military base in North Carolina.

Chlamydia trachomatis is infecting service members (SMs) at a rate of two to three times that of the U.S. population. Currently, the military only screens female SMs under the age of 25 years, leaving many at-risk males to go undetected leading to further transmission. Service members are not routinely assessed for high-risk sexual activities, leading to increased chlamydia rate in Fort Bragg. At the primary care project site, screening was only done per HEDIS measure leading to only 5% STI positivity rate. The purpose of this project was to identify and screen SMs who are at high risk for chlamydia using the CDC's 5 Ps approach. This project took place at a large primary care clinic that only cared for active-duty soldiers over a 3-month period. The CDC's 5 Ps questionnaire was administered to SMs 30 years and younger during routine appointments. The SMs deemed high risk from the questionnaire were screened using urine G/C NAAT testing. Four hundred forty-nine SMs were assessed using the CDC's 5 Ps approach. The questionnaire identified 91 SMs (20%) at higher risk for STIs. Of the 45 urine samples submitted, six were positive for STIs. Of the six positive cases, five were male. Targeted screening resulted in 13.3% positive rate compared with the 5% in the current practice. The result suggests that targeted screening of young males and females can identify high-risk sexual behaviors leading to increased findings of asymptomatic chlamydia carriers, ultimately leading to decreased chlamydia incidence.

Analisis Legalitas Pemberian Kredit Tanpa Agunan oleh Bank Berdasarkan Uu No 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang Undang No 7 Tahun 1992 Tentang Perbankan

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unsecured Credit (KTA), is one of the products of financing institutions such as banks. KTA is a financing product that is quite widely carried out in addition to people's business loans and leasing. This product is considered quite commonly given by financing institutions such as banks to their debtor customers, by analyzing their track record of making agreement transactions according to the opportunity. So that KITA has until now become a fairly legal financing product even shaded by BI and OJK. However, the problem is that KTA also presents a considerable risk with a high level of bad debt. Many banks experience crucial problems, in carrying out this program, one of which is BNI. From the problems that have occurred, the purpose of writing this article is, analyzing the legality of criminal application or unsecured credit based on the provisions of the law on banking. The analysis process is carried out by literacy studies based on normative principles. The basis of this research shows that the legality of providing unsecured loans has not fulfilled sharia principles as stated in article 8 Paragraph 1 of the Law on banking, even though OJK and BI have legalized such activities. This is because unsecured credit is a high-risk financing activity.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Current Assessment Methods of Investigator's Psychological Readiness for Professional Activities: Improvement Perspectives

Despite the fact that this category of psychological readiness for professional activity is actively considered and researched, scientists do not have a consensus on its semantic content. This situation complicates the development and implementation of the methodological apparatus. Summarising the theoretical analysis, it can be noted that the intersection of the concepts of “psychological readiness” and “professional activity of an investigator” is insignificant. The foregoing allows us to formulate the purpose of the article, which is to find out the ways to improve the assessment of investigators' psychological readiness for professional activity. The aim involves the following tasks: 1) to identify the structure of investigators' psychological readiness for professional activity; 2) to select and analyse the available psychodiagnostic methods aimed at identifying the level of psychological readiness for professional activity of representatives of high-risk professions; 3) to find out the prospects for improving the methodology for assessing investigators' psychological readiness for professional activity. The research methodology included the following steps: 1) analysis of the available options for the structure of psychological readiness as such; 2) substantiation of the author's approach to the structure of psychological readiness of investigators for professional activity; 3) selection of psychodiagnostic methods used to determine the psychological readiness of individuals for high-risk professional activity; 4) finding a correspondence between the parameters studied using psychodiagnostic methods and the components of the structure of psychological readiness of investigators for professional activity; 5) mathematical and statistical analysis of the effectiveness of the psychological readiness of investigators for professional activity. The theoretical and methodological analysis of the research allowed us to develop an approach to considering the structure of psychological readiness of investigators for professional activity. The structure of psychological readiness includes five components: 1) intellectual and cognitive; 2) emotional and volitional: 3) behavioural and reactive; 4) moral and ethical; 5) value-evaluation. The study revealed that psychodiagnostic techniques used in the practice of identifying psychophysiological characteristics of representatives of high-risk professions characterise the structure of investigators' psychological readiness for professional activity unevenly. The behavioural and reactive component can be measured most adequately, and the emotional and volitional component more or less adequately. The degree of representation of methods for determining the peculiarities of the value-evaluation component is insufficient. The possibility of measuring the intellectual-cognitive and moral-ethical components is extremely low and as such does not reflect real needs.

FACTORS INFLUENCING OUTCOMES IN CLIMBERS AND MOUNTAINEERS UNDERGOING HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Climbers and mountaineers will present to arthroplasty surgeons in need of hip replacement surgeries. There is a lack of guidance for both parties with a paucity in the literature. Climbing is often considered a high-risk activity to perform with a total hip replacement, due to the positions the hip is weighted in, and the potential austere environment in which an injury may occur.The aim was to assess levels of climbing and mountaineering possible following hip arthroplasty, and any factors affecting these levels.Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Central Lancashire. An anonymous online questionnaire was disseminated via email, social media and word-of-mouth to include all climbers, hill-walkers or mountaineers across the UK. This was used to collect climbing and mountaineering ability at various timepoints, along with scores such as the Oxford Hip Score and UCLA Score. The Kappa statistic was used to assess for correlations.Of the responders, 28 had undergone right hip arthroplasty surgery, with 11 having left hips and 22 receiving bilateral hips. A total of 67 of the replaced hips were total hip replacements, with 16 having undergone hip resurfacing. There is a fair agreement in level of climbing ability 3 months pre- and 3 months post-operatively (kappa=0.287, p&lt;0.001), and a substantial agreement between 1 year post-operatively and currently for both climbing (kappa=0.730, p&lt;0.001) and mountaineering (kappa=0.684, p&lt;0.001). Impressively, 17 participants are climbing at more than E1 trad or 6c sport at one or more time points post operatively, which is regarded as an advanced level within the climbing community. Out of those 17 participants, 8 were climbing at this level within 3 months post-operatively.The level of climbing possible following hip arthroplasty surgery is above what is expected and perhaps desired by the operating surgeon. It is essential to take the individual patient into account when planning an operative intervention such as arthroplasty. The one year post-operative time point is highly predictive of longer term outcomes for both climbing and mountaineering.

An Artificial Intelligence-Based Smartphone App for Assessing the Risk of Opioid Misuse in Working Populations Using Synthetic Data: Pilot Development Study.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is an addiction crisis in the United States. As recent as 2019, more than 10 million people have misused or abused prescription opioids, making OUD one of the leading causes of accidental death in the United States. Workforces that are physically demanding and laborious in the transportation, construction and extraction, and health care industries are prime targets for OUD due to high-risk occupational activities. Because of this high prevalence of OUD among working populations in the United States, elevated workers' compensation and health insurance costs, absenteeism, and declined productivity in workplaces have been reported. With the emergence of new smartphone technologies, health interventions can be widely used outside clinical settings via mobile health tools. The major objective of our pilot study was to develop a smartphone app that can track work-related risk factors leading to OUD with a specific focus on high-risk occupational groups. We used synthetic data analyzed by applying a machine learning algorithm to accomplish our objective. To make the OUD assessment process more convenient and to motivate potential patients with OUD, we developed a smartphone-based app through a step-by-step process. First, an extensive literature survey was conducted to list a set of critical risk assessment questions that can capture high-risk behaviors leading to OUD. Next, a review panel short-listed 15 questions after careful evaluation with specific emphasis on physically demanding workforces-9 questions had two, 5 questions had five, and 1 question had three response options. Instead of human participant data, synthetic data were used as user responses. Finally, an artificial intelligence algorithm, naive Bayes, was used to predict the OUD risk, trained with the synthetic data collected. The smartphone app we have developed is functional as tested with synthetic data. Using the naive Bayes algorithm on collected synthetic data, we successfully predicted the risk of OUD. This would eventually create a platform to test the functionality of the app further using human participant data. The use of mobile health techniques, such as our mobile app, is highly promising in predicting and offering mitigation plans for disease detection and prevention. Using a naive Bayes algorithm model along with a representational state transfer (REST) application programming interface and cloud-based data encryption storage, respondents can guarantee their privacy and accuracy in estimating their risk. Our app offers a tailored mitigation strategy for specific workforces (eg, transportation and health care workers) that are most impacted by OUD. Despite the limitations of the study, we have developed a robust methodology and believe that our app has the potential to help reduce the opioid crisis.

Genome mosaic structure of two novel HIV-1 recombinant forms (CRF01_AE/B) in men who have sex with men in Hebei, China

BackgroundHomosexual contact is the main route of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) transmission in Cangzhou Prefecture, Hebei, China. Moreover, the number of circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs) in this key population is ever increasing.MethodsIn this study, we identified two novel URFs (hcz0017 and hcz0045) from two men who have sex with men (MSM) based in Cangzhou Prefecture. Phylogenetic and recombinant breakpoint analyses, based on the near full-length genomes (NFLGs) of the two novel URFs, showed that they originated from a recombination between HIV-1 CRF01_AE and subtype B.ResultsHXB2 numbering revealed that the NFLGs of hcz0017 and hcz0045 each contained the following seven subregions: hcz0017: IB (790–1,171 nt), IICRF01_AE (1,172–2,022 nt), IIIB (2,023–4,469 nt), IVCRF01_AE (4,470–5,866 nt), VB (5,867–7,462 nt), VICRF01_AE (7,463–8,379 nt), VIIB (8,380–9,411 nt); hcz0045: ICRF01_AE (790–5,147 nt), IIB (5,148–5,614 nt), IIICRF01_AE (5,615–6,035 nt), IVB (6,036–6,241 nt), VCRF01_AE (6,242–7,325nt), VIB (7,326–8,254 nt), VIICRF01_AE (8,255–9,411 nt). Moreover, the two MSM from whom the novel URFs originated from were diagnosed as recently HIV-1-infected, suggesting that the high prevalence of HIV-1 among MSM was related to high-risk sexual activity such as unprotected anal sex and multiple sexual partners.ConclusionsOur results highlight the need to continually monitor HIV-1 diversity in Hebei and its neighboring provinces to achieve a more effective control of HIV-1 spread within the MSM community.

Psychopathy, prospect theory, and the Madoff Curve: a dual behavioral neuroscience and behavioral economic framework for understanding White Collar Crime

Reckless behavior by business leaders can be a systemic risk for individual firms and the economies in which the firms exist. We propose that a synthesis of behavioral economics, in particular prospect theory, and the study of psychopathy may help researchers better understand why some business leaders engage in high-risk criminal activity. We propose that psychopathy is associated with an abnormal response to negative consequences. Where traditional Prospect Theory proposes that people are loss avoidant, we propose that people high on the trait of psychopathy may be more motivated by gains and will be risk seeking in high reward/high risk situations for which most people will avoid risk. We propose two empirical study designs that may be used to test the framework in the future.

Who can you blame? Trust in institutions and mobilization across regimes in Asia

In this article, we consider the attitudinal motivations for political participation in countries across Asia. Specifically, we assess how trust in different types of institutional actors provides incentives for extra-legal actions, such as protest and the use of force, by analyzing the behaviors of individuals based upon their evaluations of representational and implementing institutions. As part of this analysis, we consider attitudes and action in both democracies and non-democracies, arguing for separate mechanisms to motivate unconventional political participation. Using Asian Barometer Survey data, we find that individuals living under democratic regimes are motivated to engage in more costly forms of participation in response to their assessments of trust in elected officials, while those individuals residing in non-democracies engage in these high-risk activities when they are dissatisfied with the performance of the police, civil service, and courts.

Engineering the safety culture in late-life assets

Engineering and Safety Culture are intrinsically linked. In the late-life asset world we are confronted with reduced resilience to MAEs, long history of changes to the assets, loss of corporate knowledge as our people turn over and life extension in line with ISO19900. Having a safety culture that acknowledges process safety in engineering is important and challenging. The continuous state of unease that process safety engenders in our people is often seen in higher-risk activities such as construction and drilling operations, and it is our experience that there are common leading indicators that late life operations and decommissioning teams share with projects and drilling and completions (D&amp;C). This work examines the performance of leading indicators in safety culture during late-life asset operations and correlates them with both the development and discrete project life cycle. We also investigate some of the root causes behind the incidents and events that have emerged in late-life assets with often surprising results. Navigating the objectives-based regulatory framework within the Australian oil and gas industry requires a dynamic and collaborative approach, this paper provides a high-level outline of the decommissioning planning process in line with a standardised decommissioning management system. This paper also discusses the learnings from these operations on the effectiveness of the safety culture framework and the International Oil &amp; Gas Producers (IOGP) lifesaving rules in the pre-decommissioning phase.