High-rise Structures Research Articles

Pull-out performance of grouting sleeve connection with short studs shear keys in modular steel building

In this paper, a new type of grouting sleeve connection joint with short studs shear key is proposed for the connection of high-rise modular steel structures. To study the tensile properties of the grouting connection in the modular structure, seven groups of 21 specimens were tested by push-out test. The results show that: (1) The axial bearing capacity of the specimen with a diameter of 16 mm studs is between 3549.2 kN and 3922.4 kN, and the anchorage strength is between 15.07 MPa and 16.66 MPa; (2) The bearing capacity of the connection consists of four parts, including the shear capacity of the studs, the shear capacity of the studs weld collar, the friction and bonding force of the interface. The shear capacity of the stud provides about 65 % of the bearing capacity; (3) The ultimate displacement ranges from 4.69 mm to 6.93 mm, and the ductility coefficient is 2.42–3.05. Then, combined with the test and simulation, the force mechanism of the connection is analyzed, and the design suggestion and the calculation method of the bearing capacity of the connections are put forward. Compared with the existing grouting connection joints, the bond strength of the connection proposed in this paper is 26.7 % higher, showing stronger pull-out resistance.

Vertical expansion in the making: Planning against deindustrialization by promoting “Industry’s Going Upstairs” in Shenzhen

In recent years, industrial metropolises in China have experienced a surge in proactive planning initiatives aimed at developing high-rise industrial structures, commonly known as “Industry’s Going Upstairs (IGU).” This study argues that the IGU represents a distinct form of urban verticality that is neither motivated by capitalist speculation nor sustainability prompts but rather by local states’ intervention to ensure economic resilience and enhance innovation capabilities. This study presents the case of Shenzhen to demonstrate how the adoption of the IGU initiative is catalyzed by concerns over manufacturing sectors’ out-migration and the effects of volatile US-China relations on the city’s competitiveness. In light of these circumstances, Shenzhen has embraced the ambitious IGU initiative as a practical approach to reverse the trend of deindustrialization while sidestepping the lengthy process of industrial land redevelopment. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of political-economic factors that drive urban vertical expansion and their potential consequences.

Seismic Performance of U-Shaped Connection for Prefabricated Steel Plate Shear Wall

In this investigation, a U-shaped connection (U-C) was introduced for a prefabricated steel plate shear wall with beam-only connections. This design replaces a portion of shear bolts with tension bolts to enhance bolt efficiency and reduce the overall bolt count, and it is suitable for a prefabricated high-rise steel structure. Four 1/3 scale specimens were designed, and an array of performance aspects including failure modes, hysteretic behavior, skeleton curves, energy dissipation capacity, stiffness degradation, and key performance indicators were systematically investigated through a combination of quasi-static tests and finite element analyses. The results showed that the combination arrangement of tensile and shear bolts in U-C effectively reduced the usage of bolts used and reduced installation costs; under low cycle reciprocating loads, the ultimate bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity of a beam-only-connected prefabricated steel plate shear wall with U-shaped connection (BPSW-U) had slightly decreased compared with the prefabricated steel plate shear wall with discontinuous cover-plate connection (DCPC). Nevertheless, the BPSW-U excelled in preserving the integrity of the frame beams, channeling structural plastic deformations primarily into the infilled steel plate. This design feature ensures that post-earthquake functionality recovery can be achieved by simply replacing the infilled steel plate.

On the Performance of Solar Thermophotovoltaics (STPVs) and Wavelength-Selective Thermophotovoltaics (TPVs): Case Study of a High-Rise Residential Building in a Hot and Semi-Arid Climate

Utilizing integrated solar systems and renewable energy sources has the potential to not only decrease the CO2 emissions of buildings but also provide access to more affordable energy alternatives compared to fossil fuels, especially considering the recent rise in prices. Nevertheless, many designers and project decision makers are hesitant to embrace solar technologies due to the uncertainty surrounding the cost–benefit balance. This paper presents a case study of the design process, highlighting the energy-saving and cost–benefit aspects of a solar façade featuring solar thermophotovoltaics (STPVs) and wavelength-selective thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) in a high-rise residential building situated in the semi-arid climate of Tehran, Iran. The simulation methodology consists of EnergyPlus Engines in Rhino, along with the Ladybug and Honeybee plugins throughout the solar façade design process. The solar façade incorporating STPV yielded energy savings of 25 kWh per square meter, marking a 34% reduction compared to a standard façade. In contrast, the TPV demonstrated energy savings of 35 kWh per square meter, indicating a 48% decrease in energy consumption compared to a regular façade. This research indicates that, particularly in semi-arid climatic conditions, TPV systems exhibit a superior performance when integrated into the façades of high-rise structures; yet, due to the low electricity prices in the region, neither STPVs nor TPVs are financially viable. The study contributes to raising awareness, fostering technological innovations, influencing policy discussions, and promoting the adoption of sustainable practices in the field of energy and architecture.

Failure Probability and Economic Loss Assessment of a High-Rise Frame Structure under Synthetic Multi-Dimensional Long-Period Ground Motions

Multiple research studies and seismic data analyses have shown that multi-directional long-period ground motion affects crucial and intricate large-scale structures like oil storage containers, long-span bridges, and high-rise buildings. Seismic damage data show a 3–55% chance of long-period ground motion. To clarify, the chance of occurrence is 3% in hard soil and 83% in soft soil. Due of the above characteristics, the aseismic engineering field requires a realistic stochastic model that accounts for long-period multi-directional ground motion. A weighted average seismic amplification coefficient selected NGA database multi-directional long-period ground motion recordings for this study. Due to the significant low-frequency component in the long-period ground motion, this research uses empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to efficiently decompose it into a composite structure with high- and low-frequency components. Given the above, further investigation is needed on the evolutionary power spectrum density (EPSD) functions of high- and low-frequency components. Analyzing the recorded data will reveal these functions and their corresponding parameters. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is needed to simulate samples of high- and low-frequency components in different directions. These samples can be combined to illustrate multi-directional long-period ground motion. Representative samples exhibit the seismic characteristics of long-period multi-directional ground motion, as shown by numerical examples. This proves the method’s engineering accuracy and usefulness. Moreover, this study used incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) to apply seismic vulnerability theory. This study investigated whether long-period ground motions in both x and multi-directional directions could enhance the seismic response of a high-rise frame structure. By using this method, a comprehensive seismic economic loss rate curve was created, making economic loss assessment clearer. This study shows that multi-directional impacts should be included when studying seismic events and calculating structure economic damages.

A case study of industrial heritage buildings at the Rjukan and Notodden site in Norway

The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) site of Rjukan and Notodden in Norway consists of unique industrial heritage values because of its architecture and engineering from the first decades of the twentieth century. During this period, construction technology experienced speedy developments in Norway, and many different building systems influenced the construction industry. Today, the preserved site with 24 selected industrial buildings offers great insight into the diversity of industrial heritage but bears also substantial conservation challenges. This presents a unique research opportunity, and this case study, which is part of a larger research project, aims to establish an overview of industrial building systems and architecture. The study revealed that industrial and high-rise structures have many commonalities despite very different architectural expressions and functions. Progression from craft-driven to prefabricated mass construction was not an isolated incident but a result of global industrialisation. This affected construction technology and influenced the evolution of both building typologies. Studying and analysing how case buildings resist loads and how that relates to system development helps understand the industrial heritage of this site. Through findings, this research intends to support heritage conservation schemes where practising architects, engineers and contractors can apply them for forthcoming project work.

Quantifying the Impact of Urban Growth on Urban Surface Heat Islands in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand

The urban built environment, comprising structures, roads, and various facilities, plays a key role in the formation of urban heat islands, which inflict considerable damage upon human society. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in urban areas characterized by the rapid growth and concentration of populations, a global trend, notably exemplified in megacities such as Bangkok, Thailand. The global trend of urbanization has witnessed unprecedented growth in recent decades, with cities transforming into megametropolises that profoundly impact changes in urban temperature, specifically the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon induced by the rapid growth of urban areas. Elevated urban concentrations lead to increased city density, contributing to higher temperatures within the urban environment compared to the surrounding areas. The evolving land-use surface has assumed heightened significance due to urban development, necessitating accelerated efforts to mitigate urban heat islands. This study aims to quantify the influence of urban growth on urban surface temperature in Bangkok and its surrounding areas. The inverse relationship between urban temperature and land surface temperature (LST), coupled with urban area density, was examined using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite imagery. The analysis revealed a positive correlation between higher temperatures and levels of urban growth. Areas characterized by high-rise structures and economic activities experienced the most pronounced impact of the heat island phenomenon. The city exhibited a notable correlation between high density and high temperatures (high–high), signifying that increased density contributes to elevated temperatures due to heat dissipation (significant correlation of R2 = 0.8582). Conversely, low-temperature, low-density cities (low–low) with a dispersed layout demonstrated effective cooling of the surrounding area, resulting in a significant correlation with lower local temperatures (R2 = 0.7404). These findings provide valuable insights to assist governments and related agencies in expediting planning and policy development aimed at reducing heat in urban areas and steering sustainable urban development.

A Building Information Modeling-Based Life Cycle Assessment of the Embodied Carbon and Environmental Impacts of High-Rise Building Structures: A Case Study

High-rise buildings represent technological, urban, and life-style trends of the modern urban landscape, yet there are limited data regarding their embodied carbon and environmental impacts, particularly when compared to low- or mid-rise buildings. Given that the projected growth of the global urban population by 2050 requires cities with higher density and potentially a greater number of high-rise buildings, it is crucial to develop a clear understanding of the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of high-rise buildings. The primary structural materials used in high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and structural steel. As of today, over 99% of tall buildings’ structures are built from those two materials. This article utilizes a building information modeling (BIM)-based life cycle assessment (LCA) in Revit and Tally to examine the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of an actual high-rise building structure case study in Chicago that uses a hybrid concrete steel structure. The results show that the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of the high-rise building structure are dominated by the impacts of the product stage in the building’s life cycle and by concrete being the main structural material. Specifically, this study reveals that concrete constitutes a substantial 91% share of the total mass of the building structure, with a 74% contribution to the life cycle global warming potential, 53% to the acidification potential, 74% to the eutrophication potential, 74% to the smog formation potential, and 68% to the non-renewable energy usage. On the other hand, steel accounts for 9% of the building’s structure mass, estimated to constitute 26% of the global warming potential, 47% of the acidification potential, 26% of the eutrophication potential, 26% of the smog formation potential, and 32% of the non-renewable energy usage.

Performance Evaluation of Inerter-Based Dynamic Vibration Absorbers for Wind-Induced Vibration Control of a Desulfurization Tower

High-rise flue gas desulfurization towers are susceptible to wind loads, which can cause instability and failure in the along-wind and across-wind directions. The tuned mass damper (TMD) has been widely applied in the wind-induced vibration control of high-rise structures. To enhance the control performance and reduce the auxiliary mass of TMD, this study focuses on inerter-based dynamic vibration absorbers (IDVAs) for controlling the vibration response of a desulfurization tower. The dynamical equations of the tower–IDVA systems are established under wind loads, and a parameter optimization strategy for IDVAs is proposed by using the genetic algorithm. The performance of the traditional TMD and six IDVAs in the vibration control of the tower are systematically compared. Numerical simulations demonstrate that both the TMD and IDVAs can substantially mitigate the vibration response of the tower. However, compared to the TMD with the same response mitigation ratio, more than 34% of the auxiliary mass can be reduced by two optimal IDVAs. In addition, the energy dissipation enhancement and lightweight effect of the two IDVAs are explained through parametric studies.

Use of in-situ tests like flat plate dilatometer (DMT) andSeismic Dilatometer (SDMT) vis-à-vis finite element-based software to examine the efficacy of ground improvement work at a high rise residential project in Kolkata

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization in India, particularly in Kolkata, has led to a scarcity of suitable land, necessitating effective ground improvement techniques. A case study was evaluated using 500mm diameter, 10m long plain cement concrete (PCC) piles installed at 2m c/c spacing to enhance subsoil for a high-rise residential structure. Initial Dilatometer (DMT) tests showed the subsoil was unsuitable for shallow foundations. Post-PCC piling, DMT tests revealed a 30-40% improvement in subsoil stiffness. The factor of Safety against liquefaction was calculated using DEEPSOIL software. Further analyses with DMT Settlement software and PLAXIS 2D confirmed that post-piling, the raft foundation settlement remained within permissible limits, proving the effectiveness of the ground improvement measures.

Rescue system for people evacuation for highrise buildings

The article deals with the issues of ensuring fire safety of multifunctional high-rise buildings and structures. Measures are given to ensure fire safety of multifunctional high-rise buildings and structures. Effective modern methods of improving the safety of using constructive solutions that prevent the spread of fire and the evacuation of people from places covered in flames and smoke by combustion products and blocking access to stairwells are reflected. Since in some cases it is not possible to save people from a burning building in traditional ways, structural solutions are additionally presented that contribute to the safe evacuation of residents of the house. When reviewing existing designs, their shortcomings were identified. The authors proposed a new design of an effective, non-traumatic and safe device for saving people, especially those with low physical fitness and limited physical abilities. It allows you to simplify the design, provide the necessary speed, ensure the availability of evacuation of people with physical disabilities, avoid the presence of auxiliary equipment on a stationary ground object, ensure manufacturability in use, which does not allow, if necessary, to save people from windows and balconies, increase productivity in the “descent-ascent” mode.

Wind-induced torsional loads and responses of tall buildings

High-rise structures are prone to wind-induced forces. Wind load can be resolved into three parts: along-wind load, across-wind load, and torsional wind load. There are well-developed and reliable methods for calculating wind-induced loads in the along-wind direction for tall buildings. Numerous methods are also available to estimate the across-wind load, but this is not the case for the wind-induced torsional load. Researchers have extensively investigated the torsional behavior of tall buildings using wind tunnel experiments and full-scale investigations. This paper attempts to compile the current understanding of the wind-induced torsional response of tall buildings. The present study contributes to realizing the effects of wind-induced torsional loads on tall buildings and gives an in-depth understanding through a comparison of past studies.

Comparative Study Dynamics Analysis of a Multi-story Building with and without a Floating Column

Parking spaces, lobby areas, terrace gardens, and other amenities are highly sought-after in densely populated urban regions. Although floating columns can be useful and an achievable choice, it is important to research their structural performance and cost-effectiveness in the event of substantial ground motion imposed on by an earthquake. A building’s overall dimensions, geometry, and shape all impact how it acts and acts when subjected to seismic loads. For this reason, it is necessary to assess how well floating column buildings perform in seismically vulnerable places in comparison to conventional buildings. In this work, the performance of structures with floating columns for seismic loading is observed using dynamic analytic techniques in accordance with IS 1893 (2005). This study analyses both the floating columns and the conventional building without floating columns. When compared to a regular building, the research reveals that the floating column buildings exhibit a very quick increase in base shear and story displacement. The horizontal displacements experienced by floating column buildings are proportionally larger due to an increase in the fundamental time period. If the lateral displacement exceeds the codespecified maximum limit, damage to structural and non-structural parts may result. Because of the discontinuity in the load distribution path, seismic base shear and overturning moment are also increasing in the case of buildings with floating columns. Additionally, while asymmetrically introducing floating columns, torsional irregularity has been produced but the modal mass participation ratio has decreased. While it is true that the use of floating columns in high-rise structures allows for continuous open floor plans, they are also dangerous and susceptible in seismically active locations

A Comparison of the Effects of Different Slopes on Building Reaction in Wind Zones

Understanding and analysing wind-induced vibrations is a crucial part of the overall evaluation, design, and construction of high-rise building structures. Developers are exploring and using sloped or steep terrain for construction due to the ongoing trends of urbanisation, the ongoing demand for housing, and the constraints placed on available land resources. This change in the landscape underscores the necessity for considerable research endeavours by requiring a comprehensive grasp of the structural equilibrium of structures positioned on slopes. To investigate how wind speed affects the way building frames respond structurally when situated on sloping terrain is the principal objective of this research project. The study considers alternative frame geometries in combination with varying ground slopes. By highlighting the Taking into account wind loads—especially in different wind zones (like III and IV)—and different slopes— from 0° to 10°—the study seeks to clarify the complex dynamics at play in the relationship between wind forces and multi storey reinforced concrete building frames. As a consequence, it is essential to determine if a hillside can sustain building loads. In order to estimate the factor of safety against the slope’s sliding collapse, this study proposes a method that takes building loads transferred to the slope into account. Wind forces might also be included in the analysis. It is feasible to consider various slopes similar to the formulation provided in the research. Research on the stability of slopes with different building configurations has been conducted. This research has discussed the measures that must be implemented for stepped foundations on hill slopes.

Construction and implementation of a mathematical model for damping vibrations of high-rise buildings and structures using reactive dampers

The problem of developing a computational model of an active vibration damping system of a high-rise building during an earthquake using a simple and suitable calculation scheme for high-rise buildings is considered. An approximate finite element model is presented that adequately describes the dynamic characteristics of a high-rise building. A mathematical model of a steel lattice tower is considered as an example. The ratio equations and displacement difference equations describing the behavior of reactive dampers installed in the tower are presented. An approach to optimizing the parameters of relative motion is presented. The calculation of vibration damping of a tower with reactive dampers installed on one and two levels is shown. The classification of forces with different physical properties and affecting the movement of mechanical systems is presented.

Analysis and Design of an Unsymmetrical Multi-storey building with floating columns in a seismic zone using ETABS

Most high-rise structures today are designed with floating columns for aesthetic purposes and the need for efficient use of space. Lattice columns are vertical load-bearing elements that do not extend the entire height of the building, they are usually located on one or more intermediate floors and support beams. These design innovations have benefits such as increased architecture and space allocation. Loads include load and side load. Heavy loads, including dead loads and live loads, are evaluated to determine the overall load distribution. Lateral loads resulting from earthquakes and wind forces are calculated based on local building codes. In seismic design, multistorey buildings with floating columns are analysed at different levels on curved planes to determine safe floating column locations. Structures can be analysed with symmetric information and dynamic analysis methods such as response spectrum or potential time. Preliminary analysis and equivalent static analysis using ETABS 2022. A 3D structural model was created to accurately represent the geometry of the building and its behavior under different load combinations was used to compare the building's response to seismic forces. The result is the behavior of the structure: shear strength, bending moment, deflection, and displacement. The results are obtained in the form of tables and graphs. The structures were built with M30 concrete and various types of steel. Reinforcement spacing and detailing is done in CSI Detail.

Retracted: Deformation Detection Model of High-Rise Building Foundation Pit Support Structure Based on Neural Network and Wireless Communication

Retracted: Deformation Detection Model of High-Rise Building Foundation Pit Support Structure Based on Neural Network and Wireless Communication

Analysis of Paint Properties According to Expandable Graphite and Fire Simulation Research on Firewall Penetration Part.

In this research, we attempted to develop paints that can be applied to various fields such as high-rise building structures and electric vehicle batteries. To minimize damage to life and property in the event of a fire, we attempted to manufacture a highly elastic paint material that can block flames and control smoke spread, and that has additional sound insulation and waterproofing functions. A high-elasticity paint was manufactured by mixing a flame-retardant polyurethane dispersion (PUD) with an acrylic emulsion binder and adding different mass fractions of expandable graphite (EG). The thermal, physical, and morphological properties of the prepared mixed paint were analyzed. The thermal properties of the mixed paint were analyzed and intended to be used as input data (heat transfer coefficient, specific heat capacity) for fire simulation. Output data were used to predict how much the temperature would change depending on the time of fire occurrence. The reason for conducting simulations on the fire stability of paint materials is that the fire stability of paints can be predicted without conducting fire tests. Two hours after the fire broke out, the thermal temperature distribution was analyzed. The temperature distribution was compared with and without mixed paint. Two hours after a fire broke out in a virtual space, it was found that when the mixed paint was applied, the surrounding temperature of the penetration area was lower than when the mixed paint was not applied. Development costs for developing excellent paints can be reduced. Since fire safety can be predicted without actually conducting tests, the time required for product development can be reduced. We are confident that this is a very groundbreaking technology because it allows fire safety simulations for developed products to be conducted in a virtual space by creating an environment similar to actual fire test standards.

Conditions for Implementing Windowless Offices in High-Density Urban Centers of Malaysia: A Bibliometric and Systematic Review

The dearth of land in high-density urban centres necessitates constructing structures with deep interiors, with little or no connection to the external environment. Additionally, the negative relationships between high-rise structures in the city centres in recent times are increasingly making contact with the outdoor environments undesirable. Whether in the built environment, decision sciences, healthcare, or technological disciplines, there is a need to understand the factors necessary for windowless office implementation, its prominent researchers, and geographical contexts, among other conditions for practical application. These background variables could assist in arriving at emerging themes, problems and gaps for concrete windowless office development in Malaysia. In this systematic review, the bibliographic information of title, abstract and keywords was mined from 255 documents on the Scopus database to generate scientometric maps and links showing relationships on co-authorship, co-citation, co-occurrences, and bibliometric coupling. The top trending variables in windowless office research are COVID-19, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, heart rate variability, performance assessment, visual reality, and workplace environment. Like other advanced economies in Asia, Malaysia is seen to attain a satisfactory level of development to implement the windowless office design module, with stable electricity power, technological advancement, and psychological stability of the people. The emerging variables in this review will give novel directions in exploring the developmental, psychological and health conditions for effective windowless office implementation in the country and similar economies in Asia, Africa and South America, where metropolises are fast becoming compacted due to ever-growing city centres

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